B.—ld.

56

3. Drawing a map of the ground gone over on the journey— (a) from a pattern map on the blackboard ; (b) in a reduced net-work of parallels. 4. Study of curves in a large relievo in wood with horizontal strips of equal thickness, which can be taken off. 5. Manufacturing a relief in sawn wood or cardboard. 6. Mathematical geography, with drawings of different projections and the erection of a globe of pasteboard, wood, or tin and wire. The articles completed by classes of from twenty-five to thirty-five scholars are maps, relievos, and a globe. The maps are manufactured from the simplest materials—ink for the boundaries, rivers, railways, towns, and houses; red and black chalk for the high curves and shadows of the mountains, aided by the stump; and a little pale blue colour, lightly rubbed in, for the larger masses of waters, seas, lakes, swamps. Exhibit a, under the third head, is an example of a map of a school journey which has been drawn for the class on the blackboard: the High Etzel, scale -j-g- too"> rec^ contour-lines for every 100 metres, the water blue, in a net-work of squares of 6 centimetres. Exhibit 3b, is an example of the manner of treating the map of the journey, with the curves already marked out and preparations already made for the work in relief, the map of Aathal (to*o*o"o" ! contours at 60m.) was treated in two different ways. On the one map the higher portions were marked out with distinctive colours; on the other the heights were shaded, lakes and swamps coloured blue, railways and villages more definitely outlined with ink. In the same way the maps of the environs of Zurich have been treated (louoiyo > contours at 100 m.) made collectively by the class; of Lagenberg (-g-^Joo, contours at 30m.); of Biiti Wald ( OT i^^, contours at 100 m.); of Vindonissa (astroo* contours at 50m.); of Kyburg (j^rso' contours at 30m.) Always one specimen of each manner of treatment. Under the fifth head, eighteen relievos of Aathal were exhibited, and one similar one of each of the other maps named. Believos were executed collectively in class in systematic course, and without exaggeration of the perpendicular height. In the school year just over there were sixty-three relievos in all constructed. For this work tho children get the wood, the cardboard, and the contour-map, all in a rough state ; and as work material, lime, colour, Indian ink, gum and varnish ; and as tools, fretwork-saw, screw-vice, hammer, pincers, and a pencil. The work produced proves incontestably that the scholar has a correct intuitive comprehension of the ground gone over, and can thoroughly understand a topographical map. The knowledge acquired by working out the map of the most important of the Alpine passes is very valuable. This is 14 square decimetres in size, is on a scale of j-yjooo* an<*"" ■'las a sePara te layer for every 1,000 feet up to 5,000, and one for every 2,000 feet above that height. The children have coloured the lakes blue, the ground less than 1,000 feet high dark green, over 1,000 and up to 2,000 light green, and shaded the mountains and the passes, after a careful examination of the teacher's representation on the blackboard. Under the sixth head was exhibited the framework of a globe of 20 centimetres through, the axis of the earth made of strong wire, the plane of the equator, and two rectangularly disposed meridian planes of zinc, the tropic and polar circles of wire. It serves to demonstrate mathematical geography, especially for ocular illustration of geographical length and breadth conceived of as angular. By putting a little piece of cardboard of a suitable size in the correct position, Switzerland is indicated. With the geographical exhibits of the institution of Gustav Wiget, in Borschach, this part of the exhibition ended. They comprised a relievo in plaster of the Canton St. Gallen ; a relievo in clay of the Canton Zurich; a relievo in paper, part of the Canton of Bern, according to Dufour's map; and a relievo of the Wiget Institution. The last relievo, as well as the map of the mountain peaks in the Canton of Bern, which distinctly indicated the formation of the Swiss Jura, excited the interest of many of the visitors. Strasburg was represented by work in wire and wood. The neatly-finished objects (bootjacks, polished writing-cases, rulers, wire-baskets, &c.) showed clearly the practical standpoint adopted there in their efforts in favour of manual-skill instruction. Pforzheim displayed articles from the boys' work-school and the workshop of the Gymnasium. These consisted exclusively of work in carved wood. In the written explanation accompanying them it was to be seen that two courses had been gone through at the Gymnasium ; the first from the 17th November, 1880, to July, 1881, in three divisions of fourteen scholars each; the second from November, 1881, to May, 1882, in two divisions, consisting of thirteen scholars each. The scholars belonged to the classes from the sixth to the upper third; they were employed on the work two hours every week, the days selected being the half-holidays. The work was entirely executed by the scholars themselves after previous courses of general instruction. Active help was only given by the teachers in cases of necessity. One particular line of subjects exhibited (the leaf-patterns, key-holder, bunch of grapes with leaf and branch, music-stand, reading-desk, writing apparatus, picture-frames, tanner's knife, rose with stem) gave an idea -of the difficulties surmounted in the gradual progress of the work. This course of teaching and the work of the boys' work-school afforded a very complete representation of the industry practised in Pforzheim. The four work-schools in the District of Waldenburg (Silesia), Upper Waldenburg, Dornhau, Wiiste-Giersdorff, and Gottesberg sent fretwork, joiner's and turner's work, carving, brush-making, basket-making, and pasteboard work. (1.) Fretwork: Lamp-stand, tinder-box, cigar-stands, writing apparatus, toilet boxes, stand for vinegar and oil, combination game. (2.) Joiners' work: Cupboards for children's kitchens, knife-boxes, salt-boxes, coalscuttle-boxes, bootjacks, pictureframes, dolls-rooms. (3.) Turners' work: Ninepins, pegs for wardrobes, camp-stools, gardenseats, children's swings, sofa-table. (4.) Carving: Ornaments, studies of leaves, picture-frames, writing apparatus, holders for keys, little key cupboards, different kinds of small boxes. (5.) Brushmaking: Clothes-brushes, dust-brushes, blacking- and polishing-brushes. (6.) Basket work : Baskets with handles, cherry-baskets, knife-baskets, work-baskets, wall-baskets, paper-baskets,