CHRISTCHURCH WATER SUPPLY.

Globe, Volume XXI, Issue 1812, 11 December 1879, Page 3

CHRISTCHURCH WATER SUPPLY.

The following is Mr Blackwell’s report on the Christchurch Water Supply, presented to the City Council at their meeting on Monday : “ Lombard Buildings, “ Christchurch, Deo. 6th, 1879. “Xo the Chairman and Members of the Water Committee, Christchurch. “ Gentlemen, —I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of October 16th, containing the following instructions for my guidance in furnishing you with a ‘ Report ’ on the feasibility of supplying Christchurch with water from the river Waimakariri, through the media of cylinders as suggested by Mr W. White : “Ist. That the supply shall be from the Waimakariri to Christchurch, including the reticulation of the city for fire prevention and domestic purposes. “ 2nd. All calculations shall bo based upon the supposition that Christchurch contains a population of 50,000 inhabitants. 11 3 rd. That the distance shall be considered as eighteen miles from the cylinder to Christchurch. “4th. That the height of the cylinder shall be considered to be 400 feet above Christchurch. “ sth. In addition to the above, I am required to furnish estimates showing what will be the whole cost of carrying out the scheme, and to give any further information that I may deem necessary. “ Before entering on the results of my labors, I would take the opportunity of thanking you for the honor you have conferred on me in selecting me as one of yoar consulting engineers ; I am fully alive to the magnitude of the trust reposed in me, and I have endeavored, to the beet of my ability, to do justice to the highly important questions submitted to me. Being totally unacquainted with the locality, never having been on the ground before, I can safely say that I undertook the inquiry unbiassed with respect to any scheme that has previously been projected; but if, in considering the various details of the works proposed to be carried out, 1 am led to believe that suggestions made by any individual are calculated to advance the success, economy, and efficiency of these works, I shall bo ready to fit them into the general theory of the scheme, and I can with pleasure say that your service shall always be my study.* GENBBAL ADVANTAGES OF WATEH WOBKS. “It will be well, perhaps, for mo to commence my report by referring briefly to some of the general advantages attending the construction of a judiciously planned and effective public water supply. It has almost invariable proved elsewhere to be, both directly and indirectly, a remunerative investment, and in addition to the cash return, there are, in all cases, benefits accruing to the public, usually exceeding in real value that of the more generally recognised money income. Amongst these may be mentioned the great enhancement in the value of the property along its lines, under its protection, and to which its several conveniences are available, whilst there is a perpetual reduction in the yearly rates of insurance (on which subject I propose to make a few remarks hereafter). The advantages attending such a scheme as I propose to show in detail further on are immense; there are many industries, the introduction of which are of incalculable value to a community, but which cannot be prosecuted without the use of good and tolerably soft waterj but paramount to all other considerations is the comparative safety from fire, which is insured by a liberal distribution through populous districts of public fire hydrants under adequate pressure ; as well as the sanitary results of an abundant supply of water delivered constantly on the premises. A constant and efficient pressure in the hydrants in the vicinity of an incipient fire, has a value far exceeding that of a brigade of fire steamers in commission, for with light hose, carriages, and trained hosemen, connection will be made with hydrants, streams put in motion, and the fire overpowered, before pressure is even raised in steamers’ boilers. Every moment lost in commencing an energetic attack on a fire lessens fearfully the chances of subduing it, or of preventing it assuming the proportions of a vast conflagration. In comparing the gravitation method with a pumping scheme, it may of course be remarked that mains are expensive constructions, and soon absorb more capital and interest that would pay for pumps aud fuel for lifting a nearer supply, but, in my opinion, such an element of safety as is afforded by the gravitation method should not be sacrificed for the sake of a moderate difference in first cost. Having water works is not necessarily having protection, unless they are fully adequate te the most trying hour; when people have learned of necessity to depend on the public pipes for their indispensable supply of water, it must flow regularly and unceasingly as does the blood in onr veins. When an abundant supply of pure water can be obtained at a sufficient elevation, and within an accessible distance, the essential element of continuous full pressure delivery can be most certainly secured, and in the matter of ‘ safety,’ the gravitation method is unquestionably superior to all others. An important item in defraying the cost of a scheme of this nature is the revenue arising from the sale of water for trade purposes, whereas when the water has to be raised at the expense of a pumping station, little or no profit can be realised. I will now proceed with my report, in the course of which I shall show that it is possible to provide you with a perfect gravitation scheme which shall not cost the ratepayers individually more than they are at present paying.

QUANTITY OP WATES EEQUIBED. “ From personal investigation, as well as from the returns of several of the principal towns in Europe, America, and the colonies, I find that the average daily consumption per head for trades and manufactures, domestic purposes, fire extinguishing, supplying fountains, cleansing streets, &c., &0,, allowing for waste under careful supervision, is twenty-six gallons. It is an established fact, however, that in certain seasons, days of the week, and hours of the day, the rate of consumption, independent of the fire supply, is liable to be considerably greater than the average daily rate for the year. For fire supply I should anticipate the possibility of two fires happening at the same time, requiring five hose streams, each of sufficient height, consuming in all 1500 gallons per minute. Keeping in sight the fact that any increase in the size of the main must tend to augment the estimate, though, at the same time, it gives us more available head in Christchurch, owing to the lessened amount of friction due to the diminished velocity, I propose to provide for these varying rates for domestic and other purposes, and for the largo reserve required for fires, and taking into consideration the elevation and configuration of the ground between Christchurch and the source of supply, by a trunk main not less than 23 inches internal diameter. PROPOSED SOUECK OF SUPPLY. “ I found the experimental cylinder composed of a shaft 2ft. 6ln, in diameter, terminating in a bell mouth,3ft, 6in. in diameter, and having a total length of 25ft. It was sunk in the river bed, through (as I am informed by Mr B. Stocks) a bed of shingle 14ft. in depth, when a seam of clay was encountered 2ft. Gin. in thickness, after passing through which a water-bearing stratum was met with, which delivered a flow of exceptionally pure water (as per Professor Bickerton’s analysis) to about the same level as that in the river. The cylinder was then sunk to a total depth of 25ft., when the flow appeared to be permanent. It is well known that the bed of the Waimakariri is interstratified to a considerable depth by alternate permeable and impermeable layers, and from this, and the result of the borings instituted by Mr White, together with the impressions I formed from various sources of information, I considered it as on ascertained fact that the supply was an * artesian ’ one. I was not surprised therefore on the occasion of my first attendance on the ground, at the invitation of his Worship the Mayor, on Oct. 21st last, to find that, after an examination, which was naturally a very superficial one, the level of the water in the cylinder appeared to be somewhat higher than that in the river about nine chains off, but on commencing a systematic investigation a few days later, I was considerably disappointed to find that it had fallen some feet. This I attributed partly to the reduction of the water pressure in the surface shingle owing to the subsidence of the river, and no doubt in a great degree to the large opening which had been made :n the thin stratum of clay in order to sink the bellmonth of the cylinder. (See section ) The result of the various trial borings and other observations show, however, that the water in the cylinder is not liable to fall lower than it is at present, as the stratum to which the cylinder is sunk undoubtedly derives its supply from a point some considerable die-

fanco above, where the river ie confine! on one side by substantial protective works, and on the other by a well defined bank ; from a* eful inquiry also amongst long residents in the immediate neighbourhood, and particularly from the late Mr Potts, X found that the n.ain stream of the river Waimakariri had never, in their recollection, been so low, and so near the north bank, as it was when I commenced my investigations. I then applied myself to an examination of the scheme which reflects so much credit on Mr White, and which he at length has the satisfaction of seeing fairly investigated. A personal trial of the experimental tubes which had been driven under his instructions gave the following results j the numbers which I have adopted for identification being the same as those used by him: BEBULT OF TBIAL TUBES SUNK BT MB VT, WHITE.

It was now evident that questions of a much more important nature, and entailing the necessity of far more careful and elaborate data than I had been furnished with, were involved in this investigation, and to enable mo to determine with accuracy the peculiarity and eitent of this locality as a source of supply, so as to give you a just and reliable idea of it possible value, and thus enable you to judge on a thorough knowledge of its entire and actual merits, I have considered it my duty to make a renewed and prolonged examination of the subject, and to furnish you with the additional and important facts elicited thereby. I had anticipated that by an efficient artesian flow there would have been little difficulty in carrying oat the scheme at a minimum cost, but from the result of my trial borings given below, it will be seen that the supply does not rise much higher than the saturation line, which I have been able to determine falls at the rate of about 12ft. to the mile at right angles to the river. I may here say that all my trial borings were made by Messrs XJnwin and Armitage, under my personal supervision, and to my entire satisfaction. RESULT OF MR BLACKWELL’S TRIAL TUBES. 1 B I>rove 2in. open end tube 10ft. below bottom of experimental cylinder. After driving 3ft. came to a bed of compact clay and shingle. Withdrew tube and added a perforated length shed with a steel point, and then drove in all 38ft. below top of cylinder. Shell test showed nothing but compact clay and shi- gle, absolutely free from water. Abandoned without hopes of tapping an artesiam seam. 2 B Drove 2in perforated tube in old bed of river, leading to the Avon ; abandoned at 6ft., shingle too large and compact to'admit of further driving. Estimated depth of saturation level, 3ft. lower. 3 B Drove perforated tube under the lee of tho uppermost protective works; found line of saturation at 4ft. After driving Bft. came upon a compact bed of clay and shingle, free from water. Abandoned in same at 22ft. 4 B Drove 2in. teat tube a few feet in old bed of river, leading to the Avon, a few chains north of tho late Mr Pott’s house; owing to an accident to the sheerlegs unable to drive any farther. Saturation level expected about 12ft. or 13ft. below surface. “ It will be thus seen that a difficulty presents itself in laying tho pipes with the ordinary lead joints, as for some considerable distance the trenches will be full of water ; under these circumstances it will be necessary to adopt special flexible jointed pipes, such as have been successfully employed under similar circumstances elsewhere, and for the extra expense of which I have allowed in my estimate. In excavating the trenches I should strongly recommend the adoption of Messrs Bruce and Batho’s patent excavator, which is highly spoken of by Mr Clark in one of his reports, and of the efficiency of which I have had personal experience. From the result of my trial borings, and other experiments, I conclude that six cylinders (judiciously sunk at proper distances apart, but not necessarily in the present river bed) will be sufficient to meet the demands for some years to come. These I should not recommend to be sunk nearer Christchurch than the experimental one, as the horse power available will be thereby reduced; at the same time I cannot advocate going much higher up the river at present, as the additional elevation attained thereby would hardly warrant the large extra expense. The great expense in recovering more than two lengths of the experimental cylinder precludes the idea of profitably utilising it elsewhere. Of course, before designing the cylinders, or deciding the exact locality for the intake, it would be necessary to determine precisely the nature of the ground by means of accurate borings. I have already carried these to a further eitent than perhaps was anticipated in my instructions, but in face of the discrepancies alluded to, I felt it my duty to proceed sufficiently far to show you tho position of affairs, leaving you to act on the information supplied as you may think proper. From the position in which I am placed, by the resolution of the Council, which prevents my consulting you on the subject, I shrink from incurring further heavy expense without, instructions. THUNK MAIN, “From the barometrical readings I observed from time to time, I suspected that the difference of level between Christchurch and the trial cylinder was considerably less than that supplied to me in my instructions. I therefore carefully connected the cylinder with Christchurch by a line of flying levels running along tho route I propose for tho main (shown on the accompanying plan by a red line), reducing the same to the datum adopted by Mr Napier Bell, and, as an additional check, I ian another line of levels along the Waimakariri river bed, from the upper protective works as far as Mr McLean’s station, and thence along tho Harowoud road and Papanui to Christchurch, closing in wil h those levels us near as I could desire. The taking of these levels has put me in a position to lay before you two very interesting sections ; one showing the natural fall of the Waimakariri for a distance of over nine miles, tho other, that of the lino which I suggest should be adopted for laying tho trunk main. From the latter you will perceive that the difference of level between Cathedral square and the top of the cylinder is only 3GS.75ft. and that the head of water at our disposal would be at least 10ft less, or over 40ft short of that supplied me in my instructions, which fact in itself is the means of increasing ray estimate considerably beyond what I at first anticipated. The configuration of the ground between the two extremes is peculiarly adapted for laying a long length of water main, as it does not practically in any place rise above the hydraulic mean gradient line, a tact which would materially tend to tho success of this scheme. (See section.) Owing to the favorable condition of the route, I should certainly recommend bored and turned jointed pipes being adopted for the greater part of the trunk main, as it lessens the possibility of leaky joints owing to bad workmanship, and the cost when laid is only a fraction per cent more than that of lead joints. I may here remark that in 1876-77, I assisted Mr John Addy, 0.E., in carrying out a somewhat similar scheme for the city of Peterborough, in which water was deriyed from a cylinder,

and supplied through sixteen miles of trunk main. These works havo proved a great success. BETICULATION OV CITY, “ On designing tho system of distribution by means of tho service mains, I have adopted a standard plan recommended by all leading hydraulicians, namely, in reducing the number of dead ends to a minimum, aud thereby lessening the possibility of the pipes becoming foul, and in establishing an immense system of circulation by means of a plan known as * gridironing,’ so that in case of a fire, the mains that aro called into requisition are not only supplied from both ends, but from branches in every direction, thereby allowing the use of minimum sized pipes; also by a judicious arrangement of stop-valves tho bulk of the supply can bo concentrated to any particular district, so that in case of an accident to any one main, the immediate vicinity need not suffer from any inconvenience. I Lave made due provision for the necessary number of fire-plugs, according to the requirements of tho Municipal Corporations Act, 1876, section 268, and I may say here that a strict adherence to properlyframed by-laws—principally affecting the prevention of waste, by confining tho work to a few authorised plumbers, and the adoption of waste-prevention appliances —are most important items in the commercial success of a water-works scheme. SEDUCTION OP PBBMIUM ON PIBE INSUBANOK. “In Lyttelton the reduction in the annual rates of insurance, after the construction of the existing water scheme, was about 12 a per cent. In Melbourne it amounted to as much as 40 per cent. From statistics in my possession of some of the largest towns in the United States, I find similar results, for, from a recently adopted schedule of the 1 National Board of Underwriters,’ there appeared additions to a minimum standard rate in a standard city which is provided with good water supply, fire alarm, police, &0., as follows, termed deficiency charges : Minimum standard rate of insurance of a standard bnild-

risk, as deduced by the Board from an immense mass of statistics, and the additional premium charged on the most favorable buildings is 60 per cent, without good waterworks, and 40 per cent, if only fire cisterns are provided. Prom the foregoing I think the probable reduction upon the annual premiums of fire insurance in Christchurch, may be assumed at not less than 12£ per cent. At the present time with a population of about 14.000, the consumable property in Christchurch amounts to £6,500,000, of which only £2,000,000 is covered by insurance, the annual premiums on which represent £25,000. A reduction of 12| per cent, on this sum would amount to £3125, which item of itself, as you will see further on, would meet nearly half the mnud payment of principal and interest consumed in the undertaking ; but, according to the data before me, I have to make provision for a population of 50,000, and it is only reasonable to suppose that the consumable property will increase proportionately, whilst reduced rates would offer inducements to the public to insure more generally. BETENUB DEBITED FROM BALE OF WATER. “ The adoption of hydraulic power is a matter which, in my opinion, has not hitherto received that attention from the public throughout the colonies which its importance demands, opening up as it does a vast and profitable field of enterprise to manufacturers and others. I will now, therefore, draw your attention to the many purposes to which it can be applied. It is frequently used in conjunction with water motors for working hoists in warehouses ; for tho cranage of wool, grain, and general merchandise; for working presses, driving lithographic and printing machines, lathes, circular and band saws; hay and chaff cutting machines ; paint, pepper, drug and coffee grinding machines ; washing and wringing machines ; soda water and hair brushing machines ; sausage and meat mincing machines ; and for the blowing of church organs. It is also utilised in working shop tools, flanging presses, and rivetting machines, the rivets being closed by a squeeze, which is a far preferable mode to the blow of a hammer. (If the pressure should be insufficient to work shop tools or presses, it can be increased by the intervention of an intensifier—a machine having two cylinders, whose axes are concentric, and in one of which the pressure is received on a piston of a given area acting directly on a ram of lesser area in the other ; the areas of the piston and ram can be proportioned to increase the pressure to any required degree.) Further advantages to be derived by the substitution of the water motor for the steam engine, are the saving of the large amount of skilled labor now annually expended in attending upon the latter, and the cartage of coal and removal of ashes connected therewith ; the increased healthiness of the atmosphere; the absence of all smoke and dirt; the convenience of the water being constantly available ; and above all, the absence of that feeling of insecurity and danger of fire which must always attend the maintenance of steam boilers in crowded localities. Let us now see what amount of water will be at our disposal upon the data

“ You will perceive by the above statement of quantities that I have set aside 1,500,000 of the ‘ extraordinary ’ supply (as it is termed in the Act) for trade purposes, which would in no way impair the efficiency for ordinary fire supply, and I would strongly suggest the advisability of selling it to consumers for business purposes at the rate of Is 6d per 1000 gallons consumed. In Dunedin the rate is Is and Is 6d per 1000 gallons, whilst in Wellington they make a uniform charge of Is 6i for the like quantity. Both Corporations derive handsome revenues from this source. 1,500,000 gallons per day, or 62,460 gallons per hour, at Is 6d per 1000 gallons, is equivalent to £37 9s 4d per day of eight working hours, or £11,727 per annum, which is not too much to expect when manufacturers and others have learnt the advantages to bo derived from hydraulic power ; and I have little doubt that it is only necessary to draw the attention of the Railway Department to the matter, for them at once to appreciate the many purposes to which they can apply it remuneratively. It may be considered, however, hardly fair to anticipate too much from this source at first, until its practical utility has been thoroughly demonstrated, when there will be no want of applicants. In the meantime I think we may safely assume that oue-balf of the amount shown above will be consumed, in which case it would give an annual revenue of £5863. This sum, in conjunction with the estimated minimum saving in the annual premiums of fire insurance, would more than cover the principal and interest expenditure upon this scheme. Thus, without paying more than you do at present, you will have an efficient gravitation scheme, the individual cost of which, as the population naturally increases, and the people begin to appreciate the advantages la be derived from it, will bo gradually reduced. The Municipal Corporation Act, 1876, limits the time in which the principal and interest shall be repaid within fifty years. Under the circumstances I consider that the present ratepayers, the promoters of this scheme, should derive as much benefit as possible from the reduction of insurance, and make the future participate to a fair proportion in the cost ot the works. I would therefore recommend that advantage should bo taken of the full time allowed by the Act. ESTIMATE OF COST. £ B. d. To six cylinders, connecting pipes, valves, including laying, jointing, carting, <Sc. 2,080 0 0 To 1400yds special 22in c. i- pipes for wot trench, including freight, insurance, railway

Showing a saving of ... ... £lO2 13 6 “The saving incidental to street watering and maintenance of fire brigade station not included in above. “ Having now given you a full and succinct account of this Waimakariri gravitation scheme and drawn your attention to the comparative safety, the enhanced sanitary conditions, and the small cost, individually, te the ratepayers attending its construction, I have no hesitation in strongly recommending it for your adoption. The present is a peculiarly favourable opportunity for entering on such an undertaking, the iron market having been for some time unprecedentedly low. It, however, shows strong symptoms of the long expected reaction, and I would therefore suggest that no time should be lost in coming to a decision, as the cost of the work, which presents a very favourable comparison with that of similar works elsewhere, must of course depend chiefly on the price of iron. In reference to other undertakings of this nature, there is one item which to them is generally a very important one, via., ‘Compensation,’ but which, however, would scarcely bo heard of in this scheme. FIBB ALABMs. '• No scheme of water supply is perfect without an efficient system of fire alarms, and in no country in the world is this carried to such perfection as in America. I should suggest, therefore, that all church steeples and existing fire alarms be connected by electricity the bells of which should be rung through the means of strong electro magnets acted upon by local circuits, so that one faulty connection would not affect the whole. That at suitable places scattered about the town contact makers be provided attached to a telegraph pole, painted a color to attract attention. This could be kept beyond the reach of mischief by a lock, the key of which should be obtainable at the nearest house. In case of fire, on anyone pressing the button of the contact maker, communication would be immediately set up with the chief fire-hose department, and the assistant, knowing by an indicator from which part of the town the signal originates, would immediately ring the alarm simultaneously throughout the city, every bell keeping time, or, if necessary, inform the whole town by pre-arranged signals, the district in which the fire is raging, and at the same time give notice to manufacturers, and other large consumers of water, to shut off their supply until notice is given by another signal that the fire is subdued. I THB COUNCILS OF ANY TWO OB UOBB BOROUGHS MAY UNITE TO BAIBB ONE JOINT SPECIAL LOAN.’—TUB MUNICIPAL COBPOBATIONB ACT, 1876. “In many cases where districts remain nnsupplied with water on account of the pecuniary difficulty of carrying out an extensive scheme of their own, a combined system would act most beneficially in effectually providing means of sanitary and other improvements, and at the same time diminishing the ultimate cost of the works to all. I should strongly recommend, therefore, the surrounding districts to co-operate in this undertaking, so that, at the outset, due provision may be made in determining the size of the trunk main, and thereby carrying »ut the works at a minimum cost. Of all the surrounding localities, Lyttelton, perhaps, is the most difficult to supply. _ I find that there are in all three reservoirs there. The higher one situated in Brenchley road, at an altitude of 371 ft above the Christchurch datum, I was in hopes of being able to supply during the night, when the consumption here was at a minimum, and also to utilise its great height to assist, if necessary at any time, in subduing a conflagration in this city, but owing to the small size of the main in the tunnel, this is not feasible within reasonable time. If it could have been anticipated at the time this main was laid, that such a comprehensive scheme as the one now proposed would be one day carried out, provision would doubtless have been made accordingly. At present this reservoir is supplied by a 6 h.p. engine pumping from the Canterbury street one, which is situated about 222fc, above datum, and is supplied by gravitation from the Heathcote reservoir, situated on the Christchurch side of the Port hills, at about 244 ft. above datum. This last is capable of impounding 500,000 gallons. There is no doubt that besides the great reduction in working expenses attending the adoption of a gravitation scheme, it would be of peculiar value to Lyttelton in the facilities it would present for working the many appliances which are generally to be met with amongst shipping, such as the opening and shutting of dock gates, dumping wool, working capstans for warping in vessels and shunting trucks, stationary and moveable cranes, moveable jiggers, which can be applied to unload vessels in an outside tier, &c., and should that borough propose to co-operate in this scheme, I would suggest that a 9in pipe, or even a larger size, be extended to the Heathcote reservoir from our Christchurch mains, which would ensure a quick discharge towards Christchurch in case of fire, and thus still further increase the efficiency of the hydrants. Had we not this Waimakariri source at hand, one of the best methods that suggests itself is to intercept the Avon springs, and to bring the water into Christchurch by unusually large pipes, so as to reduce the velocity, and thus get the benefit of the small pressure at command for domestic purposes ; to carry a medium size main through the most thickly populated parts of Sydenham to a point at the foot of the Port Hills, and there to erect a pumping engine for supplying from the mam a reservoir situated at say 200 ft above Christchurch j this tt servoir to impound water for fire purposes only. Should an alarm of fire be given, the town mains—by opening a valve at the junction with the reservoir—would immediately bo put under pressure, which could be concentrated within the required districts by self-acting reflux valves in suitable positions. Owing, however, to large sums which would have to be expended in compensation, and to the fast that there would be no revenue accruing from the sale of water under pressure for trade purposes, it would cost the ratepayers, individually, far more than the Waimakariii scheme, although the total cost might appear to be small in comparison.—l have, &c., ‘ Louis B. Blackwell, Assoc M. Inst, 0.E.” HTDBAULIO MOTOBS. Table showing cost, consumption of water in gallons per hour, and horse power of hydraulic motors suitable for connecting with the proposed Christchurch water mains ;

These engines need no attention lave oiling and cleaning once a week. They ore regulated by a screw tap. When stopped no expense is going on. The power is always available.

CHRIST'S COLLEGE v. MIDLAND CLUB. On Saturday last, although the weather was rather unfavorable, this match was played, resulting in an easy victory for fche College. Appended are the scores :

Distinguishing No. Mr White’s Remarks, February, 1870. Mr Blackwell’s Remarks, Nov., 1870. 1 2in. pipe. Water met with 18in. below surface of shingle, drove 25ft. lower, water rising in tube to the level of the sur.'ace water, i&c., &c. Found water in tube 7-2ft. below level of water in river l-5ft. chains off. Uin. pipe. Met'with water 18in. below surface, drove 25ft. lower, water rising freely to the surface. Found water in tube 4-75ft. below bed of river. 3 2iu. pipe. Met with water at 2ft,, drove 25ft., water rising to surface. Water in tube Gin. lower than river water surrounding it. 4 IJim pipe, driven with similar results. Water standing 2-4ft. below level ot water in river 10 chains off 5 6 7 1-Jin. pipe, driven with similar results. pipe at site of cylinder, l$in, pipe driven 21ft. without finding water. Surrounded by river water, water in tube 2-ift, lower. 8 Failure. Found 3 pipes close together, two of 9 Failure. them as reported by Mr White, failures. 10 l£in. pipe, gave an artesian flow of Gin. above water in river bed at a depth of 8ft. The third, said to have been an artesian flow Gin. higher than the level of the water in the river was 9in. below and remained at that level, notwithstanding my endeavors to till the tube.

ing 25 cents If no water supply add 15 ,, If only cisterns or equivalent „ 10 If system is other than gravity „ 05 „ If no fire department... „ 25 „ If no police organisation „ 05 „ If no building law in force ... » 05 „ “ The financial value of the enhanced fire

hereinbefore arrived at. Galls, per 50,000 inhabitants at 26 galls, per head ... 24 hours. 1.300,000 Trade purposes at 1041 galls, per min. 1,500,000 Balance in hand for extinguishing fires at 1500 galls, per min. and for giving pressure to above items ... 2,730,000 Total discharging power of 22in, trunk main ... 5,530,000 Head consumed for domestic supply Feet. 19 70 „ ,, trade purposes Balance in hand at Cathedral square for giving pressure to above 2035 312 70 Total head 358 75 Tn case of two fires occurring simulFeet. taneously in different localiti'-s, supply for trade purposes cut off. The available head at hydrants at the extremes would be something nnder 210

charges, loading and unloading, laying and jointing, cartage, &c. ... 4,500 0 0 To 28,314yds 22in c. i. trunk main, including above charges. ■with the necessary valves, &c. 80,908 0 0 To 67,225yds c. i. pipes for retieolation of the city, including above charges, as well as the necessary hydrants, stand posts, surface boxes, wall plates, &c. 44,150 0 0 To 10 per cent for contingencies. compensation, engineering,&c. 13,170 0 0 £144.866 0 0 REPAYMENT OP COST. “One hundred and forty-four thousand eight hundred and sixty six pounds at 6 per cent interest, repayable in fifty equal annual inatalmenfe of interest and principal combined, would represent £7035 6i 6d per annum REVENUE. I)B. £ 8. d. To annual payment to cover cost 7,935 8 6 To f.nnual working expenses ... 950 0 0 £8,885 6 6 Ck, £ 8. d. By revenue derivable from sale of water (half estimate) 5,833 0 0 By water rates on rental of house property, amounting to £187,715, of 3Jd in the £ ... 3,022 6 6 £8,885 6 6 SAVING OP COST TO RATEPAYERS. £ B. d. The least probable redaction of premiums on fire assurance. assumed at 12* per cent 3,125 0 0 Against which remains to be deducted the water rates, as shown above 3,022 0 0

Price f.O.b. Consumption of Water in gallons per hour Horse Power. £ B. a. 3-10 6 10 0 264 10 0 0 570 3-6 12 10 0 11.038 11-10 15 0 0 2,433 2» 25 0 0 4,181 4 35 0 0 6 322 6 50 0 0 7.902 7 65 0 0 10,333 10J 80 0 0 14,ti6G 14f 95 0 0 18,800 184 120 0 0 23,000 22i 140 0 0 27.813 274 180 0 0 33,973 834

MIDLAND. W. Thompson, run out ... 4 Jones, run out ... ... 0 VV. H. Atack, b Higgins ... 3 Monck, b Beswick ... 0 Howarth, b Higgins ... ... 8 Palairet, b Higgins ... 11 Rowe, o Mathias, b Beswick... ... 0 Reeves (sub.), not out... ... 20 Turner, c Beswick, b Newton ... 0 Fairbarst, run out ... 2 Hill, b Higgins.., ... 1 Extras ... 3 BOWLING ANALYSIS. 52 Christ's College. Balls. Runs. Mdns. Wkts. H. Beswick ... 50 18 2 2 R. Higgins ... 75 27 4 4 0. Newton ... 20 3 2 1 Christ’s college. Higgins, R., not out ... 87 Rattray, C , b Monck ... 13 Cottcrill, W., c Rowe, b Monck 4 Harman, T., not out . . ... 0 Beswick, H., b Atack ... 41 Extras ... IS Total for three wkts. ... 163 Boys, J., Stride, R., Griggs , J., Helmore, G., Newton, C., Mathias, H., to go in. BOWLING ANALYSIS. Midland. Balls Runs Mds Wkts Wds N. B. Rowe 75 70 2 0 4 0 Atack, W. H. 70 32 2 10 0 Turner ... 20 3 2 0 3 0 Monck ... 25 12 1 2 0 1 Thompson, W. 10 9 0 0 2 0 Jones (jun) ... 5 1 0 0 0 0 Howarth ... 20 20. 0 0 0 0