The Life and Work of Pope Pius X

New Zealand Tablet, 17 September 1908, Page 3 (Supplement)

The Life and Work of Pope Pius X

A SACERDOTAL GOLDEN JUBILEE.

fARLY in the morning just fifty years ago to-morrow — on September 18, 1858 — a slender ecclesiastical student rode out on horseback from the pretty Venetian village of Riese and took the narrow and dusty road that leads, with many a turn, • past vineyards and olive-groves and mulberry _ plantations and pleasant orchards of peach and pear to the fine old town of Castelfranco. The student was Giuseppe Melchiore (Joseph Melchior) Sarto, son of Giovanni Battista (John Baptist) Sarto and of his wife Margherita (Margaret) Sanson-Sarto. He had arrived at his home in Riese from the Seminary of Treviso (some ten miles distant), at the close of a retreat, .and was now proceeding to Castelfranco to be raised to the priesthood by Bishop Farina, along with numerous other young levites, of whom eight are still serving their Master in the land of the living. Giuseppe Sarto had many a 'time before, as a schoolboy, traversed that road with feet that were bare in the summer heats, and -in boots that were bountifully covered with mud in the winter days. Before the high altar, under the noble vaulted roof of the splendid Duomo of -Castelfranco, Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto was raised .to the ranks of the priesthood — a special dispensation having been obtained- from Rome to permit him to enter upon that holy state eight months before he had reached the canonical age. On the following day (September 19,1858) Father Sarto sang his first' Mass in the parish church of his native Riese assisted by the . pastor (Father Pamio) and surrounded by relatives and friends and by the villagers and the contadini from round about. To-day the little peasant schoolboy of Riese, the brilliant, pious, and musical young student of -Treviso, the priest of Castelfranco, is at the head of the Universal Church. He is one of the truly great Captains that God has called to guide the Barque of St. Peter in troublous days. And the representatives of the world-wide Church will, in a few weeks' time — when the deadly heats have passed — assemble in Rome to celebrate the golden event that, fifty years ago, gave to the Church, not alone a priest, but, potentially, a Pontiff too. The course of things has lifted the ordination of September 18, 1858, out of the category of events of personal and local importance and made it one of world-wide moment.

The manner of his election showed him to be the humble, single-minded churchman, filled with the dread of. the great burden which was thrown upon his unwilling shoulders. His life and work and worth up to the day that shut the sight of his beloved Venice for ever from his hopes, were the best warrant for the confident belief of his fellow-conclavists that he would grace" the papal throne. Perhaps not one among them all that sat with him in ample scarlet dreamed that the diffident and fear-stricken Cardinal Sarto of the Conclave would become at a bound one of the wisest and most practical and far-seeing Pontiffs' that ever sat in the chair of St. Peter.' Let us first tell the his' elevation to the papal throne; and then the life-story that gives the key to all that has come to pass since that memorable August day in 1903. HOW PIUS X. WAS ELECTED POPE. After a brilliant Pontificate of twenty-five years and five months, the late Pope Leo XIII. passed away on Monday, July 20, 1903, ' Life's race well run, Life's work well done, Life's victory won.' The last scene in the obsequies of the deceased Pontiff took place on July 25, and the Conclave for the election of a new Pope commenced its sittings on July .31. The results of the deliberations of the members of the Sacred College were awaited with- the .keenest interest throughout the. whole Catholic world, and .more -especially in the .Eternal City, where day by day crowds numbering 50,000 persons awaited the intimation that the Conclave had come to a decision. Many, guesses were made as to the final choice of the^ Cardinals, and the secular newspaper correspondents, taking upon themselves the duties and responsibilities of the Sacred College, elected this Cardinal and that Cardinal. But, as an illustration of how little tKey knew of what was transpiring in the august assembly, not a single one of them ever mentioned the name of the present illustrious occupant of the See of Peter. The late Mr. . Hartwell de la Garde Grissell, a papal Chamberlain, thus described the close of the Conclave on August 4, 1963 :— ' I reached the Piazza about 10.45 a- in. There was a large crowd. At 11.40 there had been so little -" sfumata " that it had passed almost unobserved. Shortly before midday, however, the glass windows of the balcony in front of St. Peter's, behind which Is the Great Hall of ..the 'Beatifications, were opened and a large " Portiera " with the arms of Pius X. embroidered on it, was hung therefrom. In a very few minutes we saw the .processional- cross and the first Cardinal Deacon, Macchi, appeared, attended by a number of officials. He was vested in purple, and wore a red biretta. There was very great excitement in the Piazza, many shouting and waving their handkerchiefs. The crowd at once rushed towards the Basilica, and the Italian troops who were within the porticoes at once drew up in front of the church and presented arms to the Cardinal, .who forthwith intoned in a strong and clear voice the proclamation, " Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum, habemus Papam eminentissimum — -et reverendissimum Dominum Josephum Sarto, gui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Decimus. " Owing to the . impatience and general enthusiasm N of the crowd the Cardinal used this shortened formula. The crowd shouted loudly, "" Evviva," and the Cardinal was obliged to pause ere he could continue the formula and declare the regnant name_of the new Pope. . . I then entered the Basilica with the crowd, and we saw that the window of the balcony inside the

church had been thrown open and that preparations ■were being- made for the new Pope, who very shortly afterwards appeared, vested in white cassock, red mozzetta and stole, and white zucchetto, and accompanied by several Cardinals and conclavists. In the midst of the wildest enthusiasm the people shouted " Viva Papa Pio X.," " Viva Papa Sarto,!' and some Americans who were riear me unfolded some American flags and waved them. His Holiness now, in the midst of breathless silence, gave the Apostolic Blessing. Many shed tears of emotion, among them the Spanish Ambassador to the Quirinal, who was standing near me in the company of my friend, the Conde de Villalonga, a Spanish Senafor. Amid the waving of handkerchiefs and the shouts of the people the Pope then withdrew. ' The Conclave had been remarkable in a very special sense. It is known that Austria made claim in the Conclave to exercise the Veto. Mr. Grissell says : ' It is generally reported that Cardinal Rampolla had the largest number of votes, amounting to between twenty and thirty, and that the Prefect of Propaganda, Cardinal Gotti, had about ten less than the late Secretary of State, but that Austria had vetoed Cardinal Rampolla's election.' Austria did express hostility to Cardinal Rampolla, and that great Churchman, while disclaiming any desire for pontifical honors, made, on principle, an ardent protest against the exercise of the Veto. It is probable that this is the last occasion upon which an attempt will be made to exercise it ; it is tolerably certain that it will in future be regarded as an obsolete privilege. It is now widely known that the chief obstacle in the way of the Cardinals was the ' Nolo Episcopari ' of Cardinal Sarto himself — his strenuous .unwillingness to accept the" heavy burden of the Tiara — which was not overcome until after the second ballot. Thus, says this second account, it was that, beginning with five votes, he climbed to fifty, Cardinal Rampolla, his only serious opponent, never attaining to more than twenty-nino, even after the production of the Imperial Veto against him. Of course, there is always this kind of speculation after a Conclave ; but the truth may be very far different, and whether it is so or not is little likely ever to be known, for the Cardinals are pledged to secrecy. Speaking in New York at the recent Century Celebrations Cardinal Logue said :—: — - ' Though"""? had a hand in electing the. Pope, I know just as much about the Holy Father as you do yourselves. I know he was elected canonically, that's all. But Til tell you that if the heat hadn't been so great he might not have been elected so soon. And nobody wanted less to have him Pope than he-him-self. The Pope is one of the saddest and most pathetic pictures I have seen. I shall never forget that warm day, on August 4, when he was elected. No one tried harder than he to avoid the terrible burden being thrust upon him, and when he saw that he was elected he fainted. The Italians seem to have all conveniences handy, for several rushed to him. One had a bottle of smelling salts; another had what looked like a black ball.' 'That da )',' continued the Cardinal, after the laughter had stopped, 'we had ballot after ballot I shall never tell how I voted. We all seemed to be voting blindly until Providence got a hand in and thrust forward the present Pope. It was terrible how he tried to fight off the burden. He did not want the position. You know, if I thought they were voting for me I should have run 'back to Ireland.. A writer in the Dolphin gives the following account of the final sitting of the Conclave :— Cardinal Sarto's name stood at the head of the list, and this time realising the situation lie burst forth to a confrere 'My election would be the ruin of the Church ! and, addressing the Sacred College as they sat enthroned around the voting urn, he besought them to ' withhold from his lips the chalice of the Pontificate. ' He could not, he would not, accept the Papa l Tiara. *> The Cardinal to whom he first addressed himself received these protestations with the more complacency

that he was himself a supporter of Rampolla's candidature. ' You cannot,' he suggested in reply, '-be Pope if you do not speak French !' A somewhat singular, though perhaps a very natural, remark. . ' Deo gratias !' breathed the humble Patriarch of Venice, taking heart of grace ; and so the voting went • on. We are told by the writer from whom we are largely quoting (M. de Narfon, one of the editors of he Gaulois), whose Hook has been most favorably reviewed by the Catholic press and who was in Rome and in touch with some of the highest authorities at the time of the Conclave, thus commanding exceptional facilities for a knowledge of le dessous dcx cartes, that on August 3, the third day of Conclave, Cardinal Satolli repaired after lunch to the cell of Cardinal Gibbons. ' We can do nothing with Sarto,' he exclaimed. ' I have been speaking to him, and I see that we cannot break down his resistance. ' ' The Patriarch of Venice is absolutely the most suitable candidate,' replied the American dignitary, ' the more so that his election, if we do not give it up, is certain. Go back to Cardinal Sarto. What he fears is the burden of responsibility. Well, point out to him that he will incur a yet heavier responsibility if he refuses to accept a great duty which Providence wishes to lay upon him. Make a last attempt.' The Cardinal acted as he was advised to do, and made a long and eloquent appeal to his brother dignitary ; while Cardinal Langenieux, on the part of the French Cardinals, urged the same course in an interview very shortly before what afterwards proved to be the final scrutiny. And, on the morning of August 4, the acting scrutator, Cardinal Richard, read aloud from fifty voting papers the name of Giuseppe Sarto ! Then, as we all know, the Cardinal Camerlengo, Oreglia, approached the pale and trembling, ecclesiastic and addressed him in the time-honored formula : Acceptas-ne electionem dc tc canonice factam in Summum Pontificem?' (' Dost thou accept thine election, canonicallv made, to the office of Supreme Pontiff?') I have asked of God to take this chalice from me,' was the reply ; ' but may His holy will be done 1' It was not the correct formula of assent, and Oreglia repealed, somewhat impatiently : ' Acceptas-ne ?' ' Accepto !' ' What name will you take?' ' I will take the name of -Pius X., in memory of all the holy Popes who have borne that name, and who have defended the Church with strength and with gentleness.' And as he spoke the canopies surmounting eacn princely throne were lowered simultaneously, save that above the head of the newly-elect, and the reign of Pope Pius X. had begun. I myself can testify, for 1 was an eye-witness ->f the scene (said Cardinal Gibbons recently in the Cathedral, Baltimore), that Cardinal Sarto, Patriarch of Venice, now Pius X., when he saw that he was threatened with the burden of the Papacy, with tears in his e}'es, made a most earnest and pathetic appeal to his. colleagues to be relieved from a yoke too heavy for him to bear.' To the world outside of Italy the new Pope was practically unknown, and even in the Eternal City the people knew little about him, as his visitsMhere had been- few and far between, and then only when his duties called him thither. But not. so in Venice, which had learned to, love its belovjed Patriarch. He had labored amongst the Venetians for" nine years, and the. people knew how good he was. The poor looked on him as a true friend, and the heart of the masses went out to him. With difficulty -he could make his way to the railway station on what turned out to be his farewell to Venice, because of the immense'erowds, when leaving for Rome to attend the Conclave. The cheering mass of humanity was, however, stilled to silence when it was seen that he was about to speak, but his words were few and broken with emotion. It was enough the people heard him say that, living' or

dead, he could never forget his beloved Venice, and thus accompanied by a people's love and veneration the great Cardinal-Patriarch went off from his beloved Venice — for ever. Had the people feared that this would be? If they had any presentiment that he would not come back it was not shared by their beloved Archbishop, for he had provided himself with a return ticket, which, as it turned out, he did not need to use, and which now forms part of the collection of curiosities of the King of Greece. The cognation of the new Pope, who took the title of Pius X., took place. in St. Peter's on August 9, in the presence of fully 40,000 persons. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. On September 18, 1858, Joseph Sarto— destined to become the 259 th successor of Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, was ordained priest, in the Church of Castelfranco. Little could this great son of the people have thought that autumn morning fifty years ago that the fiftieth anniversary of that solemn day would be spent by him in the Vatican. He was then in his twenty-third year, and whatever the future held for him, it is very unlikely that the humble student dreamed of such a majestic destiny. Indeed, in the Italy of that day no one could foretell what even the immediate future was about to bring forth. The Austrian yoke was still upon her, but it was not to be for much longer. But what would the ' patriots 'do when once the galling Austrian was dismissed the land where he had 'so long held himself supreme? That was a question that many thoughtful men were asking at the moment when young Sarto was -being ordained. And young Sarto himself probably had pondered the question. The Pope is a Venetian. He was born in the little town of Ricse, in the diocese of Treviso, on June 2, 1835. He was the second of a large family born to John Baptist and Margaret Sarto. There was a modest patrimony; the father was employed in the municipal service and the mother did needlework. The future Pope was reared in a humble but comfortable home, and in a family which enjoyed a degree of independence somewhat unusual in the class from which he sprang. The life of Pius X. (says a writer in the Dublin Freeman's Journal) has been from the first one of consistent happiness and cheerfulness. True, in these days, as Head of the Church, he has his great sorrows. As he looks out from his Palace Prison, the Vicar of Christ sees only too much to bring pangs to his heart, but this can be said of him, that during his whole career he has gone on from one post of duty to another ever advancing in rank and responsibility, and in every sphere earning universal good-will and intense admiration. The twentieth century starts— it might be said the Democratic century, as it will evidently be— with a Pope ot the people, who has gone with flying colors through every office of dignity and importance in the Universal Church, from that of a humble curate to that of Cardinal Prince. Under Providence he owes this magnificent career of advancement to his mother In the ordinary course, like other boys of his class, he should have gone straight to work from the school of his native village, but the thrifty housewife had managed to have by what would send Joseph, the first son, onto a good school at Castelfranco, four miles away. Thither he trudged twice a day. He was a firstclass pupil by all accounts, liked his books well, and was a great favorite, for from his earliest days Joseph Sarto seems to have been remarkable for the charm of his temperament and disposition. A good priest Father Fusanni, picked him out from his class? and brought him through, his Latin exercises. In h" s fifteenth year he entered the diocesan seminary at Treviso. A little later Father Fusarini.was to prove a friend indeed In his seventeenth year the lad lost -his father The widow had eight children to do for single-handed It might have gone hard with young Sarto but for Father Fusarini. Through his instrumentality, however! .the : boy was sent to a free place at the Seminary of Padua—Padua famous for learning and art, and famous in the history of the Church, where Anthony, the Fran!

ciscan, was born, and where Petrarch sleeps. Young Sarto was to have his education free, but there were other necessary expenses to be met so that he might go to Padua the renowned, and* to meet these his mother had to part with some of the small patrimony. She was. amply repaid, if she sought repayment, in the success of, her son. He was a hard, cheerful student, and he outdistanced his" rivals by his mirth and his industry. He was first in his final, Jto use the parlance of the schools, and as has been said, he was ordained on September 18, 1858. He was at once sent as curate to the parish of Tombolo, where he opened an evening school and a school for aspirants to the sacred ministry, and where he was immensely-beloved by the people. PARISH PRIEST. After nine \ ears at Tombolo, he was, in 1867, made parish priest of Salzano. - The dread cholera visited Salzanb while he was still parish priest there. He devoted himself heroically to the assistance of his stricken flock, even bearing coffins to the local cemetery. The people of the parish loved him. Italy had meanwhile seen many remarkable changes. Solferino and Magenta had been won and lost. Victor. Emmanuel had 1 entered Milan, and the Treaty of Zurich had been concluded, and Victor Emmanuel had delivered that speech at the opening of the Sardinian Parliament of iB6O, which made it known to all what the Holy Sec might expect from the ' deliverers ' of Hah-. The worst, however, was 3'et to come. Father Sarto had not an easy time in his new parish. For the first time in his life he was made to feel what it was to be directly responsible for a large community. The public institutions of the place were now necessarily affairs of his, but some of them, especially the hospital, were none too healthy. To the work of improvement, however, he set his hand earnestly, and as 100 often happens in the case of such labors, the workman found himself only too soon burdened with a heavy debt.' Cheerful and charitable to the last degree, Father Sarto was not the man to complain. His works of charity never abated. It is said that the Bishop of Treviso found that he had even' pawned the parochial ring to subsidise his benevolence, and that he inquired good-humorcdly as to the safety of the thurible. It goes without saying that 'in Salzano, too, the good. priest won the intense affection of the people. Events were marching quickly. The fatal year of Seventy came, and with it went the Temporal possessions of the Holy See. The Pope became ' The Prisoner of the Vatican.' The so-called patriots had now completed their task. Italy was to see forthwith the millennium. It is thirty-eight years since the act of spoliation. There have" been now three prisoners of the Vatican. Italy is to-day the most heavily taxed country in Europe. The Unification has not brought a millennium. The Church, of course, stands where she did. The Freemason has not been found a very good substitute for the Pope-King. BISHOP OF MANTUA. After having been parish priest of Salzano for nine years, Father Sarto was made a Canon of the Cathedral of Treviso, and Professor of the Seminary at that place. He. accordingly once more changed, his -residence. But he brought with him a load of debt. Now, however, he had a fixed income, and out of this he .was able to discharge his liabilities. Pius IX. passed to his reward in 1878, and Leo of immortal memory succeeded. Canon Sarto had been made successively Chancellor and Vicar-General of Treviso. One morning, in the year 1884, the Bishop came to his room and said : ' I am sorry to announce to you, but at' the same time I am rejoiced that the Supreme Pontiff, Leo XIII., in the Consistory of the 10th of November, nominated you Bisfiop of Mantua.' 'God's will be done,' was the-calm and humble response. In Mantua, for ever famous, Bishop Sarto labored another nine years. It has been the subject of universal comment that an illustrious change has come to him every ninth year. It had been so hitherto ; it wasjto be so yet again and

again. For nine years he had been a humble curate ; for nine years he had been Parish Priest ; for nine years he had been a Canon of Treviso ; for nine years he was to be a Bishop ; then for nine years a Cardinal and Patriarch. It is worthy of note that amongst his works during' his stay at Mantua was a Manual on the Practice of Politeness, which he" addressed to the young clergy of the diocese. He was a staunch friend and supporter of the Catholic press. Charity distinguished his Episcopacy. At this time of his life he was much sought after as a preacher, and his services were readily- given to neighboring dioceses. The far-seeing Cardinal Parocchi described him at this time as the best bishop in those parts of Italy. A good Bishop who did his work thoroughly, and was mos: remarkable for his devotion to the poor, sums up the experience which Mantua had of Joseph Sarto. CARDINAL-PATRIARCH OF VENICE. In 1893 he was created Cardinal by Leo XIII., and made Patriarch of Venice. - For nine years, as has been said before, he remained in Venice in that exalted office. He is, therefore, it is almost needless to say, one of the best known of the Popes, as to his personal appearance, for Venice is one of the most visited cities in the world, and travellers thither had endless opportunities of seeing the illustrious Patriarch. During all those eventful years, so full of honors for him, he never changed the absolute simplicity of his life. His sisters kept house for him ; his fare was of the humblest kind ; his acts or' piety of the most unostentatious description. He still devoted his greatest care to the poor. He loved to officiate in the poor parishes. He is probably as well versed as any man alive in what has come to be known as the social problem. Venice has a housing question, and its industrial questions, and she has had her strikes — Queen of 'the Adriatic though she be. And the Patriarch studied those questions, and indeed studied the whole social question, so as to become far more than a mere theorist upon it. It will not, therefore, be surprising if, following in the footsteps of his predecessor of immortal memory, Pope Pius X. should enrich the literature of the democracy and voice their just claims and rights in no uncertain way. VISIBLE HEAD OF THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH. We have already told the story of how Giuseppe Sarto, Cardinal-Patriarch of Venice, was appointed successor to Pope Leo XIII., of holy and happy memory. Pope Pius is in a notable way a man of many parts. As a pulpit orator he has not many equals. His preaching has a potent charm and power. His fine presence gave him a great advantage, and he is blessed with a voice of more than ordinary effective ness. As has been seen, as student, priest, and Bishop he worked with untiring industry. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that he acquired a thorough mastery of the details of administration. That he has the courage of a reformer he'proved in more than one of his ecclesiastical charges. Music is one of his hobbies, and Church Music one of the subjects upon which he speaks with the very greatest authority. His influence upon Church Music" has indeed already been felt all over the world, and it, is not by any means unlikely that his Pontificate will rank in musical as well as ecclesiastical history as- a noteworthy one. While at Mantua -he took up the question of reform of Church Music in the most thorough-going style. He is an intense admirer of Palestrina, and of his school, and insists upon praise and devotion being the distinguishing characteristics of all music rendered during the sacred services of the Church. It was he who discovered the eminent priest-composer Perosi. - Recognising the genius of Perosi, the Patriarch sent him to the world-famed school at Ratisbon and made -him teacher of the choir of the Chapel Marchiana at Venice It was while he occupied this office that the younecomposer gave to the world his first great oratorio By motu propno his Holiness ordered, early- in his

Pontificate, -a general reform of the music of the. Church. The Holy Father has now occupied the Chair of •Peter for five years, and they have been, in some regards, memorable years, in the history of the age. 'What the Pontificate is destined to bring forth it is, of course, impossible to. foretell. Enough has been seen to make it quite apparent to all that the fortune of the Church will not lose in the care of Pius X. The Church, indeed, never stood in greater strength, power and majesty. Its dominions never stretched nearly as far as they do to-day, and perhaps it is the only power on earth that, in this day of constant change, can be considered absolutely " safe and solidly secure. And the Pope, though robbed, of the temporal possessions of the Church, stands serenely above all other kings and princes, their chief and master beyond compare. Since his accession he has had trouble with France. 'As we have seen, it is not the first time that a Pope has had to deal with unruly children in. that strange land; but France has never been astray from the fold" of Peter for long, and it may be that to Pius X. it remains to welcome back that land whole and entire to the paths of wisdom and fidelity. He has lately made matters clear with regard to what has come to be known as Modernism, and everywhere we see and feel his influence for good acting incessantly throughout the world He received the heritage of the Papacy with added lustre from the never-to-be-forgotten Leo, and when the time comes he will in turn assuredly hand over the care of the Church to his successor with lustre added even to the glory of Leo's Pontificate. IMPRESSIONS OF THE POPE. Mr. John D. Crimmins, of New York, who has been created a Count by the Holy Father, in the course' of a lecture before the New York Catholic Club, g-ave the following interesting- particulars of the impressions made on his mind by a reception at the Vatican-— lo reach the centre and focus of the life of the UniSi f u S° v. w f mu i st cross the Tiber b^ the ancient bridge of Sant' Angelo, and then through the central «E~ °VV hheh iei c Le ° nine City and on to the immense piazza, which represents one of the most striking specS?» S-fS -fl ntn th .V vhol( : world > with its mighty obelisk and magnificent fountains, and its circular rows of ffifrantic columns shutting it off from the- rest of the city: In front rises St. Peter's, the greatest work raised by the hands of man to the glory of God. And at the ver"y heart of this temple lies the body of the Prince of the Apostles; in the piazza in front is the site where he was crucified, head downwards, over eighteen centuries ago and on the right the Vatican, thft immense p£ of buildings, which is at once the home and the throne City beneath- or, nearer still, at his very feet, on the open space of the piazza which has been troddeVby tS M a I ?'",'° nS ° f Pi!srrims and which s °ak«l with the blood of thousands of martyrs. Such thoughts as these are calculated to make is pay but little heed to the minor glories of the Vatican as we ascend the h £lLT tt L th £^t nearcr and — <° & growing l^LrZ^lf^ c

look his seventy-three years. On the whole, it is not an uncommon type of face, but there is a wonderful blending of gentleness and strength in the curves of the mouth, reflected again in the quiet grey eyes (which a great artist has described as " Irish eyes "), whose general expression is that of kindness and thoughtfulness, but which light up keenly" every now and then when he is specially interested. It is a good face, a kindly face, a strong face, which prepares you at once for the fatherly cordiality of your reception. It is a face that sets you at your ease in a moment, that enables you to accept without embarrassment his invitation to you to seat yourself close to him, and to say out what you have in your heart.

* You may have read many anecdotes of Pius X. Let me add another here which has never been published, and which illustrate^ pathetically what I have just been saying. You know that the Pope's two sisters, 1 who have kept house for him all his life, have followed him to Rome. They lead a very plain life in a small flat, almost within a stone's throw <<f the Vatican. When they look out at night from the window of their parlor, they see one light shining out from the gloom of- the great palace of the Popes, and they do not need to be told that up there their brother is working and praying for the Church. But at certain times they are privileged to spend an hour or half an hour with him alone in the evening, as they used to do when he was a Cardinal or Bishop or parish priest. Usually they talk about old times and old friends, but there are times when the visit is infinitely touching. They note at a glance that their brother has had much to trouble him that day, for he looks older and full of care, and his smile of welcome has died away almost immediately. And the three sit there together in perfect silence, the simple, blackrobed women telling their beads with their eyes fixed tenderly and sorrowfully on his face, and the white figure between them motionless in his chair. They say nothing, for they see his mind is not there. Perhaps they know that the Pope is that moment thinking of France, and he sees the churches there being robbed and profaned. The idea of God being torn up from the hearts of the people, and the figure of Christ, Whose vicar he is, removed from the land ! That is, I think, a subject worthy of a great artist. ' The privilege of attending the Pope's Mass at the early hour of 7 in the morning, in the small chapel adjoining his apartments, and receiving from his hands the Sacred Host, is occasionally granted to Catholic visitors to Rome. Admission is by card; gentlemen attend in full dress and ladies in black, with veils as head coverings. The chapel proper is small; th~ ante-room where the audience is held is larger, contains benches and seats about forty people. The ante-room permits a full view of the altar. You are impressed with the quiet simplicity of the altar and furniture. The Holy Father robes at the altar and begins his Mass The responses are made by his chaplain and two acolytes. At the communion, those who are to receive kneel at two prie-dieux. The Holy Father, with much impressiveness, gives the Host, reciting in a low and melodious voice the invocation. The two communicants kneeling at the prie-dieux rise and others take their place, the Holy Father quietly standing, as the space is narrow and the communicants occupy some seconds in passing. The room, with but one window and the candles on the altar, give a subdued light ; the draperies sombre ; all cause a solemn feelmg to prevail, and you feel that you are in a holy place. The Mass ends, and the Holy Father takes a seat to the left of the altar, while his chaplain says his Mass, the Pope making the responses in a clear, distinct voice, above that of the acolyte, so that it would appear as if his was the only voice. , ... ' J'^e before referred to the sense of responsibility which seems to have entered in and become a very part of the Holy Father. And yet this very sense of responsibility which weighs so heavily on. him has already enriched, his- Pontificate with extraordinary achievements, and has filled him with a spirit of labor and energy almost incredible in a man of his years

If we in America, Catholic and non-Catholic alike, have a special veneration and admiration for the character of Pius X., I think the cause of it is partly at least in that wonderful energy and practical, spirit which he has shown, and which we like to associate in a special mariner with our own country and our own public men. Practically all of us here are busy men, but I doubt very much if any of us would survive very long the strenuous life Pius X. has imposed upon himself. ■-_ 'The room where, the Holy. Father transacts routine business has the appearance of a working office. There are no decorations on the walls, and but few pictures. The desk and furniture are plain. Papers are carefully arranged and in order. Judging from the use he made of it in our presence, his was th» busy hand that kept the desk. On it lay his steelframed spectacles, his pens, his sand bottle, -which he uses instead of a blotter, and his keys. Back of his desk are cases, one 'of which he. opened in our presence, taking from it a number of special gifts for his morning visitors. The Pope waits on himself in all- these matters, his movements direct, his~manner courteous and gracious. He is on his feet at half-past five every morning, and he is busy with his prayers, his breviary, his Mass and thanksgiving until half-past seven. A few minutes suffice for a light breakfast of ' coffee and a roll, and from then until 10 o'clock he .is engaged in his study, examining the great questions that concern the Church.

At ten precisely, he receives the Cardinal Secretary of State, Merry del Val, who has come up from the Borgia apartment with a portfolio filled with important documents, and with a clear summary of all the important events in any way affecting religion which .have taken place during the preceding twentyfour hours. The young Cardinal, for he has only just turned forty, boasts that he owes all that "is good in him to his Irish blood. He is one of the most finished of living diplomats, and speaks six languages with as. much fluency as if each of them were his mother tongue. He passed his youth in the atmosphere of courts, and he is. entirely unlike the venerable Pontiff, but, for all that, the two meet on the common ground of simple, unaffected piety. He remains" closeted for an hour or thereabouts with the Pontiff. A change has been introduced into the separation law in France. What is to be done about that? The Russian Government has sent a special agent begging the Holy See to help it tide over the storm. What answer must be given to him? There is a serious disturbance among a certain section of the Catholics of Poland. How is it to be checked? The Liberal Government of England is about to introduce an Education Bill which threatens the faith of the Catholic ?hlld«l? hlld «lV n - that countr y- The Apostolic Delegate in the Philippines has sent a long report describing the condition of religion in the archipelago. What instructions are to be sent .him?' Some Italian papers hint at a hostile attitude on the part of the GovernsTnd' aXVeddTaU.^ *"* kno " «"• Und -

r»rrf-n i p J ■ 7 yU 2 g S° Ur ' yet when {t is ov^r the Cardinal .Prefect or the Secretary of the Propaganda is waiting- his" turn to acquaint the Holy Father with important news affecting his congregation, or to secure his signature to the appointment of a Bishop in America or China. If there are no other Cardinals or officials waiting to be received, his Holiness admits to private audience a number of Bishops or important personag^ and from them he passes £ tQ Qne P tPe halls, where there is a crowd expecting to see him to kiss his ring to have a word from him, to recede his blessing. It is after one when he is able at Tst arf ? Wn , Wlth hls P nvate secretary to a frugal dinner After that he has a litde rest, but at 3 he is inKs s£dy again, writing or reciting his breviary. At 4 thei-V are more audiences, followed by a walk up and dow^ S^SS g^deS MJWto *' « P^PsVvTt except when he is interrupted by some import^visitor

on business. At 9 he takes supper, spends a few minutes over the evening papers, recites "the rosary with his secretary, and at half-past- 10 his day's work is over. ' Pius X. is as simple and as democratic in his bearing to his visitors as Father Sarto ever was ; in fact, he seems to be more at ease with plain people and little children than with any other class. Shortly after his election a deputation of the Heraldic Society of Italy waited on him to beg to confer titles of nobility on his sisters. The Pope" laughed heartily. " Why," he said, ' f they would be ashamed of their lives if I did anything of the kind. They are quite content to be just my sisters, and I am content with them as they are." 'The Pope is never so much in his element as when he is preaching to a large congregation of plain people. In the Sunday afternoons of summer he lets them into a large open court in the Vatican- and delivers a sermon on the gospel of the day. For twenty minutes (or twenty-five at the outside) he expounds for them in a powerful but musical voice the simple truths of Christianity. HIS CHARACTER, HIS WAYS, HIS WORK.It is characteristic of the Holy Father's entire priestly life (says the Right Rev. Mgr. Mundelein) that his first Encyclical letter was on the necessity of religious education, particularly instruction in the catechism ; and that it was followed almost immediately after by his letter to the Bishops of the world on the proper preparation and choice of candidates for the priesthood. He was simply commending to others what he himself had put into practice for more than forty years. All that time, from his first year as a young priest, even when he was Bishop and later as Cardinal, he was constantly instructing his people, and instructing them in the catechism, which, after all, in few and simple words contains all the dogmatic truths and moral precepts of the Church. And even, after he became Pope, he used to gather hundreds of the people of Rome in one of the gardens of the Vatican on Sunday afternoons and there preach to them the same simple homely explanations of the catechism, as he did to the country-folk of hjs first mission. For he knew, from the fulness of his experience, that if a child knows its catechism well, then it is well grounded in its faith and better prepared to withstand the attacks against it ; and likewise, that, for Catholics in general, there is nothing more beneficial than to have repeated Sunday after Sunday what they were taught as children. And this he commended, first of all and most strongly, to the Bishops and priests throughout tho world. How He Prepared the Rank and File of His Army. Do you see how he was preparing the rank and file of his army for the attack of the enemy ? Next to the proper preparation of the officers, the captains in the fight. He had been a professor in the Seminary, later he was the director of a Seminary. It was most noticeable that as Bishop and Archbishop he devoted a great deal of his time to the clerics in his Seminary. These were to be the, curates,, the parish priests, some of them the Bishop's of the futurp. Whe-i as Pope he wrote to the Bishops of the world about the instruction of the clergy, the care to be exercised in admitting candidates to Holy Orders, and the necessity of rejecting those whose vocation was at all doubtful, he was simply giving them the fruits of his own rich experience; he was telling them not what he thought, but what he knew. And that he had proven that his precepts were practical is best shown by the active, zealous clergy that is, growing up in the Venetian provinces as the result of his labors and his zeal. Does it not speak volumes for his practical wisdom that in the first year of his Pontificate he devoted his attention primarily and principally to the preparation, instruction, and equipment of the soldiers and officers of the vast army of which he is the head thus fitting them for the real. practical work of defence?

The Pope's Ability as a Man of Business. Now, as to his ability as a man of business. • When he entered the Vatican he found the finances of the Holy See in poor shape. The revenues of the Pope had been materially reduced in later years. The income from France, which had formerly been large, had practically ceased. The other countries had not added materially to their donations. The Peter Pence from America did not bear out the much-advertised generosity of the Americans, for our people had been deceived by purposely manufactured reports of the wealth of the Vatican, of "the vast sums left by Leo XIII., whereas, as a matter of fact, Leo XIII. had practically nothing to- leave. When he realised the condition of things Pius X. at once started to economise. He abolished this position and that, combined two others in one wherever he could, doing away with much of the splendor of the Papal Court. ' A Noble Guardsman told me that in the last four years no new appointments had been made to this fine organisation of noble-born, well-bred gentlemen. It is a pity, and it makes one sad when, returning after years, to see these changes. But the Pope is a practical man, and he had to find some way to make Kis revenues fit to the expenditures; and so the luxuries, the traditional trappings, and some of the royal splendor of the Vatican had to go. As a result, however, the finances of the Holy See, though very much shrunken, are on a firm basis. He has, it is admitted even by his critics, but one extravagance ; and that is charity. And for this reason he has very little, if" any, money of his own, and when he receives personal donations, as sometimes he does, they find their way very rapidly to the poor and needy recipients, whether they be individuals, missionary Bishops, or struggling institutions. Pius X. Hears All Sides and Then Decides. His choice of men and his appointments have been wise indeed, and prove him an excellent judge of human nature. The theologians whom he consults are men of world-wide reputation ; his diplomatic advisers have grown old in this branch of the service. And yet the decision is always his own ; no one controls Pius X. He always asks expert advice, then weighs and sifts the advice, then decides as he judges best. We do not maintain that he never makes a mistake, though his mistakes are very rare; the only man on God's earth who never makes a mistake is the man who does absolutely nothing, and the Pope works fifteen to sixteen hours out of every twenty-four. Probably the most noteworthy of his appointments was his choice of Secretary of State. Nobody expected him to appoint young Monsignor Merry Del Val ; and to-day nobody denies that the choice was wise indeed ; for seldom in its history has the Vatican seen in this position so skilled a diplomat, so polished a gentleman, as this descendant of a noble Spanish house on his father's side and of one of the old Irish families on his mother's. He is an expert linguist, and, having been educated in England, he is the first Cardinal Secretary of State to understand and speak English. The Charming Personality of This Pontiff. I have been able to cover but a few of the public acts of Pius X., but I have done so in order to show how, in his character as the Chief Bishop of the Church, he has been wise, thoughtful," prudent, far-seeing^ thoroughly adapted to the requirements of his position, thoroughly acquainted with the needs and conditions of his^time. It has been my good fortune on two occasions to have had a lengthy and most interesting audience with him in his private apartment. This has given me a rare chance to better observe and study him. He forms such a contrast physically with his predecessor. Leo XIII. was a small figure in his later years, slender, with very prominent features and deep-set piercing eyes. He always "made a wonderful impression on those who saw him for the first" time. He semed like something supernatural, the very embodiment of the dignity of the Papacy, an ideal Sovereign Pontiff. But (Continued on Page 25 J .

(Continued from Page 8.) Pius X. does not impress you that way. He is of medium height, rather full and strong of physique, has regular features, good color,' clear blue eyes, and a full head of pure silver-white hair, and, he makes a most pleasing picture clothed in the white cloth cassock, girdled with a broad white silk sash, a pectoral cross of gold and emeralds resting on his breast ; the strong, fine head bent slightly. forward, ,the eyes rather downcast, but very kind in. their expression, and his splendid wavy silver hair brushed carelessly back and topped with the little white silk skull-cap. He is easily approachable, and at once makes one feel thoroughly at home/ At no time does he make the slightest effort to create an impression on his visitor; his manner is entirely natural. He uses the simplest words in conversation, hiis voice is. rather low and well-modulated and with a slight Venetian accent. It is really a pleasure to hear him speak. He goes straight to the point, his questions are all so innocent, and the visitor drops all reserve and speaks quite freely as to a father, an adviser, a friend. He pays the closest attention to what is said, and prefers to listen rather than to speak. In a private audience, as to Bishops or theirrepresentatives, it usually takes place in his library; h; is seated at the back of his large flat-top desk, and he asks his visitor to be seated at his side and only a ew feet away. When a Bishop comes from a disrance the Holy Father always questions him closely concerning conditions ofHhe clergy, the people, the industries, immigration, material as well as spiritual improvement. He has a wonderful memory, and he stores all' that information away to be used at the proper time. He has a natural faculty for giving audiences, and, judging from my own experience, he can in his quiet way get more information 1 .out of a person than aiy one I know of. When I examined my conscience after I had been with him for twenty minutes, I came to the conclusion that he must have been a wonderful confessor, for he had searched me thoroughly. He seldom smiles, but there is a particularly kind expression to his countenance, and his eyes twinkle when something occurs to amuse him. I started in to thank him for numbering me among those of his household, and I told him that I was rather young for such preferment, and he said, ' But you are the chancellor of your diocese. ' ' Yes Holy Father, for the last ten years,' I answered.' 'Ah, then, he replied, ' you have served a year longer than 1 did, for I was chancellor of my diocese nine years ' It was m my mind to say that I had served so longbecause no one else wanted it, but I did not quite dare . fc ?; . But he m ust have read my mind, for, with a twinkle m his eye, he added, ' It is not a very pleasant post, I know.' v i But I really cannot tell you how kind, how patient, how gentle he is with everyone. This is the one impression every one takes away with him after an' audience with Pope Pius. To-day, when the rulers of Europe look with troubled eyes on the constantly increasing and menacing danger of anarchy and socialism, the Church brings forward as her head and inspiration this man of lowly origin, this man sprung frdm the common people, lo^Lrf ha * bee . n - chiefly amon £ the poor, whose love and sympathy ,s for the poor. In an age like niS - n th - 6 madness for wealth, for position", for thfn^i" TUIT U l i ke a canker " w °™ the vitals of the people, the children of the Church can look for and find a living example of her teaching in this Pontiff oooTtn £ * ° ne °J S \ Crifice and who Ta as poor to-day as when he was a humble parish priest • whose relatives have gained nothing, neither wealth nor power, nor titles. The Holy Father is one of .whom .t is known that his voice is never ra°seHn anger, whose hand is ever open to the needy whose words arc those .of, tenderness for his children of svm pathy with the suffering, of gentle reproof and adrn^l nition for the erring. If the Church is to fulfill her mission i of -combating the errors of the time, if she is to be the preserving force against corruption and her means of grace, the antidote against the evils ol the'

day, do you think one better fitted to be the directing^ the inspiring, the guiding force of this great institution could be found? In a word, is there one better -fitted than is Pius X. to be the ideal Pontiff of the twentieth century? -- SOME OF HIS WORK. The historian of the present Pontificate will certainly dwell with emphasis on the following . great features of the great programme :—: — To restore all thing's in Christ, -, which Pius X. gave as the motto , of his -reign in the first encyclical he addressed to the world : 1. The reformation of sacred music, by restoring' the Gregorian chant to the purity of its golden age and by banishing theatrical music from the house of God. 2. The apostolic visitation of Rome and all the dio • ceses of Italy, by which numerous abuses were removed and a new spirit of zeal and fervor infused into both clergy and laity. . 3. The reformation of ecclesiastical education — (a) by ordaining that candidates for the -priesthood must study theology four years and philosophy for three - years, and (b) by abolishing in Italy the small and anaemic seminaries and gathering the students into flourishing district seminaries, where they have the advantage of goodprofessors and are at the same time able to follow the general courses leading to the governmental universities.' 4. The reformation of catechetical instruction in the parishes — a measure very necessary in many countries, and not least of all throughout a large part of Italy. 5. The formation of the Biblical Commission.' 6. The condemnation of the heresy of modernism, and the vigorous means adopted for putting an end to it. 7. The promulgation of a new and universal code of laws, the first attempt ever made to give complete unity in ecclesiastical legislation. (The first fruit of this codification of the Church's laws was the. decree of August 2, 1907, on" espousals and marriage.) 8. To this fine record we may add the great 1908 reform of the Vatican Congregations (or Departments through which the business of the Universal Church is conducted). In June, 1908, the Pope, by an Apostolic Constitution, decreed the reorganisation of these Congregations. Some of the minor Congregations were abolished and their work divided' among the others; other Congregations were reorganised; a new Congregation was established dealing with the disciplinary side of the Sacraments (Matrimony in its various aspects included), theb dogmatic side remaining as heretofore, under the direction of the Holy Office, of which the Pope will continue to be, ex officio the Prefect ; and (among other useful reforms) a body of experts in Canon law was retained for the gratuitous service of the poor. On this wise and beneficent the London Times made the following ' interesting comment in the, course of a leading article in July :— 1 hough the Papal legislation will excite deep interest amongst large classes of thoughtful -men throughout the world who have little or no sympathy ri f \u dO ? r[n \ Or the dis^pHne of the Roman Church, the days have long passed away when such an exercise of the Pope's prerogative could stir the surface of English political life. Certain ultra-Pro-testant societies may still assemble their faithful adherents to denounce this fresh instance of "Paoal aggression >' but they will appeal in vain to the St p Pantrymen. The opposition of the nation to Rome is as sturdy as ever, but it no longer 1851 by the of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, under • Bishops with English territorial titles, and which was reflected in Lord John Russell's once famous Durham Letter, and in the abortive Ecclesiastical - Titles Bill. that the HoLse oi Commons adopted by an overwhelming majority > It may also be that these great measures 3 h<> supplemented by the establishment of^SSSJaI commjssion of Catholics for the promotion ofsctence

Surely a magnificent record for. a pontificate, even though it should outrun the years of Peter ! AS A CURATE. His ministry was one of work, love of the poor always characterising it. Of his services as an assistant, which extended over the space of nine years, we have only to hear the testimony of the pastor under whom he served : ' They have sent me as an assistant a young priest whom they have charged me with forming to the parochial ministry, but the more I observe him, the more I find in him such an ensemble of qualities, so much zeal, maturity, tact, that I could rather myself, even at my age, learn something at his school— l am convinced that this young priest will mount the steps of the ecclesiastical hierarchy— the episcopal mitre of a surety is destined for him. And then? Chi sa — who knows? ' This was a prophecy to be fulfilled, as indeed it has been, every nine years, and a step higher was climbed until -to-day he is the spiritual head of the Church on earth— the ruler of the Christian world. HIS HUMOR. The humor of Pius X. was discovered long before he became Pope, but for the last five years the anecdotes related of him are too numerous to pass belief Here is the latest of them, which bears an appearance of verisimilitude. Lately a Jewish banker from Venice, whom the Pope had known • when he was Patriarch, was admitted to his presence, and the conversation soon turned on a common friend, one of theleaders of the Catholics in Venice, who was very ill I < V i Slt ° r StOod up to take his leav e the. Pope asked : Are you going back to Venice soon ? ' ' Tomorrow or the day after.' <Ih that case/ said the 1 ope, I want you to do me a favor— take -m V blessing to our good friend.' The banker could not conceal -his astonishment and embarrassment. The Pope s eyes twinkled with amusement. 'Oh' he ff 'tUJT a %£ fraid to take a Pa Pal blessing?" Take it, take it. The wrapper may be a bad one, but the contents are good.' PETER'S PENCE. ' What is known as Peter's Pence is a voluntary offering such as has no parallel in the world's history Over two hundred million Catholics of every race nationality, language, color, and social condition joining in a world-wide movement to show their affectionate regard for the successor of Peter, is a sight which must appeal strongly to even the most unimaginative, it is one of the outward expressions of the union that binds the Church Militant into one indissoluble whole. From every quarter of the globe there flow towards the seat of Peter the offerings of the spiritual children of Pius X. The moral effect of this is incalculable. The enemies of the Papacy canot fail to take note of it. They must see in it the strongest proof of world-wide influence of the spiritual power they would destroy if they could. ss P mtUal SOME ANECDOTES. 1 .• A / e cent number of the Pro Vita Fratres, the built,!? «* ♦ !u I ? SU £ mm t C( : of Verona > tel1 * an amusing story, the truth of which is guaranteed by the Marquis Crispolti, describing how the Holy Father was inveigled into insuring his life. While he was Patriarch of Venice he was besieged by importunate agents so fiercely and so perseveringly that he absolutely refused to see any of them, or even to have the word insurance _ mentipned. in his presence, until one day a real diplomat in the business found occasion to have a conversation with him on some other matter and then adroitly led the talk .to the -tabooed topic ' The Patriarch told him how much he had been pestered and how Jie had succeeded at last in getting rid of his persecutors. * The wily agent cordially agreed with him, adding: 'Of coursef it would be absurd

near mil i e ' nCe i° inSUre y° Ur lif e > you h *ve *° Patriarrh I de P endm S on y°« *>r support.' The exacdvtr'n. rTl' corrected hi ™ : ' That is not exactly true, for I have relatives living with me, and for whom I must make some provision.' In any £?? e S , e> 11 ? 4 * the man > your Eminence has no need to insure, for, of course, you have saved something, and your relatives would be provided for in any case.' Saved something ! '--said the Patriarch. ' I've never saved anything, and I possess nothing.' The ag-ent simply added: 'And then?' And a few minutes 1 later he was instructed to make out a modest policy on the life of Joseph Sarto, for the benefit of certain persons closely related to him. No Pope of modern times has shown less patience with Vatican etiquette than Pius X. Simple ever trustful and solicitous* for the comfort of others, the successor of Leo desires to be unhampered by courtly traditions and free from the annoyances of ceremony, wherever such can be dispensed with; One of the curious rules of etiquette is that the Pope must dispense with a watch. Pius X.'s attention has been called to that rule time and again since he donned the white cassock of the successor of St. Peter, still he persists in carrying his old nickel watch of the type ot the never-to-be-forgotten Water bury. About a year -ago a French - Bishop, visiting at the Vatican, saw the. Pope's redoubtable Waterbury. I heard of your Holiness' curious watch,' said the Bishop, and would like ncfthing better than to have' it for a souvenir. May it, please you to examine this excellent watch, the finest French make, beautifully chased and jewelled. I got it as a present from my diocese, but would gladly exchange it for your timepiece, for I am sure my people, far from finding fault with me^for. giving away their present, will delig-ht in~ the gracious souvenir.' J - T !? c , Po PcP c examined the French Bishop's watch, studied the works, admired the jewels and case. Then he replaced his own five-franc timepiece in his pocket. No, he said ; < I canot accept your generous offer, for this little bauble is very dear, indeed, to me. I held it in my hand, watching my dear mother's life ebbing away during her last illness.' Admirers of the Pontiff must have noticed in many of his pictures a lock of hair prominent on the forehead. On- latter-day photographs and paintings it is not in evidence, for this reason : A certain French portraitist, when the Pope granted him a sitting, commented in eloquent language on the beauty, of the-lock of hair, insisting that it gave the Pope's face its real distinction^ recalling the famous lock of-»the great Napoleon. The Pope, who hates flattery, impatiently brushed the lock aside, and next day appeared without it. The painter said he was in despair. ' Never mind, smiled the Pope, ' it's gone; I cut it off myself before I came here. I wjll not have you painters argue with me about a bit of hair.' Monsignor Bisleti is the Papal Master of Ceremony, and naturally the man who suffers most on account of the Pope's disregard of etiquette. ' As a rule, his lamentations are endured with good-humored contempt by Pius; but once, he admits, • Bisleti really made me prick up my ears.' Continuing: 'I had anrf 1 A? w audl j n ? e J a . ™ mb er of Cistercians, Fathers and Abbots, and, it being a very hot day, I was particuarly wrath when I found them on their knees as I came Hearing this, Bisleti ran from the room, even forfor hif beh US ' Ual b r- HoweVer > 1 hardl y bW him Secretary o a f V Q Of 7;O f 7; f ? r f at th f end of th * audience the asks a ordLff K n ° rme s me that when the P°Pe exnect E A,' Se? I c - ' SignlfieS that he ™ypresence.' °* m " M an ° ther P r * late t0 *t my