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1909. NEW ZEALAND.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS: REPORT ON THE SAND DUNES OF NEW ZEALAND: THE GEOLOGY AND BOTANY, WITH THEIR ECONOMIC BEARING. By L. COCKAYNE, Ph.D.

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

INDEX TO CONTENTS'. I. Introduction, — Page. I __. Geology — continued. Page. (A.) General remarks .. .. .. 2 (H.) The virgin dunes .. .. ..16 (B.) Objects of dune-eulturo .. .. 3 (I.) Effect of man, &c, on the dunes .. 15 (C.) Previous investigations of New Zealand : 111. Botany,— dunes .. .. .. ..4! (A.) General remarks .. .. ..16 (D.) The dune areas of New Zealand . . 4 (B.) Conditions for plant life, — (a.) Auckland .. .. ..4 (a.) General .. .. ..16 (b.) Taranaki .. .. .. ' 5 (6.) Climatic factors, — (c.) Hawke's Bay .. ..5 (a.) Wind .. Hi (d.) Wellington .. .. ..5 (p.) Heat .. ..17 (e.) Nelson .. .. ..5 (7.) Rain .. ..17 (/.) Marlborough .. ..5 (b.) The soil factor .. ..17 (g.) Canterbury . . .. . . 5 (c.) The plant covering .. 18 (h.) Otago .. .. ..5 (0.) The most characteristic plants, their life(i.) Southland . . .. . . 5 forms and adaptations,— (/.) Westland .. .. ..5 (a.) General .. .. ..18 (k.) Stewart Island .. ..5 (&.) List of leading dune plants,— (I.) The Chatham Islands .. 5 (a.) Sand-binders .. ..18 (m.) The Subantarctic Islands .. 5 (p.) Sand-collectors .. 18 11. Geology,— (7.) Wet-ground plants .. 19 (A.) General remarks .. .. 6 (c.) Descriptions of plants,— (B.) The material of dunes and its origin .. 6 (a.) Spinifex hirsutus .. 19 (a.) Origin of dune sand .. . . 0 (p.) Scirpus frondosus .. 19 (b.) Material of dunes .. ..7 (7.) Euphorbia glauca .. 20 (c.) Form of the sand-grains .. 7 (8.) Calystegia Soldanella .. 20 (C.) Dune-building on the coast, — (e.) Carex pumila .. 20 (a.) General .. .. ..8 (f.) Coprosma acerosa .. 20 (&.■) Movement of sand by the wind, . 8 (»j.) Pimelea arenaria .. 21 (c.) Sand-ripples .. . . 8 (8.) Cassinia leptophylla .. 21 (d.) Plants as dune-builders ..9 (t.) Festuca littoralis .. 21 (e.) Effect of obstacles .. ..9 (k.) Calamagrostis Billardieri 21 (a.) Solid obstacles . . 9 (X.) Scirpus nodosus .. 21 (p.) Flexible open obstacles 9 (/i.) Leptocarpus simplex .. 22 (7.) Inflexible open obstacles 9 (c.).Gunnera arenaria .. 22 (/.) Stratification of dunes .. 10 id.) Methods of spreading of dune (g.) Effect of climate .. ..10 plants .. .. ..22 (D.) The foredune .. .. 10 (D.) The dune-plant associations of western (E.) General topography of a dune area in Wellington .. .. ..22 New Zealand .. .. ..10 (a.) General .. .. ..22 (F.) Movements of dunes and dune sand, — (&.) Dune associations proper,— (a.) General .. .. ..11 (a.) "Sand-grass" dunes .. 23 (6.) Wind as a destructive agent .. II (£.) Shrub dunes .. ..23 (c.) Dune-wandering .. 12 (1.) Sand-shrub dunes 23 (d.) Sand-drifting .. ..13 (2.) Heath dunes .. 24 (G.) Land forms of the dune area, — (7.) The fixed dune .. 25 (a.) Dunes,— (c.) Hollows and sand plain* .. 25 (1.) Dune ridges .. ..13 (a.) The moist sand plain .. 25 Fixed ridges.. .. 13 (/}.) Manuka heath or swamp 20 (2.) Isolated hills .. ..13 (7.) Lakes and swamps .. 26 (3.) Wandering dunes .. 13 (5.) Dry hollows .. ..26 (4.) Cliff dunes .. ..14 («.) Rapid drift on to sandThe upper cliff dune .. 14 plain .. .. 26 (5.) Juvenile dunes . . 14 (f.) Stony plain .. 26 (6.) Sandspits .. •.. 14 IV. List of works consulted .. .. 27 (7.) Sand plains .. ..14 (A.) General literature .. .. ..27 (8.) Swamps . . 14 (B.) Literature relating to New Zealand (9.) Lakes ~ , . 15 (limes .. ~ .. .. 28

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