LATEST MAIL ITEMS.

New Zealand Mail, Issue 18, 27 May 1871, Page 4

LATEST MAIL ITEMS.

[Argus Correspondent, March 24.] INSURECTION IN PARIS.

When the Germans, on the expiry of the armistice, made their entry into the city, there was the wildest indignation and’ fear amongst the populace, and in tho midst of the excitement the National Guards of Montmartre and Belleville, the most turbulent districts, seized the cannon that had not been surrendered, dragged them through the streets to their own quarters, and them in a position commanding the city. When the Germans withdrew, these men refused to restore them, but threw up barricades, placed sentries, and in a sort of entrenched camp, constituted themselves the guardians of the public! honor. A central committee, composed of Reds, directed their movements. Meanwhile, after the first sensation of surprise, but little importance was attached to their proceedings. The Mobiles were sent home in thousands, and public attention was occupied in carrying out the first preliminaries of the treaty of peace. Bay after day passed, and the thing came to be looked upon as a sort of comedy. The city remained calm, speculated and laughed. It was thought the Guards would grow of their self-imposed watch ; there were desertions from their ranks ; there was talk even of the surrender of the cannon. The Government wished to avoid a collision, and hoped by patience to wear out the men ; but it could not be tolerated that this insubordination should very long continue. Whatever may have been the first design, whether an impulse or a deep conspiracy, several causes combined to strengthen the disaffection of the National Guard. General Aurelles de Paladine was appoined to the chief command over them, and it was intended to reorganise the force, but they urgently demanded their old privilege of appointing their own officers —a custom fatal to military efficiency. Moreover, when the Government propo3ed to go back to the old conditions of service, and stop the daily pay of a franc and a half kept up throughout the siege, there were large numbers of men disinclined to return to hard work. Mingling with these, a few red-shirted Garibaldians helped to fan a flame of discontent. Yet it was generally believed that the movement had no strength, and Paris was not prepared for the terrible outbreak which shovyed its real character. Its first object, which was probably to secure favorable pecuniary terms from the Government, was lost in insurrection.

The crisis came, when further parley was worse than weakness. On Saturday morning last (March 18), as early as four o’clock, General Vinoy led out some two thousand solders of the line to recapture the cannon held at Montmartre. They surprised the insurgents, and took easy possession, but at the first alarm Belleville hastened to the rescue. A correspondent of the “ Times” thus describes what followed :

“ General Paturel returned down the Rue Lepic with the guns. In front was a company of soldiers, and then some chasseurs, then the captured artillery, then some more infantry. On arriving at the bottom of the street there was a sudden confluence of National Guard, and a show of resistance. They began to present arms, and the general gave the word to his men to fire. In a moment he was stunned by a blow from the butt-end of a rifle given by a National Guard, and fell from his horse. This was the signal for a yell of fraternisation from the troops, who raised their butts in the air, and shouted “ Vive la Republique !” The officers, alarmed and paralysed, did nothing, and the National Guards took possession of the cannon, and proceeded to erect batteries in which to place them. Lower down a captain of Chasseurs had ordered his men' to fire. The words were no sooner out of his mouth than he fell riddled with balls, whether from his men or his enemies is not yet known; but several shots were fired from windows at the time, and a dozen or more men of the' line were killed or wounded, so it is possible that the officer was shot also by the National Guards.”

From that moment the Government was powerless. M. Thiers and his colleagues issued an address, but it was

without effect. They explained their wish “to give to the deceived time to separate from those who deceive them but it was now too late for expostulation. M. Picard appealed to the National Guards of the Seine to defend the city, and save Republic from anarchy. An attempt was made to rally a body from among them to restore order, but it failed. Many officers opposed the insurrection, but could not command obedience; and large numbers of the men were simply passive. Neither could the regular troops be depended upon. Where they came in contact with the insurgents, they “ fraternised.” “ The people,” says the “ Daily News” correspondent, “shouted ‘Vive la Ligne/j leaped up to the soldiers, shook their hands, embraced them, and to the threat of war succeeded every possible demonstration of friendliness. *We have had enough of fighting the Prussians,’ exclaimed the soldiers ; *we don’t vvant to fight the Parisians also.’ In the midst of the soldiers, however, were several policemen armed with chassepots, and these were roughly handled. Their arms were taken, their uniforms, stuck on the top of bayonets, were lifted high and carried about the district, followed by the hisses and jeers of the crowd.” At night, the same correspondent wrote :—“ The rebels are gaining on the town point by point. They have come down from Montmartre and taken possession of the Prince Eugene Barracks; they have planted the rpd flag on the column of the Bastille. We are expecting them on the boulevards every hour. Half Paris is in their hands, and when we wake in the morning we expect that the town will be under the government of the Red Republic. Private persons are in consternation, and the Government offices are in the greatest anxiety. On the exterior boulevards hardly any civilians are to be seen—none but armed men ; and those few civilians who venture out in this quarter are immediately followed and suspected of being police spies. With the help of lanterns, the insurgents (it is now 10 o’clock at night) are busily engaged in erecting barricades. The barricade at the top of the Rod*de Rouchebouart is becoming quite formidable. The makers of ! the barricades encourage themselves with solemn oaths that they will rather die than surrender.

MURDER OF THE GENERALS. In the first excitement two generals were seized, and cruelly shot. General Lecomte was abandoned by his troops, and taken at Montmartre. General Clement Thomas —who had commanded the National Guards during the siege —was seen among the crowd in plain clothes. They were quickly dragged before the Central Committee. In a few minutes they were butchered. Two members of the Belgian ambulance who were brought in to be shot as spies, and escaped by the skin of their teeth, witnessed the execution. According to them, “ the members of the committee present insisted that the generals should not be shot; but, notwithstanding this direction, some National Guards, some Mobiles, and some troops of the Line dragged the generals down stairs into a little garden, kicking them and insulting them. Quick work was made of the execution. It was all done in a few minutes. General Clement Thomas was first collared ; a few words passed, and then he was pushed a few steps back against a wall. The brutes crowded round him about a couple of yards distant, and not raising their guns to fire, from the shoulder, but firing wildly from the hip, they gave him shot after shot until at last he fell. The old general held his hat in his hand, and received his death bravely. He was not killed at once with a volley. First he received one shot, and shook as he received it, but he remained upright Then there was another shot, and another convulsion of the fine old man’s frame, but still he was erect. And so shot after shot was given, until the general at last fell forward, hat in hand. One account states that fifteen shots were fired, but all did not take effect. Then came General Lecomte’s turn, and death came to him more speedily. He was pushed against a wall; he received two or three shots, and h : s fall was peculiar. He threw up his hands, and - plunged head foremost on the ground, g &if he were taking a header

in the sea.” At night their bodies were exposed to the crowd, N and on Wednesday they were thrown, wrapped in a shroud, into a ditch in the cemetery of. Montmartre. Therehave been other and numerous executions of unnamed individuals. General Chanzy was also arrested and badly treated, and even now his life appears to be in danger. The whole of Paris may be said to have been in the hands of the insurgents by Sunday morning. They had installed themselves in the Hotel de Ville, and issued their proclamations, calling on the people to hold their “ Communal elections,” and establish “ a real Repub lie.” They had taken possession of the different Government offices, and also of several of the southern forts. There was no fighting, but barricades were thrown up at many points. Of the disorganised and demoralised condition of the city on that day “ The Times” correspondent gives a vivid picture :—“ I have heard upon good authority that many persons have been shot without the ceremony of a ti ial early this morning. On the Boulevard last night there were large crowds discussing the condition of affairs, but as the day had turned against the Government no one had the courage to express strong opinions against the rioters. On the contrary there was a general sympathy manifested in their favor, and as in most of the groups were National Guards of the rebellious battalions, there were loud and fierce denunciations of the authorities. The universal sentiment was that Thiers, Vinoy, d’Aurelle, and others, should be shot if they could be captured. These were the groups who, two nights ago were inveighing in the most furious language against the Government of the Buttes, and demanding in the most absolute terms that they should be put down by force. Now, in these quarters which are supposed to be orderly, when the Government appeals to them, not only do they not respond to the appeal, but they are mean enough to endeavor to begin to trim and endeavor to propitiate the rising powers. Wbat proportion of regulars are in full complicity with the insurgents I have no means of knowing, nor would it be desirable to publish it if I did ; but, to judge from the quanties of soldiers I saw —most of them drunk, aud in company with Nationaux in the same condition —it must be considerable. I walked as far as the Place Chateau d’Eau, and found it full of insurgent Guards. In fact, it is becoming difficult now to say what Guards are not insurgent, for on my return to the Place Vendome, I found that the army of the faithful, who were to accomplish such wonders in the night, had disappeared, and their places were taken by an insurgent battalion from Belleville.”

FLIGHT OF THE GOVERNMENT. The Government, which had but lately returned from Bordeaux, had no alternative but to quit Paris, and betake itself to Versailles, which had been fixed upon as the place of meeting for the National Assembly. They at once issued the following announcement:— “The entire Government has assembled at Versailles. Forty thousand men are concentrated here in goood order, under the command of Genral Vinoy. All the authorities and army chiefs havearrived here, and the civil and military authorities in the departments will not execute any orders but those emanating from the Government at Versailles, on pain of forfeiting their posts.” The members of the Assembly were requested to use every possible despatch (so as all to be present on Monday, March 20) and they came promptly at the call. But the Reds are angry that the Assembly did not return to Paris, and have made the fact a prominent grievance; nor can it be doubted that many honest Republicans distrust the x\ssembly, and have rather favored a policy of protest in fear of a monarchical reaction. But the events have shown that the Assembly in its selection of Versailles did not exercise more than ordinary prudence. All the ambassadors have now come to Versailles. MASSACRE IN THE STREETS. The insurgents, left to themselves, presently began to exercise their power in a manner that alarmed the bourgeoisie. As the Government had left no money in the Treasury, it became a question how to pay the National Guards. Heavy requisitions were made.

They presented a Treasury bond for a million francs to the Bank of France, and obtained the money. From Messrs Rothschild they demanded half a million, but payment was resolutely refused. - Bakers’ shops were entered, and it seemed that no man’s property could long be safe. Yet the citizens were slow to show any signs of resistance. One courageous tailor, a captain of the Guard, placarded a notice, calling upon his comrades who were opposed to the insurrection to meet at his house and - concert measures of action. The editors of the newspapers also united in a firm and manly protest against the usurpation of the insurgents. On Wednesday, March 22, the - reaction against them had gathered some strength. The Party of Order had organised an unarmed demonstration, and were parading the streets, when a catastrophe occurred which filled Paris with consternation. It was nothing less than a masacre of unoffending citizens, at which all Europe revolted with indignation and horror. There are some slight variations in the accounts which have reached us. According to the “ Times” telegram, “ a great moral demonstration was being made by the party of order. They collected at 1 o’clock in the Place de l’Opera, and moved in a dense mass down the Rue de la Paix, Forcing back the first line of National Guards, they pressed steadily down the entrance of the Place Vendome, where they were opposed by a double line of the 9th and 209th battalions, from Belleville and Montmartre. The crowd was composed of the most respectable class in Paris, and was entirely unarmed. Some of .the National Guards threw the butts of their rifles in the air. Apparently afraid of this disposition to fraternise, the order was suddenly given to fire. A volley was fired into the unarmed multitude, and instantly the street was strewn with dead and dying; the unfortunate people fled back up the Rue de la Paix, along the Rue Neuve des Petits Champs, and the Rue des Capuciues, under a withering and pitiless fire, which continued several moments. Persons venturing out to p : ck up the wounded, with which the pavements were strewn, were mercilessly fired upon, and for some time it was unsafe to appear in the streets opening from the Place Vendome. Cannon were pointed down the streets which led into it, and persons showing themselves at the windows were fired at. All the shops were immediately closed, and the panic soon became wide-spread and general.” A more detailed narrative states that the leaders of the procession “on arriving in front of the sentries who keep the entrance to the Place Vendome towards the Rue de la Paix, called upon the Guards to retire, and to allow themselves to be relieved by the National Guard belonging to the district. The guards refused, saying, ‘We are here in virtue of our orders, and we shall execute them.’ After some discussion, the persons forming the demonstration caused the tri-color to be advanced, whereupon the National Guards threatened to use their bayonets, and the person who bore the tricolor turned back. Thereupon some one, believed .to be Baron Nathan, seized the flag, and called upon the crowd, to pass through the line of Guards saying,/ The force which is; opposed to us is not legally constituted.’ At this appeal the crowd advanced, the drums of the National Guatd encamped in the square were beat, and several shots were fired in the air. The crowd fell back on all sides, but not with sufficient rapidity to please the insurgents, three ranks of whom took aim and opened a fire upon the people in the front. For about five minutes a terrible scene was enacted, and then the crowd fled in the greatest terror and disorder, the insurgents advancing their line of sentries a considerable distance in the Rue de la Paix, and as far as the end of the Rue Castiglione. There were several killed and wounded, the number of victims being estimated at at least thirty. Baron Nathan received two balls in his chest. An hour later a strong battalion from the Faubourg St. Antonie marched through the Rue de Rivoli, and joined the insurgents in the Place Vendome.”

The effect of this massacre has been to give a great impetus to the party of order. The citizens are rallying to the rescue of their homes, and the recovery

of their honor. The mayors, the deputy mayors, and all the deputies of Paris, have solemnly protested against the 7 insurrection. Many of the National Guard are separating themselves from the movement, and disposed to respond to the appeal of Admiral Saisset, their new Commander in-Chief. Kouen, Lille, and other important towns, have hastened to support the Government of the National Assembly ; but in Lyons the Commune has declared itself, and we await with great anxiety further news from the Southern provinces. Meanwhile, the appearance of Menotti Garibaldi in Paris, and other birds of storm, is ominous of spreading mischief. THE ROYAL MARRIAGE. Her Royal. Highness the Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, fourth daughter of her Majesty the Queen and of his Royal Highness the Prince Consort, Duke of Saxony and Prince of SaxeCoburg and Gotha, was, on March 21st, married in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, to John Douglas Sutherland, Marquis of Lorn, M.P., eldest son of the Duke of Argyll. The doors of the Royal Chapel were thrown open punctually at eleven o’clock, by which hour the number of privileged spectators of the marriage ceremony who had assembled outside eagerly sought the seats to which their tickets entitled them. Soon after this carriages began to arrive in quick succession, setting down at the entrance next to Wolsey Chapel elegantly and suitably attired ladies, and gentlemen in uniforms glittering with gold lace, stars, and orders of distinction. The Prince and Princess of Wales were loudly cheered as they passed down Castle Hill. Immediately below the organ, on the north side, were Mr and and Mrs Gladstone, and soon Mr Disraeli and the Countess of Beaconsfield, the Marchioness of Allesbury, the Marquis of Ormonde, Earl and Countess Granville, the Duke of Norfolk, the Dowager Marchioness Huntley, Earl Kimberley, the Viscountess Sydney, the Earl and Countess of Derby, Lady Beaufort, Mr Bruce, Mr Fortescue, Mr Goschen, and some others entered the sacred building. The next feature in the ceremonial was the arrival of the church dignitaries, headed by the Bishop of of London, and the Bishops of Oxford! Winchester, and Worcester, who proceeded to the north side of the altar within the rails, followed by the Hon. Gerald Wellesley, Dean of Windsor, and the canons and rnii.or canons of the church, who stationed themselves vis-a-vis the episcopacy on the right. The arrival of the bridegroom caused the next sensation. He was dressed in a volunteer artillery uniform, trimmed with silver, and was attended by his supporters, the Earl Percy and Lord Ronald Leveson Gower. They entered by the south door, staying a moment in the Bray Chapel, and then proceeded to the haut-pas, at the right centre of which they took their places. Attention was again directed to the south entrance by the arrival of the Princess of Wales, who had formed the first procession from the Castle. She held by either hand their Royal Highnesses Prince Albert Victor and Prince George, who wore their kilts. The Princess of Teck, looking remarkably well, wore a dress of sky blue satin, and Prince Teck wore a dark blue Hungarian hussar uniform. The Duke of Cambridge wore his field marshal’s uniform, and her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge was dressed in a superb violet Satan. The Princess Christian wore cerise satin, covered with white Brussels lace. The appearance of_his Highness the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh and the Maharanee was specially noticeable ; they were swathed in gold tissue of various colors from head to foot, and literally blazed with jewels. As the procession moved up the chapel a festal march was played on the organ .by Dr Elvey. The bridesmaids were then seen to emerge from their boudoir, into which no one appeared to have seen them enter, and to leave the chapel by the w 7 est door, in order to meet the bride, while the National Anthem outside heralded the arrival of her Majesty and the bride. Then entered the Prince of Wales in his Hussar uniform with the Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, in a white uniform. Both their Royal Highnesses wore the Collar of the Garter,

and were attended by their respective suites. For a moment or two the doors were closed, in order to be reopened to admit her Majesty and the bride’s procession. The Queen advanced on the left of the Princess, on which side stood the Prince of Wales, who beht to kiss her Majesty’s hand, and then crossed with the Duke of Saxe Coburg to the other side of the bride. As they moved up the nave the effect was very striking. Her Majesty wore a low dress of black satin trimmed with ruching of the same, a long white tulle veil surmounted by a a coronet of brilliants. She also wore the Piibbon of the Order of the Garter. Contrary to the programme, the Queen did not take a seat, but remained standing beside the bride during the marriage service, as did also the Prince of Wales and the others. The following was the position of the distinguished assemblage while the ceremony was proceeding :—ln front of the altar the Bride stood on the left and the Bridegroom on the right. Behind these, on the left, were Her Majesty, the Prince of Wales, and the Duke of SaxeCoburg ; and on the right, Lord Ronald Leveson-Gower and Earl Percy, the best men of Lord Lorn. The bridesmaids were stationed between these groups, supporting the train. The Lord Chamberlain and Vice-Chamberlain and the rest of the distinguished company formed two semi-circles behind. To the left were the Princess of Wales, Count of Flanders, Princess Christian, Princess Beatrice, the Duchess of Cambridge, Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Christian, the Princess Teck, and Prince Teck. On the right stood the Duchess of Argyll, the Duke of Argyll, the Dowager Duchess, Lord A. Campbell, Lady A. Campbell, Lord C. Campbell, the' Countess of Percy, the Maharajah and Maharanee Dhuleep, Singh, and Prince Edward of Saxe Weimar. On the left, in the choir stalls and seats of the Knights of the Garter, were the Ambassadors and Ministers: The Turkish Ambassador, his Excellency Musurus Pasha; the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Apponyi; the Russian Ambassabor, Baron, de Brunnow ; the German Ambassador, Count Bernstoff; the French Ambassador, the Duke de Broglie ; the Danish Minister, General De Bulow ; the Belgian Minister, de Beaulieu ; and the Portuguese Minister, the Duke de Saldanha. On the right, below the haut-pas, were the Marquis and Marchioness of Westminster, Lord Halifax, the Duke of Richmond, the Duke of Roxburghe, Count Gleichen, the Duke of Wellington, and the Duchess of Wellington. The Bishop of London read the earlier part of the service, and the Bishop of Oxford read the Scriptural exhortation in lieu of sermon. The choristers sang tha two marriage psalms (“Double chant in A”) and the Hallelujah Chorus by Beethoven, from the “Mount of Olives.” During the kneeling portion of the service, when the blessing was being said, the Queen and all the rest knelt, with the exception of Prince Christian and the Duke of Saxe-.Coburg. When the time came for putting on the ring the bride took off her glove, which, with the bouquet, the Queen offered to take The Princess, evidently did not observe the gratious attention, and handed them to Lady Florence Lennox, who les them drop. May this be an omen that flowers may strew the ground wherever the Princess’s future life may lead her ! The procession of the Royal family left the chapel in the same order as on entering it, and returned to the Castle from the west door. At a quarter past four o’clock the Bride and Bridegroom left the Castle, in a carriage with four greys, for Claremont escorted by a detachment of Life Guards. There was a continual cheer along the High street, the Marquis repeatedly bowing his acknowledgments. The route was through Park street and the Long walk, which was lined with spec- j tators, and passing Frogmore House, , went through old Windsor, where, in J honor of their arrival, a triumphal arch had been erected by the inhabitants. Here the carriage of the august couple was stopped, and her Royal Highness the Marchioness Louise of Lome was presented with an elegant bouquet by Miss Carr Lloyd. , From Old Windsor the route was continued across the plain of Runnymede, past Magna Charta

Island, aloDg Egham Causeway, to

Chertsey, and here the Royal carriage, after again passing under a triumphal arch erected at the end of Chertsey Lane, changed horses, The relay for this purpose had been sent on from the Royal Mews, Windsor, and after the lapse of a few minutes devoted to this operation the journey was continued through Walton and Hersham, and theuce to Esher. On entering this village, so well:kndwn in connection with the doings of royalty, the Royal party noticed that the great signpost at the cross-roads had been tastefully decorated by the hands of loyal villagers. The spot is dear to many a memory here, from the fact that on the occasion of his last visit his Royal Highness planted two trees in commemoration of the event. At length the happy pair arrived at Claremont amidst a perfect shower of hearty and congratulatory demonstrations. FRANCE AND GERMANY. Prince Frederick Charles has been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the German army in France, and will reside in Rheims. Generals Moltke, Werder, and Manteuffel have all been rejected by the Berlin electors, and leaders of the Liberal party chosen instead. The official journals express their astonishment at the result. The “ heroes of Montmartre” have proved themselves more amenable to Venus than Mars. ' “ A band of strong minded women,” says a telegram to the “ Telegraph,” “ ascended the heights of Montmartre on Thursday, and by force compelled the married men to leave their posts.” A correspondent of “ Le Havre” states that the inhabitants of Rouen had hung the statues and windows with black, in anticipation of the visit of the Emperor of Germany, and the grand review of German troops. All the Rouen papers had suspended their issues, and all the shops were closed. An orator at Montmartre summed up his idea of a Republic by saying it was that form of government under which every citizen, whether he worked or not, should receive from the public purse thirty sous a day for himself, fifteen sous for his wife, and five sous for each' child. This he considered his right ; and for that he would die. The “ Journal des Debates ’’ thus sums up the territorial losses sustained by France in consequence of the recent arrangements for peace :—“ France loses more than three-fourths of the department of the Moselle, one-third of the department of the Meurthe, a canton and a-half of the department of the Vosges, all the department of the Haut Rhin except a canton and a-half, and the entire department of the Bas Rhin. These territories contain in round figures 1,610,000 inhabitants, furnishing an annual military contingent of 5000 men, and represent a superficial extent of 1,776,000 hectares.” The German “ Correspondent ” has been assured that the materiel supplied to the French by American speculators did little harm. The clothing furnished to the French troops beyond the Atlantic was made from “ shoddy,” so that if a,, soldier accidentally stumbled, his knees instantaneously made their way through his trousers, and a coat had to be put on with the greatest care and tenderness, lest the arms should sud-

denly part company with the body. The

rifles were chiefly of the class made “ to sell,” and had nearly all enjoyed a repose of several years, on dusty shop shelves. Many of them were very dangerous to those who fired them,

The Debats publishes from a private letter some details respecting the funeral of M. Kuss, who was Maire of Strasburg during the seige, and who died suddenly at Bordeaux immediately after the announcement of the terms of peace. When the body arrived at the Strasburgh railway station it was received by nearly the entire population, all wearing some token of mourning. On the day of the interment an immense body of people accompanied the bier, and all the shops, breweries, and cafes were closed. The Prussian authorities wished to send an escort to pay military honors to the deceased, but the offer was declined. They, however, insisted that the funeral service and the hymns should be said and sung in the German language. The choral societies firmly

refused to obey this command, which, after contention, was ultimately abandoned, and the service was performed, not in the Temple Neuf, the walls of which were too much damaged by the bombardment, but in .the Church of St Thomas.

Somebody has been curious enough to make up a table of the number of votes given to deputies who have been elected to the French National Assembly for more than one department. Here is the list:—Thiers, £6 elections, 1,664,612 votes. Trochu, 10 elections, 696,138 ; Gambetta, 8 elections, 464,695; Changarnier, 4 elections, 400,171; Dufaure, 6 elections, 382,279 ; Jules Favre, 6 elections, 335,840 ; Garibaldi, 4 elections, 271,089 ; DeMerode, 3 elections, 233,338 ; Joigneau, 2 elections, 196,622; Grevy, 3 elections, 150,752; Ledru Rollin, 3 elections, 149,896 ; Prince de Joinville, 2 elections, 140,382 ; Leon Say, 2 elections, 100,363 ; D‘Aurelle des Paladines, 2 elections, 97,640; Benoist-d’Azy, 2 elections, 87,863; Ernest Picard, 2 elections, 40,653.

General Werder, whose success against Bourbaki has made him a better name than his harsh conduct in Burgundy or his first enterprise in the Doubs country, is one of the few officers in the German army who had seen service before the Danish or Austrian Wars, having thirty years since been permitted to act as a volunteer (being then a lieutenant in the Prussian Guards) with the Russian army of the Caucasus, where he went through one severe campaign, and was wounded. In 1866 he commanded the 3rd Division, under the orders of Prince Frederick Charles, and was especially rewarded for his services at Gitschin and Sadovva. Disliked as he was by civilians for his exceptional severity and hard manner, he has certainly had the confidence of his soldiers in theffield as an energetic commander.

The official lists of the killed and wounded on the German side during the war have now been made up at Berlin, as far as relates to the army of the late North German Bund and the Baden division. The number given of killed in action is 13,960, wounded 88,924 or, total casualities, without the missing, 102,884. But to these will have to be added at least 20,000 more of Bavarians and Wurtembergers, so that the Germans altogether may he considered to have lost 120,000 ; that is more than six times as many as Prussia lost in 1866, when the casualities did not quite reach 20,000. The expenditure of the war is in still greater proportion to that of 1866, owing to the longer duration. The latter was returned at 124,000,000 thalers. The present war has been rudely estimated at Berlin at amounts varying from £120,000,000 to £150,000,000 sterling. But these estimates are for money laid out, and do not exclude stores expended. These it took £4,000,000 to replace in 1866. Lastly, there are the liabilities for pensions, and for compensation to the Germans driven out of France. The latter claim having been excluded from the treaty* is understood to have been handed over to the German Government to be met out of the general pecuniary penalty imposed on France.