E.—ld.

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market-baskets. (7.) Cardboard work : Different kinds of boxes, geometrical bodies, watchstands, match-boxes, cigar-stands, wall-baskets. The main object of these works is—(1) That the hoy as he approaches manhood should be enabled to make for himself all kinds of objects of household use and ornament, whilst during his leisure hours he would always find some employment at hand ; (2) to prepare the boy, by rendering him skilful with his hands, for his future calling as an artisan; (3) that the worker, having learnt to employ himself in useful and pleasant work, should make his dwelling pleasant. The objects displayed bore witness to the fact that the above-named schools had done their task well. The Gorlitz Manual-Skill Instruction School, to which the Exhibition Committee had in the most obliging manner given up one of the best situations in the middle of the hall of the Exhibition-— a part of the Leipsic Exhibition, and a part most worthy of attention, was modestly placed in a corner, and a not very well lighted one—was arranged in three divisions—viz., modelling, carving in wood, and pasteboard work. The objects modelled, which were moulded in plaster, were mostly flat ornamentations, and showed more easily than the more difficult arabesques, leaves, blossoms, and boughs. Next to this was the Gorlitz crown modelled in plaster. Productions which already may be classed as art productions were a profile in relief of our Emperor, and a bust of Frobel, life size, placed on a pedestal. Both may be considered as successful; they are the work of a teacher who attended the course of instruction as a scholar ; he still attends it. The wood carving showed leaves, twdgs, arabesques, photograph frames, watchstands, bookstands, and a basket copied from a Northern pattern, and marked with the most finely-cut indented pattern, which excited the wonder of the beholder. This was the work of the same teacher who exhibited the bust of Frobel, &c. We have learned since that a year ago this teacher could neither model nor carve in wood. If proof were wanting of how much individual talent is wasted for want of the necessary guidance, how much is lost to art and trade, then this precedent ought to be brought forward. In the pasteboard work we saw maps, little baskets, geometrical forms, boxes, inkstands, kaleidoscopes, as also the simplest forms of elementary work, so that by their means it was easy to see step by step the progress of the instruction. From the scholars' workshop of the Utilitarian Society in Dresden there was displayed a group of scholars' work in wood and pasteboard, which clearly showed the progress of the instruction in the workshop there as well as its principle. The works in wood begin with the round stalk of a flower (requiring the carving bench and round plane); then follows the putting together of the round steins for flower stands and window stands (for flowers); in, connection with these comes the treating of flat boards by means of saw and plane, and by the aid of tho different joiners' appliances (nails, screws, foot rules, bevel, tacks, &c), the following articles were made: Stilts, bootjacks, consoles, inkstands, boxes for w Tax, footstools, stools of natural wood, knife boxes, wedges, levers, pendulums, pendulum stand, pumps for water ; and thus made up tho four groups of useful works— (a) For games and entertainments, (b) for household use, (c) for school use, and (d) a group specially referring to learning or intuition. The work in pasteboard tells the same tale as we have just repeated. It begins with the treatment of the plain board: plan of lessons, magic pockets, diaries, maps. To these were added boxes with perpendicular and oblique sides, as moneyboxes, cups for holding ashes, glove-boxes, wall baskets, kaleidoscope, camera clara and camera obscura, stereometrical forms for the intuitive perception of the working of the square and cube roots, &c. Beside these Mr. Teacher Kummer, who had given lessons in the scholars' workshop in Dresden, showed the result of a course of instruction in pasteboard, illustrated by fifty exhibited models. Laying great stress upon instruction in geometry, he teaches the construction and the application of it ; whilst out of the purely geometrical forms, objects of use in practical life are formed which beautifully illustrate his adopted motto, Aus der schule fiir das leben. The Leipsic. Exhibition was classified into several subdivisions. It was intended by these to demonstrate the great variety of development of which the idea of work-instruction is capable. In the four divisions were exhibited articles from the Deaf-and-Dumb Institution, the Barth Training School, the First-class Beal School, and the Leipsic Scholars' Workshop. From the Deaf-and Dumb Institution, in Leipsic, varied works done by the fret-saw and in pasteboard were exhibited. Tho latter (little boxes-to hold minerals, boxes of various sizes for keeping objects connected with teaching), cardboard drawing tablets and copy-holders stretched and bound round the edges, small stitched books, maps, &c, showed particularly that the dexterity of hand of the pupils could be directly turned to account in the service of similar institutions. In order to show the connection of the kindergarten work with that of the school-workshop, the Barth Educational Institution exhibited some experimental work from their elementary school. It consisted of articles in" paper, made by children of from six to eight years, which sufficiently showed how necessary it is to begin the exercising of the hand and eye as early as possible. The small objects in paper worked from Barth and Niederley's " Child's First Employment Book " were a proof of the degree to which a child, that does not yet know how to hold a pair of scissors, can learn to measure by its eye. A small side compartment of the great Emperor's Hall was filled by the exhibits from the Leipsic Ist Order School of Art. This exhibition, which presented great variety of form and colour, deserves a special explanation, for it does not literally represent the work done in a schoolworkshop, but it affords internal evidence of being intimately connected with our efforts. Everything to "be seen here is the work of individual scholars, without direct supervision, done at home, in leisure hours, and for their own pleasure. Every object in this exhibition is a means of intuitive learning, such as the school gladly avails itself of. They were called into existence through the school instruction, and at the suggestion of the teacher, who said : "It would be a good thing if those who wished it were to make such and such objects in this way or that." So that the whole of this small collection bears witness to two important facts : First, that amongst the young people the wish and the ability to "basteln," as the Saxons say, has by no means died out; and second, but not less important, that this skill may be made to be of the greatest service in the school instruction. B—E. Id.