argument does not apply, for the mere citing of an example by subsequent writers is not a legal fixation of a genotype (Jukes-Browne, 1909, p. 238), which, in any case, must be one of the original species given by the author. The only way, therefore, in which Pelicaria can be accepted for this group is to prove that S. vernis is synonymous with B. scutulatum. This synonymity appears to be unlikely; for if Gray was “familiar with both B. vermis and B. scutulatum,” and intended it for the latter, why (1) did he propose a new specific name for it? why (2) did he use a name so likely to be confused with vermis? what (3) is the derivation and meaning of vernis? It does not appear to be a Latin word. On the other hand, S. vermis does not possess a spreading callus, as stated by Gray, but has a more limited one than Struthiolaria s. str., so it seems likely that he was handling a specimen of T. scutulata wrongly identified as S. vermis. This, however, cannot alter the fact that the only example cited by the author of Pelicaria, and therefore the type of that genus, is S. vermis. This is confirmed by at least one of the figures that he cited. The original reads, “P. vernis, t 5, f 3, t 91, f 6: Adams, Gen. Moll. t 27, f 7.” The former reference is to Figures of Molluscous Animals, by Maria E. Gray (1850–54), a work which unfortunately was not available for this revision. The figure referred to in Adams's work is labelled “Struthiolaria vermis,” and is a copy of Kiener's figure of that species; vernis is therefore a misprint for vermis, and Pelicaria is synonymous with Struthiolaria, as Harris stated. Tylospira must be used for the group of calloused shells typified by Buccinum scutulatum Martyn, and including the fossils T. coronata (Tate) and T. clathrata (Tate). (See text-fig. 8 and remarks above under Struthiolarella.) Both Tryon and Cossmann give only New Zealand as the locality for T. scutulata, and consequently cite Pelicaria (=Tylospira) as a New Zealand genus. This is not correct. T. scutulata is a New South Wales shell (Tate, 1889, p. 170), and does not occur in this country, so that the genus Tylospira must be considered as exclusively Australian. The peculiar formation of the body-whorl by continued growth of the outerlip callus, as well as the arched columella and sharp beak, justify generic distinction from Struthiolaria. Phylogeny of the Family. From the foregoing it will be seen that all the members of this family have descended form a convex-whorled ancestor with fairly strong, spaced spirals, probably of Cretaceous age. “Struthiolaria” lirata Tate, which has been cited above as an example, is probably far in advance of the primitive form, but gives a general idea of what its appearance must have been. In the next stage, that illustrated by M. minor, there are strong axial ribs which curve forward anteriorly, following the shape of the outer lip. This species presents a remarkable similarity to the young uncalloused stage of the Upper Senonian Pugnellus marshalli Trechmann (1917, p. 302, pl. xix, figs. 1–4), which Wilckens (1922, p. 14) considers conspecific with Conchothyra parasitica Hutton. The specimen of P. marshalli figured below (text-fig. 10), a paratype, shows by growth-lines that the contour of the outer lip of early stages was almost identical with that of Monalaria, the wing being a little narrower (see text-fig. 10). The other features also correspond, for the columella is straight, and the ornamentation consists of axially-elongated tubercles on the shoulder and