EDUCATION OF NATIVE CHILDREN [In continuation of E.-3, 1944]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1945 Session I, E-03

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1945 NEW ZEALAND

EDUCATION OF NATIVE CHILDREN [In continuation of E.-3, 1944]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency

CONTENTS PAGE PAGE No. I . —Report of the Senior Inspector of Native No. 2.—Detailed Tables—continued Schools . . . . .. 1 Table H5. Number of Maori Children attending , T r, t, , -1 !m , , Public Schools.. .. 5 No. 2.—Detailed Tables Table H6 . Classification of Maori Children at Table H I. Number of Native Schools classified Public Schools. . .. .. 0 according to Grade, &c.. . .. 5 Table H7. Ages and Standards .. .. 7 Table H 4. Number of Maori Pupils attending Table HB. Certificates held by Toachers in Native Maori Secondary Schools, &c. .. 5 Primary Schools .. .. G

No. 1 REPORT OF THE SENIOR INSPECTOR OF NATIVE SCHOOLS 20th August, 1945. Sir, — I have the honour to present the following report on Native schools for the year 1944 : — 1. Schools and Staff In 1944 the Education Department administered 156 Native schools. One school—Owairaka, near Te Awamutu —was closed, while the school at Moawhango, near Taihape, was taken over from the Wanganui Education Board. The total enrolment at the end of the year was ] 1,793 (11,274 in 1943) and the average attendance was 9,825 (9,261 in 1943). The average weekly enrolment number was 11,303 (10,973 in 1943) and the percentage of regularity was 86. Of the 11,793 children on the roll at the end of the year, 10,763 were Maori and 1,030 European. The following table shows how steadily the rolls in Native schools have increased since 1918 :—

Yea, | R0 » j Average Attendance. [ A Weekly 1918 .. .. .. .. 5,064 4,551 5,281 1928 .. .. .. .. 6,671 5,964 6,770 1933 .. .. .. .. 7,340 6,581 7,346 1938 .. .. .. 9,832 8,471 9,787 1944 .. .. .. .. 11,793 9,824 11,303

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At the end of 1944 there were 14,328 Maori children attending 866 public schools throughout the Dominion. In addition to the 156 Native schools mentioned above, there are 10 Native mission schools and convents in various parts of the North Island, and the Department also administers 4 schools in the Chatham Islands. Again our most difficult problem was the staffing of the schools, particularly during the second and third terms, when there was a good deal of sickness. We were, however, greatly assisted by some of our superannuated teachers, and I desire to thank them for their willing co-operation. At the end of 1944, 499 teachers were employed in Native schools, as indicated in the table below : —

A gratifying feature about these figures is the steady increase in the number of young Maori men entering the Native Schools' Service in the last two classes. Formerly our recruits from the Maori people were confined almost solely to the women, but now the young men are displaying an increasing interest. There is ample scope for young Maori men to assist in the welfare of the coming generation of their own race. Again I have to report with pleasure an increase in the number of Maori students entering training college. In 1940, 4 students were admitted ; in 1941, 9 ; in 1942, 18 ; in 1943, 16 ; and in 1944, 19. With the increase in the number of Continuation Scholarships last year, giving a third and fourth year of secondary education and thus bringing the holders approximately to the School Certificate standard, we may expect an even larger increase in two or three years. It may be of interest to know that, in addition to these teachers, we have also more than sixty fully qualified Maori nurses on the Nurses' Register. The steadily increasing roll numbers in Native schools have created a very difficult problem in the matter of finding suitable boarding accommodation for assistants. In the days when our schools were staffed mainly with married couples there was little difficulty, but as schools have increased in size, additional assistants have been needed. The schools are situated in predominantly Maori districts, and the Maori people are not able to provide the accommodation for assistants. Some idea of the growth of this problem may be seen from the following figures, which show the increases in staffs during the past ten years : —

It will be noted that the number of assistants has grown in ten years from 86 to 229. In six districts the Department has provided residences for assistants, but there is urgent need for similar provision in a number of other districts. 2. Primary Education In spite of the large proportion of male teachers serving with the Armed Forces, and other difficulties due to war conditions, it was possible to keep all schools functioning efficiently, and I desire to expressany thanks to the tcachers for their record of service during the past year. In the Native Schools' Service a teacher has to do many duties outside the walls of the schoolroom, and his success is judged as much by the value of his social service as by his class-room results. The Maori is quick to sense a sympathetic attitude on the part of the teacher, and wherever there is harmony between the school and the community it serves, the school will prosper. The importance attached to the teaching of English was again emphasized, and in response to our circular on the teaching of this subject an improvement was noted, more especially in regard to business and general correspondence, telegrams, the accurate filling-in of forms, and other aspects of every-day English, which are so necessary in adult life. Oral English continues to be stressed, for the tone and efficiency of a school depend upon the keenness and interest of its pupils, and these can best be promoted by a brightness in all forms of oral work. Practical work and club work, including Maori arts and crafts, received the attention that is their due. A fine variety of handwork was produced, even though materials for this work were difficult to obtain. The ingenuity of teachers in this respect compensated largely for the shortage of supplies.

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Males. Females. Certificated teachers .. .. .. 138 178 Uncertificated teachers .. .. .. 8 39 Probationary assistants .. . . . . 3 19 Junior assistants .. .. .. 7 107 156 343

1934. 1944. Head teachers .. .. .. .. 138 156 Assistants .. .. .. .. 86 229 Junior assistants (mainly Maori) .. .. 116 114 Totals .. .. .. 340 499

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The first text-books in the new arithmetic syllabus were issued during the year and were welcomed as a teaching aid in this subject, which in Native schools particularly needs to be closely related to real life situations and the practical needs of the pupils. This year the Native schools began to feel the benefit of a more widespread use of specialists in physical education, and a keen response was noted. Wherever the teaching has been thorough and regular, beneficial results have been reflected throughout the school, particularly in regard to appearance, tone, initiative, and response. Another marked improvement was seen throughout the infant rooms, due to the introduction of the new apparatus provided by the Department. The use of this apparatus has notably increased the facilities for occupational work designed to render more interesting and efficient the approach to the teaching of the tool subjects, and to create in the class-rooms an atmosphere of happy and usefully directed activities. I desire also to thank the infant-room advisers for the valuable assistance they have given our infant-teachers in interpreting and putting into practice the latest and most efficient methods devised for the instruction of primer children. Health education continues to be stressed. It cannot be said that the general health of the Maori people is satisfactory. The main causes for this state of affairs lie outside the bounds of the Education Department's activities, but in so far as it is the result of lack of information we.must make sure that the coming generation shall be equipped with the necessary knowledge. Emphasis is placed on practical teaching, and I have to acknowledge the help given by the Junior Red Cross movement, which is steadily spreading and extending its influence throughout the Native schools. We are also indebted to the District Nurses and other health officers, who have so freely co-operated with us in this work. 3. Post-primary Education As I pointed out in my report last year, there are too many Maori children who should be getting, but are not getting, post-primary education. Last year, however, we were able to increase the number of Continuation Scholarships (giving a third and fourth year of secondary education) from 18 to 40 per annum. Accommodation is still the main obstacle, for the great majority of our Maori children do not live in settlements close to centres where post-primary education is provided. They must therefore be placed in hostels attached to the Maori colleges or to public secondary schools. The result of this increase in Continuation Scholarships will be that we shall, with the aid of our Nursing and Agricultural Scholarships, be able to continue the post-primary education of 50 out of the 100 Maori children who are given Junior scholarships at the end of each year. The reopening of Wesley College, Paerata, enabled us to find accommodation for more Maori boys, and a Native district high school was established at Te Kao, in the far North. There are now four such district high schools, with a total secondary enrolment of 88. The secondary rolls at Manutahi and Tikitiki have declined somewhat, but the demand for labour is to some extent responsible for this. The following table shows the number of scholarship holders enrolled at each secondary school as in December, 1944 : —

The Junior and the Senior Te Makarini Scholarships were awarded to Thomas Higgins and Irimana Hutana respectively. The Buller Scholarship was won by Eddie Grey. Mark Stephens was awarded an Industrial Scholarship. Three University Scholarships were awarded as follows : lTeemi Rankin, Medical; Gabriellc Rikihana, Medical; Mira P etricevich, Arts. 4. Buildings Owing to war conditions it has not been possible to pursue an active building programme. The only new building was that at Whangara, to replace the school destroyed by fire. With the steady increase in our rolls, accommodation is becoming severely taxed, and the provision of extra class-rooms is becoming an urgent matter in a large number of schools. Maintenance work has been carried out, so far as labour conditions would permit, and I desire to express my thanks to the Education Boards, and particularly the architects in Auckland, Napier, and Wanganui for their assistance and advice during a very difficult period.

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Boys. Girls. School. Number. School. Number. Te Aute College, Pukeliou .. 70 ' Hukarere College, Napier .. 41 Wesley College, Paerata .. 11 Queen Victoria College, Auckland 30 Sacred Heart College, Auckland .. 5 St. Joseph's Maori Convent, 38 St. Patrick's College, Silverstream 7 Napier Dannevirke High School .. 6 ' Turakina Maori Girls' College, 24 Gisborne High School .. .. 2 Marton Napier High School .. .. 7 New Plymouth Boys' High School 5 Feilding Agricultural High School 5 Total .. .. 118 Total .. .. 133

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5. Equipment The value of visual education is fully recognized in the Native schools, and 32 schools are now equipped with film-strip projectors. Two of the Native district high schools have installed equipment for movie and sound projection. Several schools now have cinematographs. In order to assist in developing this aspcct -of education, the Native Schools' Branch has established its own film-strip library, and already a very fine selection of films has been made, and these are regularly circulated among the schools that possess the necessary equipment. A grant was also approved to provide the nucleus of a reference library in each Native school. This meets a long-felt want, and it is hoped that similar provision can be made annually. Many Native schools avail themselves of the facilities of the Country Library Service, and many others are on the waiting list. During last year sets of Rugg's social-study books and Petersham social studies were issued to the schools. These books have added greatly to the interest taken by both teachers and pupils in this subject. 6. Inspection op Island Schools In September of last year Mr. F. T. Woodley, Inspector of Native Schools, visited Western Samoa to inspect and report on the schools there to the Department of Island Territories. This was the first visit to Samoa since 1939. Due mainly to pressure of work, it has not been possible to maintain regular inspection of these island groups. Fiji and the Cook Islands were last visited in 1941, and the Chatham Islands in 1913. I have, &c., T. A. Fletcher, Senior Inspector of Native Schools. The Director of Education, Wellington.

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No. 2 DETAILED TABLES

Table H1 GRADE of Native Schools with Number of Teachers and Average Number of Children per Teacher

Table H4 MAORI PUPILS attending MAORI SECONDARY SCHOOLS at the end of 1944 and 1943

Table H5 MAORI CHILDREN attending PUBLIC SCHOOLS, December, 1944

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Number of Total Average Teachers Average „ , f Attendance, (exclusive of „ Number of Number of Grade of School. J? 1 ? e , r 0 Year ended Probationary pjV,"? er 0 Probationary Junior Schools. 31stDecem . Assistants Children per Assistant / Assistants, ber, 1944. and Junior -^acner. Assistants). II .. .. .. 13 228 13 17-5 .. 3 IIIA .. .. .. 17 413 19 21-7 .. 12 MB .. .. .. 63 2,662 117 22-7 .. 36 IVA .. .. .. 37 2,881 105 27-4 .. 36 IVb .. 13 1,415 40 35-3 11 12 IVc .. .. .. 7 .1,090 36 30-2 5 8 VA .. .. .. 4 738 19 38-8 4 4 VB .. .. .. 2 398 14 28-3 2 3 Totals 156 9,825 363 22 114

1944. 1943. Government Prlvate Pupi]8 . Government Private PupiIs . School. o o . . En g'9c8g'0_S3w'0«3gi9 _Sfi ag-sagolaglagffi •c 8 EH - C g H « -C 8 H -C 8 H 15 I » I ft I Queen Victoria (girls), Auckland .. .. .. 30 30 .. 39 39 69 .. 33 33 .. 25 25 58 St. Stephen's (boys), Auckland .. Wesley College (boys), Paerata .. .. .. 11 11 .. 12 12 23 Turakina (girls), Marton .. .. .. 24 24 .. 30 30 54 . . 24 24 .. 26 26 50 St. Joseph's (girls), Napier .. .. .. 38 38 .. 37 37 75 .. 39 39 11 26 37 76 Te Aute College (boys), Napier .. . . . . 70 70 . . 57 57 127 . . 67 67 .. 45 45 112 Hukarere College (girls), Napier .. .. .. 41 41 . . 50 50 91 .. 36 36 12 25 37 73 Te Waipounamu (girls), Christchurch 2 31 33 33 3 25 28 28 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 214 214 2 256 258 472 .. 199 199 26 172 198 397

Number Number of Maori Pupils at of Schools End of 1944. Education District. at which Maoris attended. Boys. Girls. Total. Auckland . . .. 435 4,068 3,913 7,981 Taranaki .. .. 68 587 451 1,038 Wanganui .. .. 91 726 624 1,350 Hawke'sBay .. 104 1,276 1,180 2,456 Wellington .. .. 73 464 479 943 Nelson .. .. 10 23 21 44 Canterbury .. .. 57 186 177 363 Otago .... 16 41 29 70 Southland .... 12 42 41 83 Totals 866 7,413 6,915 14,328 Note. —For the purpose of this table half-caste children and children intermediate in blood between half-caste and Maori are reckoned as Maori.

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Table H6 CLASSIFICATION and AGES of Maori Scholars attending PUBLIC SCHOOLS at the 1st July, 1944

Table H8 CERTIFICATES held by Teachers in Native Primary Schools (Probationary and Junior Assistant Teachers are excluded)

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Class P. S. I. S. n. S. in. S. IV. j Form I. j Form II. Form III. Total. IS. •s £ a s. 3 s. R ! • e J o a & S & S & S & .a & ! n & .a & ~ & 3 M CS pq 5S pq o W O M . O FO O oq O pq g pq <J> 5 and under 6 509 529 2 511 529 6 „ 7 832 722 9 10 841 732 7 „ 8 765 676 124 158 2 6 891 840 8 „ 9 463 319 308 344 89 127 6 4 1 867 794 9 „ 10 199 139 314 230 254 284 65 84 5 7 837 744 10 „ 11 66 54 145 120 268 254 252 247 49 96 5 7 785 778 11 „ 12 23 13 55 53 174 149 265 230 199 232 39 61 2 4 .. .. 757 742 12 „ 13 12 3 25 17 60 49 1 85 146 207 222 148 164 31 59 .. .. 668 660 13 „ 14 4 1 10 10 30 25 92 70 169 126 190 187 113 112 3 2 611 533 14 „ 15 5 1 7 7 30 17 58 50 119 114 125 127 7 10 351 326 15 „ 16 1 .. 2 7 5 22 12 34 37 5 7 69 63 16 years and over 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 7 2.. 12 11 Totals .. 2,8732,456 997 943 885 901 896 801 697 739 524 547 311 346 17 197,2006,752 1?940 1,786 1?697 1,436 657 36 13,952 Percentage 38-2 13-9 12-8 12-2 10-3 7'7 4-7 0-2 100-0 Median age, in 7 1 7 0 9 2' 8 11 10 410 211 611 3 12 512 2 13 413 314 1 14 0 14 914 9 .. years and months Note.—For the purpose of this table half-caste children and children intermediate in blood between half-caste and Maori are reckoned as Maori.

1944. Class of Certificate. M. P. Total. A 1 . . 1 B .. .. .. .. 40 14 54 C .. .. .. .. 84 137 221 D .. .. .. .. 13 27 40 Total certificated teachers .. .. 138 178 316 Uncertificated teachers .... 8 39 47 Grand total .. .. 146 i 217 363

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i i i i \ ! ; | i I i i i | ; i i ; ; I ! : : : : : Note.—For the purpose of this table half-caste children and children intermediate in blood between half-caste and Maori are reckoned as Maori, and children intermediate in blood between' hah-caste and European as Luropean.

Table H 7 AGES AND STANDARDS of Children on the Native School Rolls at the 1st July, 1944

By Authority: E. Y. Paul, Government Printer, Wellington.— 1945.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (615 copies), £18 10s.

Price 6d. ]

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iTr»rm T Form II. Form III. "Ro f»p Tntals Grand Totals. Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. (Standard V.) (Standard VI.) (Standard VII.) A " c,es " Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. Europeans. Maoris. ; j i i Boys. Girls. Total. B. G. ; B. G. B. 1 G. B. G. 1 B. G. B. G. B. j G. B. G. B. G. i B. ! G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. ] G. | B. G. B. G. I I i i I I I I I I I ! I I i J J ! 1 ! 1 1 1 - , j „ .. K . 0 | | 42 44 542 455 584 498 1,083 5 and under 6 years 42 44 o42 45o 3g 3, 581 546 636 578 1,214 ® " I " fn 1 ™ ™ ,! ,0 42 '71 "9 "4 "l '4 34 46 574 634 608 680 1,288 I " Q " \i "o SJ ™ w 1H Ji 9n 10 qi t) "i "7 "1 62 56 547 536 609 592 1,201 8 „ 9 „ 1/8 342 2/6 21 22 1/4 210 20 19 30 oO 4 / I _ 1A i 907 9 „ 10 „ 3 .. 174 103 7 10 243 193 24 27 155 176 22 16 30 38 1 4 1 °J, % k-?> -in kqo l'Tqi 10 11 „ 1 .. 48 31 1 2 147 90 16 11 230 176 21 11 120 166 14 21 34 42 .. 3 .. 5 53 49 5/9 olO 632 5o9 ,9 11 „ 12 „ 2 .. 12 6 1 .. 58 26 5 .. 153 114 11 13 212 187 21 20 110 151 7 19 24 31 2 1 .. 2 49 o4 569 517 618 571 ,89 12 „ 13 „ 1 .. 3 2 1 .. 12 3 1 .. 62 47 4 1 145 131 7 12 179 171 20 16 92 116 8 9 16 21 .. 42 36 509. 491 ool o27 ,078 13 „ 14 „ 1 .. 1 7 4 1 .. 25 16 2 3 81 60 6 2 171 127 17 6 134 149 13 20 84 117 .. .. 1 1 43 34 503 47o 546 o09 , 14 „ 15 7 4 .... 26 13 1 .. 59 55 9 6 100 99 8 8 105 105 1 .. .. ? , ! ol "lo c,9 7! Ififi 1 1 5 3 1 1 16 6 .... 19 20 3 4 45 38 .. 1 1 1 4 6 88 68 92 ,4 166 17 ;; Is ;; :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ■■ •• • 1 1 •• 1 .. 1 18 and over '' Totals .. 136 102 2232 1979 48 59 685 597 69 61 664 587 64 51 620 598 51 60 570 554 53 50 372 423 34 43 256 290 1 1 2 456 427 54015,033 J>,857 5,46011,31; 238 4,21 i 107 130 1,251 1L5 1 111 1 124 10.3 795 7 546 2 7 883 10,434 11,317 4,449 l,38tT 1,387 1,333~ 1,235 898 623 9 il,3i7 Percentage.. 39-3 12-3 12-2 11-8 10-9 7-9 o-o 01 1UU '° Median age, in years 6 66 37 07 08 48 39 69 19 69 310 810 410 310 311 911 611 611 312 912 613 0 12 213 613 5 13 613 7 14 314 1 ..j .. .. 14 6 and months J