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thereon), and during that year exported to any other State for consumption therein, shall be deemed to have been collected in, and shall be credited to, such other State only; and all duties of excise paid in respect of any goods manufactured in any State, and so exported to another State for consumption therein, shall be deemed to have been collected in, and shall be credited to, such other State only. (4.) For the purpose of estimating the amount of the Customs and excise arising in each State during each of the four years next after such first year, an average shall be taken by dividing the total Customs and excise collected in the whole Commonwealth during such first year by the total population of the Commonwealth, as shown by the latest statistics of the Commonwealth, and the result shall be deemed to be the amount contributed by each person. (5.) Where the amount credited to any State during such first year is in excess of the amount of the average so ascertained, there shall, in each of the next four years, be deducted therefrom one-fifth part of the excess ; and where the amount so credited is less than such average, there shall be added to the amount one-fifth part of the sum by which the amount so credited is less than the average; and the sums so ascertained shall be the estimated amounts to be repaid in each of the four years to the States respectively. Distribution of surplus. 93. After the expiration of five years from the imposition of uniform duties of Customs, each State shall be deemed to contribute to the revenue an equal sum per head of its population, and all surplus revenue over the expenditure of the Commonwealth shall be distributed month by month among the several States in proportion to the numbers of their people as shown by the latest statistics of the Commonwealth. Audit of accounts. 94. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the laws in force in the several colonies at the establishment of the Commonwealth with respect to the receipt of revenue and the expenditure of money on account of the Government of the colony, and the review and audit of such receipt and expenditure, shall apply to the receipt of revenue and the expenditure of money on account of the Commonwealth in the respective States in the same manner as if the Commonwealth, or the Government or an officer of the Commonwealth, were mentioned therein whenever a colony, or the Government or an officer of a colony, is mentioned or referred to. Equality of Trade. No derogation from freedom of trade. 95. Preference shall not be given by any law or regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over the ports of another State, and any law or regulation made by the Commonwealth or by any State, or by any authority constituted by the Commonwealth or by any State, having the effect of derogating from freedom of trade or commerce between the different parts of the Commonwealth shall be null and void. Inter-State Commission. 96. The Parliament may make laws constituting an Inter-State Commission to execute and maintain upon railways within the Commonwealth, and upon rivers flowing through, in, or between two or more States, the provisions of this Constitution relating to trade and commerce. Powers of Commission. 97. The Commission shall have such powers of adjudication and administration as may be necessary for its purposes and as the Parliament may from time to time determine. Taking over public debts of States. 98. The Parliament may take over the whole, or a rateable proportion, of the public debts of the States as existing at the establishment of the Commonwealth, and may from time to time convert, renew, or consolidate such debts, or any part thereof; and the States respectively shall indemnify the Commonwealth in respect of the amount of the debts taken over, and thereafter the amount of interest payable in respect of the debts shall be deducted and retained from time to time from the respective shares of the surplus revenue of the Commonwealth which would otherwise be payable to the States, or if there be no surplus revenue payable, or if such surplus revenue be insufficient, then the amount shall be charged to and paid by the respective States, wholly or in part. The rateable proportion of the debts of the several States to be taken over is to be calculated on the basis of the populations of the several States as ascertained by the latest statistics of the Commonwealth. CHAPTEE V.—THE STATES. Continuance of powers of Parliaments of the States. 99. All powers which, at the establishment of the Commonwealth, are vested in the Parliaments of the several colonies, and which are not by this Constitution exclusively vested in ths Parliament of the Commonwealth, or withdrawn from the Parliaments of the several States, are reserved to, and shall remain vested in, the Parliaments of the States respectively. Validity of existing laws. 100. All laws in force in any of the colonies relating to any of the matters declared by this Constitution to be within the legislative powers of the Parliament of the Commonwealth shall,