E.—l2.

REPORT UPON STATE EDUCATION.

General Features. (/) Universities/ of which there are twenty, 3 exclusive of the Academies of Munster and Braunsberg, which provide the ultimate course of instruction. In all secondary and higher schools in Prussia fees are charged; but the main support of such schools accrues from the State or municipality. So in Saxony, where the fee is .€6 a year. There is no provision at the public expense for the secondary education of girls in some States, 3 but in Berlin, at all events, in the case of a girl who has distinguished herself at a primary school, and whose parents are too poor to continue her education, the State pays 48| marks per annum for her tuition at a private school. 4 ' Science and art training, but especially science, are everywhere fostered. 0 Workshops are not yet introduced into the primary schools, but drawing is therein universally and well taught, 6 and there are apprenticeship schools. 7 The regulations to ensure thorough qualification of all teachers are strictly enforced. 8 There are no pupil-teachers. 0 In the Royal seminary at Berlin for training-masters, pupils must be at least sixteen years old 10 upon entering, and they are not allowed to teach before

Secondary education of girls.

Science and art teaching.

Teachers.

May Report. Those who intend to become Civil servants of the higher grade in Prussia must frequent this school, and pass required examination ; see I. E. C, vol. 15. p. 260. 1 See also — (a) I. E. a, vol. 13, p. 11; vol. 15, pp. 14,15, 87-59,102, 174, 183, 200, 261, 267, 276, 277, 280, 281; (b) R. C., vol. 1, pp. 214, 215 ; (c) Programmes of lectures at Leipsic, 1884; Jena, 1883 and 1884 ; Heidelberg, 1884 ; (d) Regs, for obtaining doctor's degree, Jena ; and (e) Opinions of Mr. C. Dawson, M.P., Prof. Richoy, and and Mr. A. W. Quill on German University system as compared with that of Franco. See Transactions Nat. Soc. Sc. Assoc, Dublin, 1881. 2 The Universities of Prussia arc —1. Berlin, 2. Bonn, 8. Breslau, 4. GOttingen, 5. Greifswald, 0. Halle, 7. Kiel, 8. Konigsberg, 9, Marburg; besides 10. Erlangen, 11. Miinchen, 12. Wiirzburg (these three in Bavaria) ; 13. Heidelberg, 14. Freiburg (these two in Baden) ; 15. Leipzig (Saxony), 16. Jena (Saxe-Wei-mar), 17. Tubingen (Wurttemberg), 18. Rostock (Mecklenburg), 19. Gicssen (Hessenj, 20. Strasburg (Alsace). The two Academies are in Prussia; at Braunsberg there is only a theological faculty; at Minister, besides a theological, also a philosophical faculty. " It is very noticeable that in the last five years the German universities have greatly increased the number of their pupils. The increase has largely been in the direction of medicine and theology, but in theology more than in medicine. In 1880 there were 2,300 students of Protestant theology ; there are now 4,000. The Catholic students have also doubled their numbers in the course of the last six years. We have, unfortunately, no English statistics to show whether pursuit of divinity studies directly tends to check litigation. It apparently has that effect abroad. While the theology students have grown more and more numerous, the poor law professors have found the attendance at their class-rooms dwindling from term to term."—P. M. Budget, 12 Aug., 1880. Tho universities contain 28,000 pupils. Berlin has 264 professors and teachers, and 4,154 students, divided as follows: Theology, 503 ; jurisprudence, 964 ; medicine, 924 ; philosophy, 1,703. Leipsic has about half the number Berlin has; then comes Munich, Halle, Wiirzburg, Bonn, &c. Heidleberg, the quincentenary of which was celebrated with sueh eclat in August last, stands tenth. For recent history of it see " Athenaeum," 7 Aug., 1886, p. 174. See also Amer. Commr. Report, 1885, p. 211. " In Germany an university is as much a matter of course as a town hall in England," &c. See review of " High Schools and Universities in Germany," by Mr. M. Arnold, 2nd ed., 1882, in " The Edinburgh Review," July, 1886, p. 256. s For an instance of organised provision, note Saxony. See Mr. Felkin's book, pp. 18-19. 4 See last note. For a time-table of a municipal high school for girls in East Prussia, see " Journ. of Ed.," July, 1886, p. 296, and see also p. 274. "The Curriculum of the German High School for Girls," with the subjects therein taught and their organisation, a resume of a lecture by Dr. Ernst on the importance of domestic training

of girls should not be overlooked. See " Journ. of Ed.," 1 Aug., 1886, p. 320, on " The Education of Girls," by a German lady. See excellent article from Berlin, " Gegenwart," in Public Opinion, London, 10 Sept., 18S6, p. 328. 5 For details of whole subject, see— (a) R. C, vol. 1, pp. 50-55, 82, 90-97, 103-105, 115-118, 127-145, 158-168, 169-171 (women's work schools), 191-200, 207-214, 243, 227-229, 232, 233, 235-244, 223-227, 294 and seq., 505, 508-512. On agriculture, see espec. vol. 1, p. 535, and vol. 2, pp. 15-89, 293, 297, 298, 304, 317, and see vol. 3, index; (b) Mr. Felkin's book ; (c) Tech. Ed. in Saxony ; (<i) Programmes of studies in evening schools for artisans at Berlin, 1882; (e) B. E. Rep., pp. 5, 21-41, 78-86, 100-102; (/) Lord Brabazon's article in Time, May, 1886, pp. 547-549, on " The Need of National Industrial and Technical Training." "The teaching of horticulture has been made compulsory in several of the Volksschulen of Baden, with a view to improve the fruit markets. In several of the fruit-growing districts it has even been made one of the principal subjects in the curriculum of the Fortbildungsschulcn (higher elementary schools), and necessary gardens have been established in connection with them."—" Journ. of Ed.," July, 1886, p. 297. 6 See also E.G., vol. 3, 3204-3215, 3286, 3287; and E.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5951. 7 " Schools of Domestic Economy have recently awakened considerable interest in certain parts of Germany, especially in Baden and Wurttemberg, and various schools have been established with the object of training young girls in all domestic duties," &c. Amor. Oornmr. Kept., 1885, p. 212. Note especially the school at Radolfzell to teach country girls all the duties of the housekeeper in the most systematic manner possible. See also " Wurttemberg an Example of Ireland," Art. on industrial training there.—" Contemp. Review," Oct., 1886, p. 586. Most of the adult schools, as in Prance and Belgium, arc Sunday schools. The technical schools on the Continent are said to be mainly formed by manufacturers.—See R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5789. 8 For full details on subject generally, see— {a) 1.E.0., vol. 16, pp. 22, 23, 60, 01, 81, 82, 96, 118, 119, and 297; (b) Office Regs. ; (c) Mr. Bailey's paper on "Primary Education," read before the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society, Dublin, 18 Dec, 1883. E. Ponsonby, Dublin, 1884 ; and (d) Other Refs., supra, under head " Result of Investigation." The law has been lately extended to private teaching. " The instruction is better in the foreign popular schools than in ours, because the teachers are better trained." "The methods of teaching . . . are more gradual, more natural, and more rational than in ours."—M. Arnold (May, 1886) report, pp. 15 and 13. 8 See also R.E.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5099 and 5248 and seq. 10 See also R.K.C., Mr. M. Arnold, 5525 and serj.

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