TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA, FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1947

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1947 Session I, A-04

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1947 NEW ZEALAND

TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA, FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1947

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Leave

Western Samoa, 4th July, 1947. Sir, — I have the honour to submit herewith the twenty-fourth report of the Administration of the Territory of Western Samoa, covering the year ended 31st March, 1947. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, F. W. Voelcker, Administrator. The Right Hon. P. Fraser, Minister of Island Territories, Wellington.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. Introductory . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 2 11. Status of the Territory . . .. .. .. .. .. 2 111. Status of the Population .. .. .. .. .. 3 IV. International Relations . . .. .. .. .. 3 V. General Administration .. .. .. .. 4 VI. Public Finance .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 VII. Direct Taxes .. .. .. .. '.. .. ..11 VIII. Indirect Taxes .. .. .. .. .. ..11 IX. Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. ..11 X. Judicial Organization .. .. .. .. .. 12 XI. Police and Prisons .. .. .. .. .. 12 XII. Labour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 XIII. Freedom of Conscience .. .. .. .. .. 13 XIV. Education .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 XV. Liquor and Drugs . . .. .. .. .. .. 18 XVI. Medical and Public Health .. .. .. .. .. 19 XVII. Land Tenure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 XVIII. Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 XIX. Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 XX. Public Works .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 XXI. Climatological Data .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 Appendix— Statistics of Trade .. .. .. .. .. . . 27

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I. INTRODUCTORY Western Samoa is comprised of two large islands, Upolu and Savai'i, and the small islands of Manono, Apolima, Fanuatapu, Namu'a, Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, and Nu'usafe'e. The Territory lies between the 13th and 15th degrees of south, latitude and the 171 st and 173 rd degrees of west longitude. Upolu. and Savai'i are 45 miles and 46 miles long respectively, and are separated by Apolima Strait, lOf miles wide, in which are Manono and Apolima islets; the remainder of the islets are within or near the fringing reef surrounding Upolu and are not inhabited. The islands of the group have a total area of 1,133 square miles and are mountainous in character, rising to elevations of 6,094 ft. in Savai'i and 3,608 ft. in Upolu. The large majority of the Samoans live in coastal villages, there being only 11 inland villages out of the total of 192 in the whole Territory. The climate is mild and equable, the average temperatures during the last forty-four years showing a mean daily maximum of 84-75 degrees Fahrenheit, and a mean daily minimum of 73-82 degrees Fahrenheit, while the average annual rainfall for a, period of fifty-five years is 111-63 in. The Samoan population, as at 31st March, 1947, was 65,695, and the non-Samoan population 5,765: total, 71,460. 11. STATUS OF THE TERRITORY The Territory was previously administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand, and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on the 17th December, 1920. Following the establishment by the Charter of the United Nations of an international trusteeship system, New Zealand, in January, 1946, communicated to the General Assembly of the United Nations its acceptance of the system in its application to Western Samoa. A draft trusteeship agreement was submitted by the New Zealand Government to the Secretary-General of the United Nations in October, 1946, for consideration. Its terms were also explained by the Administrator to the Legislative Council and the FavJhm of Western Samoa, In the opinion of the Fautua and the Samoan members of the Council the matter was of such importance that an opportunity should be given for discussion by as widely representative a body as possible. Accordingly, a Fan® of all Samoa, including the Fwipule and delegates from all political districts in the country, met and discussed the terms of the agreement with the Administrator and a representative of the New Zealand Government between the 13th and 20th November. Following these discussions, a petition was presented by the Samoan leaders praying for self-government under New Zealand protection. The Assembly of the United Nations in New York was immediately notified, and the contents of the petition were communicated to the Sub-committee on Trusteeship by the New Zealand delegate on 23rd November, 1946. The draft agreement* with minor amendments, was adopted by the General Assembly on 13th December, which at the same time finally established a Trusteeship Council. This Council is the competent body to consider the Samoan petition. Latest advice is that the petition was to come before the first session of the Council, which met on 26th March, 1947. f * Printed as parliamentary paper A.-2C, 1947. t The Trusteeship Council gave preliminary consideration to the petition at the session commencing 26th March, 1947, and at the request and invitation of the New Zealand delegate appointed a Commission to proceed to Samoa and examine the position. The Commission is due to arrive in Samoa about 4th July.

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111. STATUS OF THE POPULATION The Native people of Western Samoa are described in documents of travel ■as " British-protected persons, Natives of the Territory of Western Samoa." The provisions of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1928, allow individual inhabitants of the Territory voluntarily to obtain British naturalization. Certificates of naturalization have been granted to 50 Native Samoans and to 71 Europeans, including children in both cases. The law of the Territory provides generally that all persons of one quarter or more non-Polynesian blood have the racial status of Europeans, but changes may be made voluntarily by registration. By the Samoa Registration of Europeans Regulations 1920, any person of less than full Samoan blood may be granted the status of a European; and the Samoan Status Ordinance 1934 makes provision whereby a person of European status and of not less than half-Samoan blood may be granted Samoan status. During the year under review 9 persons took advantage of the regulations to register as Europeans, and 3 applied for Samoan status, making a total of 541 partSamoans of Samoan status who have been registered as Europeans, and 27 part-Samoans of European status who have become Samoans, in terms of these enactments. IV. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (a) International. Conventions A complete list of the general international conventions that have been applied to Western Samoa was published in last year's report. Additions in the period under review are:— Accord on German Patents—from 22nd November, 1946. Universal Postal Convention, signed at Buenos Aires, 23rd May, 1939. Agreement concerning Insured Letters and Boxes, signed at Buenos Aires on 23rd May, 1939. International Telecommunication Convention, signed at Madrid, on 9th December, 1932, The Telegraph Regulations (Revision of Cairo, 1938) annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention, Madrid, 1932, signed at Cairo on the 4th April, 1938. The General Radioeommunication Regulations (Revision of Cairo, 1938) and the Additional Radiocommunications Regulations (Revision of Cairo, 1938) annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention, Madrid, 1932, signed at Cairo on the Bth April, 1938. Trusteeship Agreement for Western Samoa*, signed at New York, 13th December, 1946. (b) Economic Equality Protection is afforded to Native Samoans in the legal inalienability of Native land, and Samoans are not liable for estate, succession, or gift duties, but otherwise there are no derogations from the principle of economic equality as regards concessions or direct or indirect taxation. The question of mining rights does not arise. There is a preference in Customs ad valorem import ■duties of 11 per cent, in favour of British goods, but no restrictions as regards countries of origin of goods imported. Since March, 1944, a system of import licensing has been in operation, more particularly to ensure supply of essential goods from exporting countries. There is no impairment of the authority of the local Administration to permit such imports from any country from which they may be available.

* Printed as parliamentary paper A.-2c, 1947.

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V. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION The Administrator is charged with the administration of the Territory, subject to the control of the Minister of Island Territories. The laws of the Territory are made by Act of the New Zealand Parliament or regulations issued thereunder, or by Ordinance passed by the local Legislative Council, which, as at present constituted, is presided over by the Administrator and has six official members, two unofficial members elected by the adult European community, and four Samoan members who in practice are nominated by the Fono of Faipule. The following legislative measures have been enacted since the last report:— In New Zealand— The Atomic Energy Act, 1945. New Zealand National Airways Act, 1945. United Nations Act, 1946, section 4. Finance Act, 1946, section 32. The Samoa Prisons and Constabulary Order 1929, Amendment No. 2: (Serial No. 1946/191). The Samoa Land Registration Amendment Order 1946 (Serial No. 1946/192). The Samoa Sea Carriage of Goods Order 1946 (Serial No. 1946/193).. The Samoa Aleisa Council Regulations 1946. The Samoa Police Regulations 1947 (Serial No. 1947/3). The New Zealand Reparation Estates Order 1947 (Serial No. 1947/10). ' In Samoa— Tokelau Nomenclature Ordinance 1946, No. 1. The Legislative Council, the Finance Committee, and the Fono of Faipule have met as required since submission of the last report. The Samoa Aleisa Council Regulations 1946 made provision for the election of a Mayor and two Councillors for the Aleisa Settlement. This settlement was established in 1936 with a view to placing on the land unemployed persons of part-Samoan blood, some 1,200 acres being opened for settlement, and 34 families being settled thereon. The Aleisa Council Regulations have been passed at the express wish of the settlers, who desire to accept some measure of civic responsibility in the running of their own affairs. A party of four Faipule, lead by the Leader of the Form, visited New Zealand as guests of the Government during February and March. They received a warm welcome and were given a comprehensive tour throughout the Dominion. South Pacific Health Service On the 7th September, 1946, an agreement* for the establishment of a South Pacific Health Service was made between the Government of New Zealand (in respect of Western Samoa and the Cook Islands), the Government of Fiji, and the Western Pacific High Commission. This agreement established a South Pacific Board of Health, with a Chief Administrative Officer, known as the Inspector-General, South Pacific Health Service, and headquarters at Suva. The functions of the Board are to advise the participating Administrations on health matters, and to assist generally in the* more effective control of disease and promotion of health in the territories under their control.

* Printed as parliamentary paper A.-l, 1947.

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South Pacific Commission The Administrator attended a Conference held at Canberra in January and February, 1947, to consider the establishment of a South Seas' Regional Commission. The Conference was convened by the Governments of Australia and of. New Zealand, and, in addition to these, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States were represented. The Conference prepared an agreement* establishing the South Pacific Commission, the functions of which are*, broadly speaking, to advise and assist the participating Governments on measures designed to promote the economic and social rights and welfare of the inhabitants of the territories within its scope. Price Control In the past year the Price Tribunal has issued 51 Price Orders covering 238 lines of goods, as compared with 36 Price Orders issued in the previous 'year covering 106 lines of goods. The monetary margin of profit allowed is limited to approximately the amount obtaining at the 3rd September, 1939, on the same or similar classes of goods. The prices fixed have been observed in general, only 7 prosecutions being taken during the year, and convictions obtained in 6 cases, Visits The Administrator made visits to various! parts of the Territory in both islands during the year. Mr. W. Parsonage, Officer for Islands Education, Wellington, visited the territory in June and again in September, 1946, when he met the Fano of Faipule for the purpose of explaining the scholarship system and education plans generally. The Deputy Administrator and the Secretary of Native Affairs visited New Zealand in July, 1946, in. order to discuss staff and other matters with the Right Hon. the Prime Minister and with the Public Service Commissioner. Dr. J. C. R. Buchanan, Inspector-General, South Pacific Health Service, visited "Western Samoa from the 20th September to the 4th October to survey and report generally on the medical services in the Territory. Dr. C. A. Taylor, head of the Tuberculosis Section of the Health Department, New Zealand, accompanied Dr. Buchanan on his visit, and submitted a report on the incidence of tuberculosis. Further mention is made of these two visits under the Medical and Public Health Section of thisi report. Mr. R. G. Dick, Surveyor-General for New Zealand, also visited the Territory in September, 1946,. to report on the Lands and Survey Department and to submit plans for future development. Mr. H. Vickerman, Consulting Engineer, spent a, week in the Territory from the 17th to 24th October investigating the prospects of an improved electric power supply for the town of Apia and environs. Official visits were exchanged between Eastern and Western Samoa during the year, Captain 11. A. Houser, U.S.N. Governor of American Samoa, and his party, visiting Western Samoa from the 24th to the 27th September, and the Administrator and his party visiting Tutuila from 7th to the 10th November.

* Printed as parliamentary paper A.-5, 1947.

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The Corvette H.M.N.Z.S. " Arbutus " arrived at Apia on 30th October, and, after visiting the Tokelau Islands and Pago Pago with the Administrator and an official party, finally departed on the 12th November. Mr. D. W. Amos, of the Fiji Health Department, spent a fortnight in the Territory from the 20th November to work with the Medical Officer of Health and to assist in the training of some six Native Health Inspectors in the identification and control of mosquitoes. Lectures on preventive and safety measures were also given. Mr. F. Shanahan, Assistant Secretary of External Affairs, Wellington,, attended the meeting of the Fan\o of all Samoa on the 13th November, when the trusteeship agreement for "Western Samoa was under discussion. He returned to New Zealand on the 21st November. Mr. S. W. McDonald, of the New Zealand National Broadcasting Service, was in Apia during January, 1947, when he investigated the practicability of establishing a broadcasting system in the Territory. The Administrator left the Territory on 16th January to attend the Conference held at Canberra at which the agreement establishing the South Pacific Commission was drawn up. He returned to Apia on 20th February. Native Affairs Statutory recognition is accorded to the Faipule, Samoan representatives who meet in Fo>n\o and confer with the Administrator in an advisory capacity on Native affairs. Faipule are appointed in pursuance of the terms of the Faipule Election Ordnance 1939. For the purposes of this representation the Territory is divided into forty-one constituencies. Each constituency is invited by the Administrator to submit the name of a representative, and the person so selected is then confirmed in the appointment of Faipule for a term of three years. The Administrator has the benefit, also, of the advice of the three Fautua (Advisers), who are chiefs of the highest standing. The Legislative Council includes four Samoan members, who are nominated every three years by the Form of Faipule. Native administration is carried on through representatives of the Native Affairs Department at Mulinu'u (close to Apia) and Tuasivi (in Savai'i) and through district and village Samoan officials, who are paid salaries by the Administration. The European staff of the Department has recently been augmented by the appointment of two local Europeans. The Pulenu'u is the Administration representative in each village and is nominated by vote of the chiefs and orators, and confirmed in his office by the Administrator. He can be relieved of his appointment at any time by request of the village if proper reasons can be advanced, but normally he continues in office for a period of three years. The Pulenu'u co-operates with the ruling body of chiefs and orators in his village, and is legally responsible for the recording and notification of births and deaths and of the,appointments of new mated (heads of families) in his village. The unit of social organization is the family (aiga), which may be divided into groups or branches, at the head of each of which is the matai. A Samoan title is the family name to which a matai succeeds on assuming his position of leadership of the family group. Succession is not necessarily hereditary,, it may even be bestowed on a stranger as reward for good service to the family or the preceding holder. A mated receives service from the members of the family, whom he controls in patriarchal style, conferring with them on matters of importance. Each miatiai has a seat on the council, or Form, which directs village affairs.

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Lands and Survey Good progress has been made in overtaking - outstanding arrears of work, and, taking into consideration the size of the staff available, work, on the whole, throughout the period under review has been satisfactory. Considerable time has been spent on engineering surveys in connection with the Vaisigano and Fuluasou water-supply and hydro-electric schemes, road widening, and Native water-supplies. An additional registered surveyor joined the staff in December, 1946, but the full effects of his services will not be felt for some months, as his arrival permitted the Chief Surveyor to proceed on furlough, which was considerably overdue. The computing draughtsman returned to New Zealand in October upon the completion of his term of service, and efforts to obtain a replacement have not yet been successful. Mr. E. G. Dick, Surveyor-General in New Zealand, visited Samoa during the year and has compiled a comprehensive report on staffing and "survey requirements generally. Postal and Radio These services are maintained in conformity with the standards of the Post and Telegraph Department of New Zealand, the technical officers required being obtained from that Department. Executive and financial responsibility, however, as in other local services, rests with the Administration. Ten sub-post-offices, under the control of the Postmaster, Apia, and five radio out-stations under the control of the Superintendent, Apia Eadio, serve the islands of Upolu and Savai'i. Sub-offices and radio out-stations are also maintained at Atafu, Nukunono, and Fakaofo in the Tokelau Islands. Two seconded operators returned to New Zealand on the expiration of their terms of appointment, and one local-born operator resigned and proceeded to New Zealand. A replacement for one seconded operator is being sought. Plans have been prepared by which the plant required for ordinary commercial radio traffic) and that required for aviation direction will be combined and will operate as a single unit. The New Zealand Post and Telegraph Department has prepared estimates covering the construction of a new receiving-station separate from the existing building, which would be retained as a transmitting-station. With the completion of this it will be possible to resume the tests of a radio-telephone circuit between New Zealand and Samoa mentioned in last year's report. The establishment of a broadcasting service and the installation of approximately 150 receiving-sets in Samoan villages throughout the territory has been approved by the Government. The New Zealand Broadcasting Service is now engaged on the provision of equipment and staff for the scheme. The provision of new ship-to-shore telephone equipment at Apia is under discussion with the New Zealand Post and Telegraph authorities. Postal revenue showed an increase of £1,512 over the previous year's figures, and this is reflected in the quantity of mail-matter posted and delivered. Delivered letters showed an increase of 34,199 and posted letters an increase of 75,164. The huge increase in postings was considerably helped by the advent of the Peace Stamp issue in June, and first-day postal revenue from this locally totalled nearly £BOO.

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The volume of money-order, savings-bank, and radio business has been well maintained, as will be seen from the following (statistics: —

The excess of Post Office Savings-bank withdrawals over deposits is accounted for to some extent by depositors' purchases of new motor-vehicles, which have recently become available.

Staff Hereunder is given a table showing staff employed as at the end of March for the past two years:—

VI. PUBLIC FINANCE The revenue and expenditure figures under departmental headings are shown below in comparison with the previous year:—

Revenue

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— 1945-46. 1946-47. Value of money-orders issued £3,646 £4,820 Value of money-orders paid £7,510 £4,798 Post Office Savings-bank withdrawals £95,001 £107,620 Post Office Savings-bank deposits £103,748 £97,165 Number of depositors as at 31st March 4,382 4,725 Amount held to their credit £265,534 £260,780 Number of Samoan depositors 3,311 3,670 Amount held to their credit £32,096 £29,395 Number of radio messages 13,141 15,935 Net receipts therefrom £3,565 £3,627

Services. Europeans. Persons of part Samoan Blood. Native Samoans. Elective Samoan District and Village Officials. 1946. 1947. 1946. 1947. 1946. 1947. 1946. 1947. Classified departmental staffs— Education 11 15 17 26 218 238 Health 18 16 3 4 187 192 Native Affairs 4 3 1 4 16 16 262 296 Police and Prisons 7 4 2 6 57 58 Other services 31 30 35 52 34 35 71 68 58 92 512 ■ 539 262 296 Casual employees 3 1 43 55 247 338 Totals 74 69 101 147 759 877 262 296

Head of Revenue. 1945-46. 1946-47, £ £ Education 626* 655 Health .. .. .. .. .. 14,327 14,934 Justice 1,523 1,876 Lands and Survey .. .. .. 445 552 Native .. .. .. .. .. 808 706 Police and Prisons 3,756 4,948 Postal and Radio 22,327 35,769 Public Works 10,205 10,471 Treasury, Customs, &c. 230,275 264,927 284,292 334,838 * The figure published in last year's report included " Overseas Scholarships. £3,107," now shown under " Subsidies from New Zealand."

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Expenditure

A comparative statement of revenue and expenditure from 1925-26 is shown below:—

* In addition expenditure from loan moneys was as follows : 1925-26, £5,000 ; 1926-27, £30,689 ; 1927-28, £11,236 ; 1928-29, £5,075. f Includes expenditure on extra police : £27,374 in 1928-29, £19,448 in 1929-30, £16,561 in 1930-31, and £10,412 in 1931-32. t The figure published in last year's report included " Overseas Scholarships, £3,107," now shown under " Subsidies from New Zealand." The accumulated surplus at 31st March, 1947, was — £ Cash .. .. .. .. .. 50,001 Investments in Samoa . . .. .. ' .. 9,207 Investments in New Zealand . . . . .._ 358,550 "£417,758

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Head of Expenditure. 1945-40. 1946-47. £ £ Administrator and Government House 3,218 5,433 Education 21,656 26,174 Health 50,699 49,312 Justice 3,387 3,140 Lands and Survey3,108 3,134 Native 15,666 16,620 Police and Prisons 13,584 15,923 Postal and Radio 19,492 14,995 Public Works 72,420 78,992 Secretariat 14,315 14,087 Treasury, Customs, &c. . 17,624 14,519 235,169 242,329 Less recoveries, Public Trust and Labour 535 642 234,634 241,687

Year. Revenue obtained in the Territory. Expenditure of the Territory. Deficit or Surplus. Subsidy from New Zealand. Final Surplus or Deficit. £ £ £ £ £ 1925-26 . 128,638 145,687* -17,049 21,400 4 4,351 1926-27 . 113,812 141,710* -27,898 20 ,000 - 7,898 1927-28 . 106,038 143,421* -37,383 20 ,000 -17,383 1928-29 . 121,904 157,829* -35,925f 47 ,374f 411,449 1929-30 . 131,416 150,728t -19,312f 39 ,448+ 420,136 1930-31 . 130,385 140,288-f - 9,903f 21 ,000 411,097 1931-32 . 109,040 128,936f —19,896+ -19,896 1932-33 . 105,920 98,166 + 7,754 + 7,754 1933-34 . 90,613 89,955 4- 658 + 658 1934-35 . 78,808 76,505 + 2,303 4 2,303 1935-36 . 111,867 100,736 + 11,131 411,131 1936-37 . 117,909 116,613 + 1,296 4 1,296 1937-38 . 139,450 139,070 + 380 + 380 1938-39 . 123,803 119,233 + 4,570 4 4,570 1939-40 . 131,416 135,648 - 4,232 - 4,232 1940-41 . 107,708 110,000 - 2,292 - 2,292 1941-42 . 100,883 101,492 - 009 - 609 1942-43 . 212,996 203,492 4 9,504 4 9,504 1943-44 . 278,092 227,220 450,872 +50,872 1944-45 . 281,033 225,879 455,154 455,154 1945-46 . 284,292$ 234,634 452,765 3 456,261 1946-47 . 334,838 241,687 493,151 12 ,254 4105,405

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The following comparative table shows the total receipts each year, together with the expenditure on the main public services:—

Note.- —Expenditure on education and public health does not include expenditure on school and hospital buildings, which is included under the heading " Public Works." An amount of £25,000 of the loans and advances shown above was treated as a gift by the New Zealand Government (not in respect of any specific year).

Customs and Treasury Revenue The following table shows net collections of revenue under various Treasury and Customs headings in comparison with the previous year:—-

In the years shortly following the establishment of the Mandate Administration in 1920, New Zealand made free gifts for public services

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Revenue from External Sources. Revenue Amounts spent on from Repayment Year. Internal of Loans and Advances. Nonrecoverable Grants. Sources. Loans. Education Native Affairs. Public, Health. Public Works. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 1920-21 .. 44,336 149,027 3,176 15,196 15,840 13,796 1921-22 .. 49 229 16,000 119,569 5,237 17,232 22,690 15,418 1922-23 .. 20 777 16,000 115,250 6,846 15,481 25,715 12,549 1923-24 .. 5 658 24,000 109,917 6,556 15,856 23,995 21,191 1924-25 .. 19,140 111,774 7,609 16,170 24,425 24,737 1925-26 .. 5 000 21,400 128,638 9,131 16,740 25,761 26,555 1926-27 .. 31 000 20,000 113,812 9,688 15,927 25,911 20,016 1927-28 .. 16 500 20,000 106,038 10,222 15,788 25,597 16,842 1928-29 .. 25 700 47,374 121,904 8,000 7,738 12,278 24,367 13,606 1929-30 .. 39,448 131,416 6,955 9,882 18,016 17,005 1930-31 .. 21,000 130,385 7,439 9,698 18,224 15,726 1931-32 .. 6 000 109,040 6,000 6,794 8,465 17,824 15,797 1932-33 .. 105,920 26,155 5,459 6,965 21,819 11,908 1933-34 .. 90,613 3,000 5,097 7,010 17,150 10,632 1934-35 .. 78,808 4,335 4,910 5,385 13,937 9,111 1935-36 .. 111,867 4,877 5,539 17,797 20,222 1936-37 .. 117,909 9,770 5,619 6,810 19,636 28,030 1937-38 .. 139,450 9,745 7,539 7,820 22,579 31,436 1938-39 .. 123,803 4,855 8,553 8,433 25,904 25,556 1939-40 .. 131,416 5,130 9,526 8,928 29,147 29,757 1940-41 .. 107,708 5,370 9,954 10,121 27,815 14,795 1941-42 .. 100,883 5,625 9,381 8,517 26,844 11,937 1942-43 .. 212,996 10,890 9,657 8,176 25,153 18,099 .. 278,092 71,081 10,099 9,165 29,814 54,749 1944-45 .. 281,033 9,242 15,921 10,086 36,036 59,787 1945-46 .. 3^496 284,292 21,656 15,666 50,699 72,420 1946-47 .. 12,254 334,838 30,961 18,327 65,492 58,234 204,200 260,112 179,200 Grant in reduction 25,000 25,000 nf lnan KJl. l-KJCAikL 179,200 285,112

— 1946. 1947. Amount collected Increase Decrease . ; £ 230,275 2^026 £ 264,927 34,652

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amounting' to £269,362, and in addition, advanced £179,200 by way of loans. Since 1931 the Territory has been fully self-supporting; all loan indebtedness has been fully paid off, and surplus funds amounting to £358,550 are invested in New Zealand Government stock; but the New Zealand Government has since provided free gifts to cover the cost of scholarships for Samoan pupils in New Zealand schools and for special education equipment, as follows: £ 1945-46 .. .. .. 3,496 .. .. .. 4,154 In addition, a grant of £B,lOO has been received during the 1946-47 financial year as a pound-for-pound subsidy on a new roadijig scheme which is being undertaken. VII. DIRECT TAXES The principal direct taxes payable in the Territory are a graduated salary and store tax, a building-tax, and water rates. A comparative statement of the principal direct taxes is! shown below:—

In addition to the above, there are the usual motor-registration and other similar fees. VIII. INDIRECT TAXES The principal indirect taxes of the Territory are Customs duties and other dues such as port and Customs service tax, shipping, pilotage, wharf, and port dues. Stamp duties are also collected in accordance with the provisions of the Stamp Duty Ordinance 1932. IX. TRADE The total trade figures for the calendar year 1946 were again a record, the actual values being: imports, £478,695; and exports, £719,050; a total of £1,197,745. These are £168,539 in excess of the trade figures for the 1945 year, which was the previous record, although the values on both occasions are swollen by high post-war prices. Detailed tables of the trade for the past two years are given at the end of this report. With further increases in prices for copra and cocoa during the year production has remained at a high level, and this has been reflected in the general prosperity of the Samoan people. The sales of cocoa-beans were negotiated by local merchants at competitive prices, distribution being regulated per medium of the International Emergency Food Council. Since July, 1942, the British Ministry of Food has purchased the total copra production, except for small quantities shipped to New Zealand, and prices paid to producers are regulated by the Administration.

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Amounts received. 1945-46. 1946-47. Store-tax Salary-tax Building-tax Water rates £ 31,854 3,410 2,709 1,127 £ 31,862 2,988 2,874 1,230

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X. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION The Samoa Act, 1921, and the Native Land and Titles Protection Ordinance 1934 prescribe the judiciary for the Territory. There are a Chief Judge, four Commissioners of the High Court, three Native Associate Judges, and fourteen District Native Judges. The three Native Associate Judges in the High Court have jurisdiction pursuant to section 67 of the Samoa Act, and are associated with the Chief Judge in weekly sittings of the High Court in Apia. They are also members: of the Native Land and Titles Court. Only three of the fourteen District Native Judges held Court in their districts during the year.

Summary of High Court Actions

Proceedings of Native Land and Titles Court

Summary of Native District Judges' Courts

XI. POLICE AND PRISONS During the year the European strength of the Police Force was reduced by 3, there now being 3 full-Europeans engaged. The partEuropean staff is now 5, while the Samoan strength has been increased by 1 to 57. In addition, 1 European, 1 part-Samoan, and 1 Samoan are employed on clerical duties. Two of the European staff returned to New Zealand on the expiration of their terms. By the death, in November, 1946, of the Inspector of Police, Mr. A. L. Braisby, the Administration suffered a very great loss. Inspector Braisby had spent twenty-seven years in the Police Force in the Territory,

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— 1946. 1947 Civil judgments Civil actions struck out Divorces granted Criminal convictions Total fines 42 9 21 1,187 £824 54 17 19 1,617 £1,524

Year ended 31st March, 1946. 1947. Number of sittings 2 1 Number of sitting-days 69 11 Petitions dealt with 56 12 Number of persons attending 2,403 929

— Upolu. Savai'i. Criminal Number of sittings 65 3 Number of cases dealt with 65 3 Convictions recorded 10 3 Total fines inflicted Civil £4 £2 Number of sittings 21 7 Number of actions filed 21 7 Judgments given 7 7

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and his profound knowledge of the local people and their ways had done much to ensure the smooth working of the Force and the maintenance of law and order.

Prisoners in Custody

XII. LABOUE Employment for wages is not a natural form of Samoan life, and figures taken out at the 1945 census showed only 3 per cent, of the Samoan population in employment. They are not held to contracts, but work as and when they wish. There are 290 Chinese labourers remaining in Samoa, of whom 38 are restricted free settlers, and of the remaining number 226 are in active employment. These are employed largely on private cocoa plantations and on New Zealand Reparation Estates rubber plantations. When shipping is available those men, numbering some 126, who have expressed a wish to return to China will be repatriated in accordance with the terms of their contract. The only other labourers subject to definite terms of employment are 63 Melanesians introduced by a German trading company prior to 1914, and 22 Niueans. XIII. FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE All Samoans profess Christianity, and religious observances are prominent in Samoan life. Article IX of the Trusteeship Agreement is fully observed; there is complete freedom of conscience. Relations between the missions and the Administration have always been harmonious and marked by a full spirit of co-operation. XIV. EDUCATION The policy for 1946-47 has been towards creating greater efficiency in the primary schools. Methods adopted have been—(l) Increasing the number of school hours and days during the week. (2) Increasing the range of classes in (a;) The primary schools. (&.) The middle schools. (3) A gradual adjustment of ages and classification to conform to normal standards. (4) Raising the standard of entrance to the Teachers' Training School. (5) Discontinuance of the policy of appointment of untrained teachers. (6) Appointment of — (01) Assistant to the Superintendent of Schools. (&) Supervisor of Infant Method. (7) Revision of salary scale to provide increased remuneration for Native teachers, (8) Continuation of scholarship scheme. (9) Sending of (Selected Native inspectors and teachers to New Zealand for short observation courses. (10) Visual education through film-projectors.

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— 1946. 1947. Total at beginning of year Admissions Discharges Total at end of year 80 179 148 111 Ill 172 176 107

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(11) Preparation of a new school syllabus and text-books suitable for mission and Administration schools. (12) Teachers' Befresher Course. The proposed new general scheme of education is as follows: Mission Denominational Administration Marist and Convent DenomiSchools Schools national Schools Primary Schools Primary Schools Primary Schools Denomination Colleges Middle Schools Middle Schools Post-primary School Teachers' Training School

Distribution of Administration Primary Schools

Roll Numbers of Administration Schools

In addition to the teachers employed, the Education staff includes the Superintendent and the Assistant Superintendent of Schools, 3 clerical workers, and 6 Samoan Inspectors, making- a total staff of 279.

Distribution of Mission Schools

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Number of Schools. Number of Teachers. Boll Numbers. Situation. Boys. Girls. Totals. Island of Upolu Island of Savai'i Island of Apolima Island of Manono 59 37 1 1 142 77 2 2 2,795 1,692 47 55 3,147 1,886 49 49 5,942 3,578 96 104 Totals 98 223 4,589 5,131 9,720

Number. Number Roll Numbers Type. of of Schools. Teachers. Boys. Girls. Totals. Primary 98 223 4,589 5,131 9,720 Middle 3 15 222 112 334 European 2 26 390 339 729 Post-primary 1 2 25 10 35 Teachers' Training School 1 2 21 29 50 Totals 105 268 5,247 5,621 10,868

Missions. Pastor Schools. Boys' Colleges. Girls' Colleges. Student Colleges. Mixed Colleges. Boys' Day Schools. London Missionary Society Roman Catholic Methodist Latter Day Saints Seventh Day Adventist 164 91 82 15 5 1 2 3 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 Totals 357 6 13 3 2 5

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Distribution of Mission Schools — continued

Note.—ln the above figures showing totals of pupils in Administration and mission schools respectively there is considerable duplication, due to the fact that many children attend both the mission pastor schools (for religious instruction) and also the primary schools (for secular education). Primary Schools During the year ended 31st March, 1947, a beginning was made towards a "unification of methods of teaching in the various types of elementary schools controlled by the Administration and by the missions. The first .step lay in removing the distinction in name between the two systems. The former Grade I mission schools and the Grade II Administration schools are now given the common name of primary schools. The purpose of these schools is to provide a universal elementary education for all children of Western Samoa. Further, to achieve unity between mission and Administration schools, committees comprising representatives of both authorities have been set up to compile a common syllabus for all primary schools, whether Administration or mission. In order to extend the scope of the instruction provided, these schools, which formerly catered for a four years' course {i.e., two years of infant and two further years of standard teaching) are now being extended to a six years' 1 course [is., two infants and four years' standard or class teaching). Since the begining of 1947 many children who would have left previously having completed a four years' course have returned for a fifth year. Many of the difficulties in previous years) have been due to the fact that education in Samoa is neither compulsory nor limited by age. The Samoan people are being encouraged to send their children to school at an earlier age than formerly, and as a result there has been a marked influx of fiveand six-year-olds to the schools. Prior to 1946 instruction in these schools was in the Samoan language, and the English language was taught as a subject. Now, however, on account of the lack of suitable text-books, all Administration and most of the mission primary schools are taught in the vernacular, and English has been omitted temporarily from the curriculum. An officer has been appointed to compile suitable text-books for use in the schools; when these are available English will be re-introduced as a subject. Middle Schools These were formerly known as Grade 3 Schools, and, as the name implies, lie midway between the primary schools and the post-primary and Teachers' Training School. Their function is to provide a higher academic background for a small group of the more intelligent children selected from the primary schools whose mental capacities enable them to take advantage of the greater

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Missions. Girls' Day Schools. Pastor Teachers. European Teachers. Native Teachers. Pupils. London Missionary Soeiety Roman Catholic Methodist Latter Day Saints Seventh Day Adventist 11 164 98 82 5 5 4 34 4 9 1 28 12 15 21 3 10,810 4,473 4,295 742 203 Totals 11 354 52 79 20,523

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educational facilities found in Samoa in the post-primary school and the Teachers' Training School, or in New Zealand schools under the scholarship scheme. Before 1946 they offered a four years' course from Standard 3 to Form 11, but in that! year the range was extended, and entrance now begins with Standard 2. In order to conform, further to New Zealand standards and to avoid wide discrepancies in age between scholarship pupils and New Zealand children, the entrance age in 1946 was limited to under twelve years in Standard 2. It is pleasing to report that new entrants for 1947 conform in age more nearly to desirable educational standards. There are three middle schools. The Malifa Girls' Day School is situated in Apia and serves as a centre for both Islands, while Avele and Vaipouli Boys' resident schools cater for Upolu and Savai'i Islands respectively. Instruction is given in English, and the English language is taught as a subject with the object of providing the pupils with an education suitable for filling minor executive positions or proceeding to higher education. Products of all three schools are much in demand, and many fill positions of responsibility among their own people. Le Ifi Ifi European School This school, together with a smaller one at Aleisa, caters for those children who are European by birth or in status. Instruction is in English and is carried out partly by certificated European teachers from New Zealand and partly by uncertificated locally-born part-Europeans. Post-primary School, This school caters for those pupils who seek an educational standard higher than that provided by the middle or European schools. Many pupils, however, obtain positions with local business firms before they have completed the full four-year post-primary school course. Teachers' Training School This is the keystone of the educational arch, and all changes made here will eventually affect the whole system. An innovation has been the restriction of candidates for the Entrance Examination to the school to those pupils who possess a Form II Leaving Certificate. This will eventually result in a raising of the standard of the teaching profession and a consequent rise in the general level of education. The immediate effect has been a fall in the number of new entrants, which; naturally restricts the staffing of the schools. The rise in quality of teachers will compensate in some measure for this. Tutorial Classes In an effort to further higher education in Samoa the European teachers have offered their services gratis in a tutorial capacity to a selected group of Samoan and parl>Samoan teachers who are enrolled with the New Zealand Correspondence School. Staffing New Appointments. —Two new positions have been created during the year. To assist the Superintendent of Schools to cope with increased administrative work and the general supervision of schools, an Assistant Superintendent was appointed. A Supervisor of Infant Method was also

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appointed to instruct Samoan infant-teachers in the adoption of modern methods. Vacancies in the European; staff caused by changes during the year are becoming increasingly difficult to fill, due largely to the shortage of teachers in New Zealand. On the Samoan side, staffing difficulties are still a problem partly owing to the more attractive remuneration offering in other occupations and partly to the higher academic level required for entrance to the Teachers' Training School. Buildings Little has been done during the year in the way of new buildings. Three fales have been erected, one for use in connection with the practising school attached to the training school, and two for the Malifa School. Repairs and alterations have been made to two class-rooms at Le Ifi Ifi Combined Schools. Teachers' residences and school buildings at Vaipouli and Aleisa are urgently required, but construction is delayed through shortage of materials. Credit is due to the Samoan Inspectors for seeing that the villagers carry out their duty of keeping in repair the residences and school buildings of the primary schools. Scholarship Scheme This year the New Zealand Government provided scholarships tenable in New Zealand for a further five Samoans—three boys and two girls. Two boys of European status were also successful in gaining scholarships, making a total of seven. The total number of holders of these scholarships now in New Zealand is 34. Teachers in New Zealand Two Samoan teachers have recently returned from New Zealand, where they spent two years in advanced studies of teaching methods. The two senior Samoan Inspectors spent some months in New Zealand observing types of New Zealand schools and teaching methods there. Visual Aids The four film-projectors which were a gift from the New Zealand Government have been in use, two to each island. The Inspectors who have used them in the villages as a means of furthering education, both child and adult, speak enthusiastically of their value. Publications No new publications have been issued, but a series of text-books is being prepared by teachers of the Territory, and the New Zealand Education Department has appointed an Assistant Editor in Wellington to deal with them. Libraries Advantage is still being taken of the Country Library Service of New Zealand, but this at present has not extended beyond Le Ifi Ifi School. Refresher Courses A general refresher course in most subjects of the curriculum attended by Administration and mission teachers was held at Le Ifi Ifi during the long vacation. 2—A 4

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Medical and Health With the co-operation of Health Officers, the Education Department has continued to stress throughout the schools the importance of children's health. Pupils are inspected daily for skin and hair troubles, and are given formal instruction on matters relating to health and the prevention of disease. Teachers in training take a practical course in hygiene. The schools form convenient centres for the Native medical practitioners to carry out mass inoculations and, to give periodical talks on health subjects. XV. LIQUOR AND DRUGS The importation and manufacture of all liquor containing more than 3 per cent, of proof spirit is absolutely prohibited by the Samoa Act of 1921, sections 336 to 341, except importation by the Administration for medical, sacramental, or industrial purposes (as provided by section 340). Such importations and the disposal of such liquors so imported are controlled by the Sale of Intoxicating Liquor Regulations 1920. Sale to both Europeans and Natives is prohibited except when prescribed by a duly qualified Government Medical Officer, and for medicinal purposes only (see also Board of Health Regulations No. 1). All liquor on board visiting ships must be declared in writing on arrival, and at once placed under Customs seal, which must remain unbroken until the ship sails. The police and Customs maintain a watch over every overseas vessel, and ships are frequently searched. The police also take steps to prevent local manufacture. There is no Native beverage containing alcohol. The Native ceremonial drink, kava, if allowed to stand does not ferment, and after a few hours becomes stale and unpalatable. It is not consumed in sufficient strength or quantity to have any toxic effects. Spirits and alcoholic beverages imported during the year ended 31st March, 1947:

* The approximate percentages of alcohol by weight given above are those accepted by the Customs Department in New Zealand. The maximum alcohol content permitted for wines is 40 per cent, proof spirit. There is no limitation as regards the alcohol content of ale and other fermented liquor, and analyses of samples of all brands of ale imported show percentages of alcohol by weight ranging from 1-51 to only 2-39. The ales imported into Western Samoa, therefore, although subject to regulations under the Samoa Act, 1921, do not come within the definition of " intoxicating beverages " as accepted by the Permanent Mandates Commission (minutes of the Tenth Session, page 182) and have accordingly been omitted from the return. For sacramental purposes, 131 gallons of wine; rectified spirits of wine for industrial purposes, 220 gallons"

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Nature of Liquor. Average Approximate Percentage Alcohol by Weight.* Quantity imported, 1946-47. Quantities issued under Medical Permits, 1946-47. Countries of Origin. Spirituous liquors— Gallons. Gallons. Whisky-38-5 to 51-0 878 1,455 United Kingdom, Canada. Brandy 38-5 to 49-3 126 100 Australia. Gin 40-6 59 243 United Kingdom, Australia, Canada. Rum 40-0 to 47-0 91 85 British West Indies. Alcoholic beverages— Liqueurs 25-0 to 30-0 28 Australia. Port, sauterne, sherry, 12-0 to 17-8 '502 509 Australia. and champagne Vermouth 5-5 to 10-0 190 98 Australia. Stout 5-5 96 276 New Zealand.

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Revenue derived from duties on; importations for year ended 31st March, 1947: £ b. d. Medicinal liquor (import duty, 17£ per cent, or 25 per cent., plus surcharge of 15 per cent, and 25 per cent, on British and other respectively; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) . . . . . . . . 1,943 9 1 Industrial liquor (import duty, 17| per cent, or 25 per cent., plus surcharge of 15 per cent, or 25 per cent.; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) . . . . Nil. (Note. —No duty was payable under this head, as the rectified spirits of wine referred to above were all imported by the Administration.) Sacramental liquor (free of import duty; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) . . . . . . 4 14 8 These duties are the ordinary ad valorem rates applying to all goods not subject to specific rates of duty; there is no authorization for higher specific rates of duty on liquor, for the rate of duty is immaterial, having regard to the fact that all liquor is sold by and for the Administration at prices approximating current retail prices in New Zealand. The control of opium and other dangerous drugs in the Territory is vested in the Administrator by the Samoa Dangerous Drugs Order 1930, which was enacted in further pursuance of the terms of the Convention and Protocol of the Second Opium Conference held at Geneva in February, 1925. The Order follows the provisions of the New Zealand Dangerous Drugs Act, 1927. It is believed there is no traffic in dangerous drugs in Western Samoa, other than occasional attempts to import, small parcels of smoking-opium for sale to Chinese. Such attempts are made very infrequently, and the subject does not constitute a problem in the Territory. XVI. MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Staff The staff consists of the Chief Medical Officer and 2 other European medical officers, 22 Native medical practitioners, 7 Native dental officers, 1 European dispenser, 1 qualified bacteriologist of part-Samoan descent, and a nursing staff consisting of a Matron, an Assistant Matron, 9 European Sisters, 97 Native nurses and trainees, and 66 others. Including office personnel, the health staff comprises 16 Europeans, 4 part-Europeans, and 192 Samoans. In addition, there are 8 trainees at the Central Medical School, Suva, taking the Native medical practitioners' course. Of the 22 Native medical practitioners, 3 are employed at the Apia Hospital, 3 in the Apia district, 13* at out-stations., 1 on relieving duties, 1 at Niue on loan, and 1 in the Tokelau Islands. During the greater part of the year the Chief Medical Officer has undertaken routine hospital duties in order to allow one of the Medical Officers to devote attention to public-health matters and, to the training of Samoan assistants in sanitary and anti-mosquito measures. Visits Following a visit to the Territory in September, Dr. J. C. R. Buchanan, Inspector-General, South Pacific Health Service, made a comprehensive report regarding the expansion of the medical service and the future development of the public-health policy generally. Dr. C. A. Taylor, Director, Division of Tuberculosis of the New Zealand Health Department, investigated the incidence of tuberculosis in Samoa and came to the conclusion that the disease was not so prevalent as had previously

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been considered. Moreover, examples of tuberculous disease seen suggest that its general form is naturally self-limiting. Dr. Taylor drew these conclusions from impressions gained from seeing cases during his visit, and states they can only be proved correct by the results of detailed surveys and the keeping of proper records, the methods for which he outlined. As a result of his recommendations, steps are being taken to amend, the regulations providing for the registration of births and deaths of Samoans to require a deathcertificate showing the cause of death to be furnished by a European or Native medical practitioner. In his final conclusions Dr. Taylor did not consider that any large expenditure on the provision of tuberculosis wards should be contemplated until more accurate information was available. Organization Apia Hospital consists of a European hospital, Samoan hospital including a number of fales, leper compound, Chinese ward, dispensary and, out-patients department, laboratory and x-ray department, office, laundry, and store. Various improvements and alterations have been made to the buildings during the year, and a forward programme is in hand, designed to improve the general lay-out and to provide additional permanent structures. There are 13 medical out-stations, each with a Native medical practitioner in attendance assisted by a qualified Native nurse, while two out-stations are under the control of Native nurses only. Considerable help in the care of the sick is afforded by the women's committees, which are established in all the main villages. Qualified Samoan nurses regularly visit and lecture to> these committees, and at the same time inspect the babies and school-children. In his recent report the InspectorGeneral, South Pacific Health Service, comments that Western Samoa has the most highly organized system of women's committees in the south-west Pacific.

Hospital and Dispensary Statistics

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— 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1946. Admissions to hospitals— Apia Hospital— Europeans 531 711 596 632 573 Samoans 1,139 1,694 1,063 910 1,016 Chinese 102 142 93 86 106 Melanesians 5 6 55 7 3 Tokelaus and Niueans 79 31 25 1,777 2,632 1,807 1,666 1,723 Tuasivi Hospital (Samoans) 88 240 147 100 171 Aleipata Hospital (Samoans) 220 243 187 151 127 Fagamalo Hospital (Samoans) 193 246 161 141 174 Sataua Hospital (Samoans) 106 114 112 99 125 Mulifanua Hospital (Samoans) 170 230 115 75 61 Poutasi Hospital (Samoans) .. 164 287 231 238 115 Leulumoega Hospital (Samoans) 10 208 248 Sa'anapu Hospital (Samoans) 153 ii9 "io5 41 68 Fagaloa Hospital (Samoans) 151 288 188 83 52 Sala'ilua Hospital (Samoans) 214 129 94 104 104 Satupa'itea Hospital (Samoans) 115 75 70 59 95 Safotu Hospital (Samoans) 317 208 259 182 284 Lufilufi Hospital (Samoans) 62 207 284 Total in-patients 3,678 4,811 3,538 3,354 3,631 Out-patients, hospitals and dispensaries 74,111 57,303 69,939 77,214 99,104 Totals 77,789 62,114 73,477 80,568 102,735 Deaths in hospitals 177 227 158 153 142

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In addition to the above, the following statistics of work carried out by the medical staff during 1946 will be of interest:— Visits by medical officers and Native medical practitioners . . .. .. .. 3,132 Hook-worm treatment .. .. .. .. 6,844 Operations— Apia— Major .. . . .. .. 61 Minor .. .. .. .. 507 Outstations — Major .. .. .. .. 159 Minor .. .. .. .. 2,168 NA.B. injections .. .. .. .. 61,642 -Inductothermy treatment .. .. .. 214 Laboratory examinations . . . . .. 3,161 X-rays .. ..... .. .. 914

Infectious Diseases reported

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— 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1946. Meningitis, meningococcal 11 2 73 1 05 25 Meningitis, pneumonoccal 12 7 1 <4t> Tuberculosis 94 91 98 io3 Typhoid fever 134 1 78 57 130 Paratyphoid fever 6 3 Malignant jaundice '38 30 39 *48 ii Catarrhal jaundice 19 30 51 64 93 Pneumonia 624 1,4 72 4 25 184 24i~ Chicken-pox 10 18 4 19 9 Gonorrhoea 23 41 17 21 9 Dengue fever 2 1 1 20 1 Tetanus 7 5 2 1 4 Puerperal fever 17 33 19 9 8 Gas gangrene 1 1 1 Broncho-pneumonia .. 73 Leprosy 8 6 5 io 5 Tubercular disease of bone 1 Tubercular glands 1 Measles 3 Dysentery "2 10 "l i Whooping-cough 6 42 Conjunctivitis 1 Erysipelas *4 i Septicaemia 1 Rubella 40 Gastro-enteritis 2 Enteric fever ..' 3 37 Morbilli 1 Infantile paralysis 1 T.B. meningitis Meninciphalitis 1 6

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The following is a list of the important infectious diseases in the out-stations:—

Enteric fever and pulmonary tuberculosis are diagnosed on clinical symptoms only, and it is considered that the diagnosis of these two diseases may not always be correct. Small kerosene refrigerators have been ordered for certain out-stations so that T.A.B. vaccine, mixed vaccines, A.T.S. serums, and penicillin may be readily available in the outer districts. Mental Patients Admissions of mental patients during the year .. .. 3 Discharges of mental patients during the year .. .. 5 Deaths of mental patients during the year .. .. .. 1 (female) Remaining mental patients . . . . .. . . 3 (males) Gaols Inspections are carried out monthly. The health of the prisoners is particularly good and, except for new prisoners, they are free from contagious diseases. Dental Clinics Staff. —The staff consists of seven Native dental officers. The European dental officer' left for New Zealand in, February this year 1 , and. difficulty is being experienced in finding a replacement. Treatment. —Full dental treatment is given to pupils of Le Ifi In School, and extractions, sealings, cleanings, and dressings to pupils of other schools. Adult hospital patients other than Europeans are also' afforded dental treatment. The treatment of all fractured-jaw cases is undertaken at the Government hospital by the dental staff.

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— Malignant Jaundice, Cararrhal Jaundice. Enteric. Tuberculosis. Savai'i — Tuasivi 14 5 6 Satupaitea Salailua 2 8 5 12 1 15 1 Sataua 2 4 2 12 Safotu 7 6 2 16 Tagamalo .. 2 3 2 3 Upolu — Lufilufi 1 9 3 10 Fagaloa Bay Aleipata Poutasi 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 17 2 19 •2 Sa'anapu Mulifanua .. 4 4 3 4 2 7 3 Leulumoega i 4 3 8 37 55 52 104

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Outlying Areas. —Three visits of inspection of outlying areas were carried out during the year, one round Savai'i took fourteen weeks, one round Upolu eight and a half weeks, and the third, one to Apolima and Manono oiie week. General. —The Clinic building, equipment, and materials are in good order and condition.

Infant Mortality Deaths (Samoans) at Different Ages

The infant-mortality rate was 64-05 per 1,000 births. A table setting out the rate of deaths under one year per 1,000 registered births during the last twenty years is set out below:— 1926 .. ..106 1933 .. ..114 1940 .. .. 73-80 1927 .. ..101 1934 .. .. 104-8 1941 .. .. 69-59 1928 .. .. 58 1935 .. .. 97-0 1942 .. .. 72-69 1929 .. ..70 1936 .. .. 291-77* 1943 .. .. 124-42 1930 .. .. 61 1937 .. .. 89-30 1944 .. .. 75-8 1931 .. ..11l 1938 .. .. 73-79 1945 .. .. 53-8 1932 .. .. 121 1939 .. .. 83-56 1946 .. .. 64-05 * Due to epidemics of whooping-cough and measles ; see report for 1936-37, page 22. XVII. LAND TENURE Under the Samoa Act, 1921, all land is legally—(a) Crown land, vested in the Crown free from Native title or any estate in fee-simple, of which there are (including New Zealand Reparation Estates)* 103,630 acres; or (5) European land, being land held from the Crown for an estate in fee-simple, of which there are 40,000 acres; or (c) Native land, being land vested in the Crown but held by Samoans by Native title and not by grant from the Crown of which there are 581,370 acres. " Native title " means title to land in accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race,

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Number of Deaths. Percentage of Total Deaths. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1946. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1946. Under 1 week 28 35 23 12 47 4-32 2-73 3-56 2-35 7-17 1 week to 1 month 10 19 11 4 23 1-54 1-49 1-70 0-77 3-50 1 month to 3 months 11 43 22 17 25 1-71 3-36 3-39 3-33 3-81 3 months to 6 months 31 55 22 11 25 4-79 4-30 3-39 215 3-81 6 months to 12 months 64 143 86 65 56 9-89 11-18 13-32 12-72 8-54 1 year to 2 years 68 173 71 70 66 10-52 13-53 10-98 13-70 10-06 2 years to 3 years 38 67 18 24 32 5-86 5-24 2-78 4-70 4-88 3 years to 4 years 26 47 19 16 18 4-02 3-67 2-93 3-13 2-75 4 years to 5 years 9 19 9 5 16 1-39 1-49 1-38 0-98 2-44 5 years to 10 years 37 74 48 31 40 5-72 5-79 7-42 6-07 6-09 Over 10 years 325 604 318 256 308 50-24 47-22 49-15 50-10 46-9") Totals .. 647 1,279 647 511 656 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00

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Titles to Crown land, European land, and European interests in Native land (leases) are registered by the Administration. The Native Land and Titles Court has jurisdictioti to hear and determine disputes affecting Native land. XVIII. AGRICULTURE Agricultural services consist of — (а) Inspection of all produce for export in order to maintain good marketable standards, and of land near the Port of Apia, principally to check the breeding of the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes nasicorms), pest of the coconut-trees, which was introduced during the period of German administration. These services are under European supervision. (б) Fourteen Samoan Plantation Inspectors, who are elected as part of the system of Samoan elective officials, and whose duty it is to encourage care of Samoan cultivations and new plantings. There has not been any evidence that the scoliid wasp, ScoUa; nificormis, which was mentioned in last year's report as having been introduced to combat the rhinoceros beetle, has become established. XIX.—POPULATION Statistics for the year ending 31st March, 1947, are given in the following } table:—

Alterations in population since April, 1921, the date of the first census taken by the New Zealand Administration, are shown hereunder:—

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Designation. As at 31st March, 1946. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. As at 31st March, 1947. Grand Totals. M. F. M. F. 1 M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Europeans Part-Europeans Native Samoans Chinese Labourers Other Chinese Melansians Totals 217 2,712 32,310 294 4 74 149 2,333 30,933 '*3 1 3 55 1,536 1 43 1,363 1 8 356 4 i2 1 3 282 225 268 1,286 131 298 1,011 231 329 1,203 "l 121 335 903 213 2,698 33,573 290 3 62 159 2,336 32,122 "3 1 372 5,034 65,695 290 6 63 35,611 33,419 1,594 1,407 381 186 1,779 1,440 j 1,764 1,359 1 36,839 34,621 71,460 69,030 3,001 667 3,219 3,123 71,460

Designation. As at 17th April, 1921 As at 31st March, 1947. Total Increase or Decrease. Europeans and persons of part-Samoan blood Native Samoans Chinese labourers Melanesian labourers Other Chinese* 2,066 5,406 + 3,340 33,336 1,290 465 65,695 290 63 6 +32,359 - 1,000 - 402 + 6 Totals 37,157 71,460 +34,303 * Not shownjseparately in 1921 census.

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XX. PUBLIC WORKS During the year under review activities under the following heads were carried out:— Romds. —Widening and culverting of Vailima Road over a length of 2 miles 20 chains was completed. Reconstruction and sealing of 33 chains of road in Apia, 34 chains 15 ft, of the Cross Island Road, and 25 chains of the Main West Coast Road, were completed. Improvements, metalling, and reconstruction of some 15 miles 56 chains of road were undertaken. The widening of the East Coast Road has been commenced, and good progress was made with the extension of the West Coast Road to near Samatau until the approach of the rainy season necessitated closing down the work. Ordinary maintenance has been carried out on all roads. S-ea Walls. —ln connection with the general roadwork it was necessary to build some 3,465 lineal feet of sea wall with hand-packed lava stones and to repair a further 4,638 lineal feet of sea wall. Bridges. —Two timber bridges have been wholly reconstructed, while four further ones have been renewed, to the 'extent of 50 per cent. Three steel bridges have been overhauled and repainted. Minor repairs have been carried out to seven further bridges, and the overhaul and renewal of the others is in hand. Bviildings.— The main building works undertaken during the year were concerned with the hospital and the schools. At the hospital a reinforced concrete fale 50 ft. by 22 ft,, together with a new sanitation block comprising shower-baths, water-closets, and a washroom, were erected for the Samoan nurses. A cold-storage building was erected. An additional story in wood was erected, and extensive alterations and repairs were carried out to the Sisters' home. A new isolation fale with concrete floor was constructed also a new V.D. fale with shower and latrine and a new sanitary block for the kitchen staff. Additional earth closets and showers have been completed. Extensive repairs, alterations, and renovations were carried out to the European hospital building and td the Research Laboratory, where cupboard benches, and sinks were installed. Concrete steps with railing were placed on the bank between the European hospital and the Samoan nurses 1 quarters. A new concrete dispensary building with a large concrete tank has been erected at Lufilufi, while repairs and renovations have been completed at the Native hospital at Lalomanu and at the dispensary at Poutasi. At Malifa school six new class-room fales have been constructed with concrete floors, renovations and repairs have been undertaken to two classroom buildings and to the open shed school, while seven class-room fales have been rethatched. Renovations and repairs were effected at Le Ifi Ifi to the infant-school buildings and two lavatory buildings, while the former carpenters' shop has been converted into a class-room. Extensive alterations and additions were carried out at the Headmaster's residence at Avele School. Renovations, alterations, and repairs were attended to at sixteen residences. Repairs and general maintenance were carried out on various Government buildings, while the erection of four' new bath, and wash-houses at Mulinu'u for the Samoan staff of the Native Affairs Department and the Faipttle is in hand, • . Renovations and repairs were effected to the two residences at Tuasivi, Savai'i, and to the former Residency at Fagamalo, and maintenance was carried out on the office building and dispensary at Tuasivi. 3—A 4

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Waterworks. —The new water-supply for Apia from the Fuluasou River has been completed and the necessary consumer connections made. The 9-in.-diameter main was laid in trenches for a distance of 17,020 ft. This water-supply scheme gives a pressure of about 1501b. per square inch. The Aleisa water-supply has also been completed. Work of replacing the present 4 in. main with a 6 in. main on the Vailma water-supply has. been commenced. Three 5,000-gallon concrete tanks have been erected in Savai'i, two at Tuasivi and one at Salelavalu. Electrical Bra%ch.> —Necessary maintenance has been carried out on the small 80 kW. hydro-electric plant installed in the Vaisigano River. All machinery has been repainted and switch gear inspected, new cover screen doors, and a new valve stem for the pipe-line have been installed, while the pipe-line itself has been scraped and, one coat of asphaltum paint applied. New strain insulators were fitted to the 2,200 v. overhead transmission line which is in good order. All distribution transformers on the transmission lines were taken down for inspection, cleaned, and refilled with new oil. A new 40 kVA. threephase transformer was installed at the Public Works Department, replacing a 25 kVA. transformer. The 70 kW. Diesel-driven plant has been giving satisfactory service. This plant takes part of the load from 6.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. each night. Further electric power is required to cope with the increasing demand as not only has it been necessary to abandon the street lighting on account of shortage of power, but action has also had to be taken to restrict the sale of electrical appliances. With a view to obtaining expert advice on the means of increasing the power-supply, Mr. H. Vickerman, of Vickerman and Lancaster, Consulting Engineers, visited the Territory from the 11th to 24th October. Mr. Vickerman considered that by the removal of the present intake in the Vaisigano River some distance up-stream to the forks, and by establishing the power-house farther downstream near the Malifa Pool, 740 kW. could be generated. As this work would, however, unduly interfere with the present supply, he investigated the Fuluasou River as an alternative, and recommended that a 270 kW. plant, which was available in New Zealand, should be installed in this river, leaving the further development of the Vaisigano until a future date. It is proposed to implement Mr. Vickerman's recommendation.

XXI. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR APIA

Averages Total rainfall .. .. •• 111-63 in. (55 years). Mean daily maximum temperature .. 84-75° p. (44years). Mean daily minimum temperature .. 73-82° p. (44 years).

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— 1945. 1946. Total rainfall 127-46 in. 121-98 in. Number of rain days 228 198 Maximum daily fall 4-30 in. 6-02 in. Date 15th March. 18th May Extreme maximum temperature 89-6°F. 90-0°f. Date 6th April 12 April Extreme minimum temperature 68-0°]?. 66-5°f. Date 16th August 19th July Mean daily maximum temperature 85-31°f. 86-57°F. Mean daily minimum temperature 74-8°F. 74-.04 c 'f.

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APPENDIX

Statistics of Trade

Export Values

Quantities and Values of Principal Exports.

Approximate Cost of Paper. —Preparation, not given ; printing (948 copies), £72 10s.

By Authority: E. V. Paul, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 947.

Trice 9d.']

27

— 1945. 1946. Impokt Values £ £ New Zealand 151,345 172,487 Australia 80,677 73,806 United Kingdom 56,736 107,268 Canada 18,979 23,503 Fiji . 14,924 14,067 India 5,679 10,196 United States of America 63,140 65,858 Other 7,280 11,510 Totals 398,760 478,695

New Zealand 164 699 269,504 Australia 4 376 11,964 United Kingdom 216,843 Canada 59,639 Fiji India United States of America 46i 371 145,253 Other 15,847 Totals 630,446 719,050

— 1945. 1946. Tons. £ Tons. £ Copra 15,057 339,842 13,795 340,669 Cocoa beans 1,965 Cases. 175,451 1,885 Cases. 207,109 Bananas 109,838 Tons. 67,472 172,823 Tons. 86,421 Rubber 65 14,644 80 17,827 Desiccated coconut 376 30,114 568 50,462 Dried bananas 46 10,118