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in addition to the staffs of the normal practising schools the staffs of each training college consists of a principal, vice-principal, one or more assistant lecturers, and a tutor and librarian. The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1920-21 and 1921-22 for the training of teachers were as follows : — I. Training colleges- _ 1920-21. 1921-22. Salaries of staffs (two-fifths charged to public-school £ £ salaries) .. .. .. .. ..20,478 25,527 Cost-of-living bonus .. .. .. .. 1,330 Students' allowances and University fees .. .. 89,156 116,670 Special instruction, libraries, and incidentals .. 1,027 2,484 Buildings, sites, equipment, and material .. .. 11,694 7.623 123,685 ■ 152,.304 11. Other training — Grants for special instruction in certificate subjects of teachers other than training-college students .. 2,013 2,312 Railway fares of teachers .. .. ..3,987 3,542 6,000 5,8,54 Totals .. .. .'. .. £129,685 £158,158 The increased cost shown in this table is due to the fact that the numbers of young teachers in training have been increased in order to provide for two reforms long overdue, and becoming more and more essential if our education system is to be placed on a sound basis —viz., the replacement of the uncertificated teachers in the country schools by trained and certificated teachers and the elimination of the unwieldy classes from the larger schools.Provision for Uncertificated Teachers. The previous arrangements for providing instruction for uncertificated teachers not being regarded as satisfactory, new regulations were made in December, 1921, governing the establishment by Education Boards of central classes for the instruction of pupil-teachers, probationers, and uncertificated teachers in science and in drawing and handwork, and also of short-period schools of instruction for teachers. The classes are free, the Department paying the cost of maintenance, and, wherever possible, classified technical or manual-training teachers are being employed as instructors. Teachers attending the classes regularly and making good progress may be exempted from sitting for the examinations in science and in drawing and handwork for the Class D certificate. Instructions have also been issued definitely setting forth the duties of head teachers with regard to the training of pupil-teachers and probationers. Head teachers must instruct pupil-teachers and probationers in all the subjects for their teachers' examinations, excepting science, drawing and handwork, first-aid, and singing. They must also see that they have sufficient daily practice in teaching, and also that a specified portion of the day is devoted to systematic study. It is hoped that the special attention being given to matters such as these will result in securing an adequate supply of enthusiastic and efficient young teachers for the service. Supplementary Model Country Schools. Regulations were made at the end of 1920 providing for the establishment of supplementary model country schools for the purpose of giving training in the management of a country school (a) to young persons who intend to become teachers but are ineligible to enter a training college, (b) to teachers requiring further training. Only teachers who have shown special skill in managing a country school may be placed in charge of a model school of this type, and they will receive special remuneration. Teachers being trained in the school receive their full salary and other young persons receive an allowance. Two Education Boards are at present experimenting under this scheme and others propose doing so. The Grading of Teachers. The fifth annual graded list of teachers has been issued, and now that a teacher's grading determines his promotion the general opinion among teachers and others is that merit is much more certain of its just reward than it was previous