bark about five inches wide and twenty inches long is stripped from the trunk just above its base; a cavity sufficiently large to hold a half pint of sap is cut in the trunk at the bottom of the place thus laid bare, or a trough may be attached on the outside. Above the trough or cavity the inner bark is removed to the width of four inches and the height of six. The resin escapes from between the inner bark and the wood, and is conducted to the trough, which is emptied at regular intervals. The surface of the wound is lightly chipped over once a week until the close of September, so as to expose a fresh surface; by this means its dimensions are gradually increased, but it is not allowed to exceed six inches in width and eighteen in length. The following spring a new piece of bark is stripped off immediately above the old wound, and the process is repeated yearly until the incision is carried to the height of fifteen feet or thereabouts, according to the strength of the tree, when a new incision is made at the base parallel with the old one but leaving about two inches of bark between the two, and continued to the same height. This is repeated until the entire circumference of the trunk has been wounded, when the old incisions are found to have become sufficiently healed to bear a repetition of the process. When it is intended to remove the trees for firewood, or for the manufacture of tar, incisions are made all round the trunk at the same time and regardless of length. The resin which hardens on the surface of the wounds is very white, and is scraped off to be used in the manufacture of wax candles; it is termed barras. The liquid resin is termed galipot: when collected it is placed in wooden vats sunk in the earth. In this state it contains fragments of bark, earth, and other impurities. In order to purify it, it is placed in large copper boilers, with brick flues or chimneys to carry away the smoke; it is kept boiling, and is constantly stirred. In order to ascertain when it has been sufficiently boiled, a small portion is poured on a piece of smooth wood; if, when cool, it crumbles freely on pressure between the fingers, it is considered ready for filtering, which is effected by pouring it over a layer of straight straw or rushes about six inches in thickness, when it is allowed to run into casks, and becomes the brown resin of commerce. Yellow resin is manufactured by frequently adding cold water, a few drops at a time; this causes the resin to expand, when it is allowed to pass through a tube—previously fixed in the side of the boiler—into another vessel. From this it is ladled back into the boiler, the operation being continued until the resin becomes perfectly clear, when it is filtered into sand-moulds, forming cakes of from 100 to 200 pounds in weight. The straw and waste material are utilized in the manufacture of lampblack, as already stated.