but the former has a recurved, spiny keel, and a sutural sulcus bounded be an elevated ridge, while the latter has a stout, twisted pillar, and the sinus on the keel. Perhaps the nearest relative is Cochlespira Conrad, an Oligocene genus; but this also has a spiny keel, and the fasciole is separated from the suture by a beaded ridge. Austrotoma n. subgen. Type, Bathytoma excavata Sut. For Bela woodsi Tate, an Australian Tertiary species, Cossmann has proposed the genus Belophos, which he places in the Buccinidae. This shell, however, belongs to the Turridae, being quite similar in facies to Pseudotoma, though it may at once be separated from the typical Italian forms by the deep basal notch, with its accompanying prominently carinated fasciole. P. laevis Bell. and P. intorta Br. have only a weak notch and a feeble fasciole, without a carina. The New Zealand species B. excavata Sut. and its allies (B. eximia Sut., B. suteri Cossm., B. robusta Hutt.,* Hutton's name dates from 1877; the same combination had been previously employed by Packard (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 232, 1869). The New Zealand shell may be renamed Belophos (Austrotoma) minor nom. nov. Clavatula neozelanica Sut., &c.) seem to represent a later stage in development than B. woodsi, in that the axials tend to multiply, weaken, and ultimately vanish, and the spirals to form strong raised cords, often of greater general prominence than the axials. B. woodsi has (like P. laevis and P. intorta) weak and thin spirals, but strong, persistent, and far more prominent axials, and the body-whorl is anteriorly far more contracted. Evolution is also evident in the embryo, which in P. intorta has a planorbid tip and bears only spiral threads; in B. excavata Sut. the little pullus is erect and the whorls more closely knit, and for some distance before the terminal varix axial acceleration is shown, producing reticulation. Some of our species have already been referred by Suter to Pseudotoma Bell.; in rejecting this name from the Neozelanic fauna I would point out that Pseudotomus Cope, 1872 (Mammalia), has a year's priority and invalidates Bellardi's name. As a substitute, Pseudotomina nom. nov. (type, P. laevis Bell.) may be suggested as causing the least confusion. From study of the apex it would seem that Pseudotomina descended from a form whose forte was spiral ornament, perhaps Cryptoconus or Conorbis; strong axial sculpture (and, in Belophos, a basal notch) then developed; this became impressed on the protoconch in later forms, and finally began to grow obsolete again in Austrotoma, some of the New Zealand Pliocene forms of which have lost all but the embryonic remnants of axial ribs. Phenatoma n. gen. Type, Pleurotoma novae-zelandiae Reeve. A shell with superficial resemblance to Epideira Hedley, to which genus its author has suggested it may be referred. There is really, however, no close relation between this shell and E. striata (Gray): the differences will at once be apparent to New Zealand workers when it is stated that Bathytoma nodilirata (M. & S.) is a true Epideira. The latter genus is doubtfully distinct from Epalxis Cossmann, proposed for a few Parisian Eocene species which differed from Bathytoma s. str. in practically the same details as Hedley gives for Epideira; the types of the two genera are extremely similar shells. However, Hedley's name may perhaps be retained in a sectional sense, since the austral species seem to have uniformly