REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL SERVICE EMERGENCY REGULATIONS 1940. THE EMERGENCY RESERVE CORPS REGULATIONS 1941, AND THE INDUSTRIAL MAN-POWER EMERGENCY REGULATIONS 1944

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1944 Session I, H-11a

1944 NEW ZEALAND

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REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL SERVICE EMERGENCY REGULATIONS 1940. THE EMERGENCY RESERVE CORPS REGULATIONS 1941, AND THE INDUSTRIAL MAN-POWER EMERGENCY REGULATIONS 1944

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency

National Service Department, Wellington, Ist June, 1944. The Hon. the Minister of National Service. Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following report on the activities of the National Service Department. This report covers the period from Ist April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944. I have, &c., H. L. Bockett, Director of National Service, and Controller of Man-power. CONTENTS Section. Subject. Page. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Part I. —Review op Policy as affecting Man-power in 1943-44 .1 Digest of Developments, 1939-43 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 The Redistribution of Man-power in 1943 .. .. .. .. .. 4 3 Key Statistics, 1939-43 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 4 Main Components of New Zealand's War Effort, 1943 .. .. .. 6 5 The Man-power Position of Industry at the Close of 1943 — A. The Farming Industries .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 13. The Building, Construction, and Allied Industries .. .. .. 8 C. The Railways . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 D. Munitions, Engineering, and other Secondary Industries .. .. 8 E. Other Industries and Services .. .. .. .. .. 9 6 The Handling of the Seasonal Labour Problem in 1943-44 .. .. .. 9 7 The War Contribution required of New Zealand in 1944 .. .. .. 10 8 The Extent of the Dominion's Capacity .. .. .. .. .. 10 9 The Withdrawal of Man-power from the Pacific .. .. .. . . 12 10 The Build-up of the Farming Industries .. .. .. .. .. 13 Part ll.—Review of the Functions and Machinery of the Department in 1943-44 11 National Service — A. Ballots for National Service .. .. .. .. .. 13 B. Armed Forces Appeal Boards .. .. .. .. .. 14 C. The Special Tribunal .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 D. Defaulters' Detention Camps .. .. .. .. .. 14 E. Women's Land Service .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Women's War Service Auxiliary .. .. .. .. .. 15 12 Civil Defence .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 13 Industrial Man-power— A. Basis and Scope of Man-power Control, including Recent Changes .. 15 B. Man-power Utilization Councils and Committees .. .. .. 21 C. District Man-power Officers .. .. .. .. .. 21 D. Man-power Appeal Committees .. .. .. .. .. 22 E. Employment Promotion Schemes .. .. .. .. .. 22 14 Administration and Staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 15 Finance and Kxpenditure .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 Statistical Appendix Statistical Information and Summary of Regulations .. .. .. .. 26

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INTRODUCTION During the year under review there has been a major readjustment in the shaping of New Zealand's war effort as a whole ; and, as in all such periods, there have been special and complex problems to be dealt with. In formulating the higher policy which has shaped and guided the war effort in all its larger aspects, it has been usual" for War Cabinet to obtain reports both from the Chiefs of Staff and from the National Service Department, the former providing a fresh and expert examination of the strategic situation as it has affected the Dominion, and the latter a close and up-to-date assessment of the man-power resources and industrial position of the Dominion and of her capacity for effort. Only after most carefully weighing up these aspects in the light of broader issues and likely further developments have the basic decisions of higher policy been reached. It has been felt that the best approach to a full understanding of the evolving man-power situation as it has developed in the past year can be obtained, firstly, by passing briefly over the whole history of the war effort in its man-power aspects, and secondly, by following this up with a detailed discussion of the more recent events. This plan is accordingly followed in Part I of the present report. In order not to confuse the discussion of the evolution of the higher policy with details of the internal working of this Department, it has been thought best to confine these internal details to Part II of the report. The report concludes with a brief statement of the financial aspects of the Department, and is followed by a suitable statistical appendix giving detailed information as to each of the main aspects of the war effort in which the Department has been involved. PART I.—REVIEW OF POLICY AS AFFECTING MAN-POWER IN 1943-44 1. DIGEST OF DEVELOPMENTS, 1939 43 It will assist in throwing recent developments into perspective if the major events of the past are briefly set down and mention is made of their profound influence in twice changing the whole direction of the Dominion's effort in its man-power aspects. "Up to the end of 1943 there had been three distinct phases in the war as it affected New Zealand :— (a) From the outbreak of war in September, 1939, until the entry of Japan in December, 1941: (b) The first year of Japanese aggression : (c) The period from the stemming of the tide in the Pacific until the end of 1943 — i.e., the period of Allied consolidation in the Pacific. (The Dominion has now entered a fourth phase, which will be discussed at some length in later sections of this report.) The transition from each of these phases to the next has involved a reorientation of the Dominion's war effort. (a) The First Phase. —During this period the major problems lay in the orderly diversion of man-power from industry to the Armed Forces in such a way as to avoid, on the one hand, interfering with important industries such as farming, coal-mining, shipping, &c, yet, on the other hand, to ensure that the principles of universal service and equality of sacrifice were, as far as possible, carried into effect. Protection of key personnel and of important industries was instituted, right from the very outset of recruiting, through the establishment of Man-power Committees and (later) Armed Forces Appeal Boards. The principle of universal service began to take full effect in 1940 with the establishment of the National Service Department and the gazetting of the first ballots. At this time the dominant factors of the war situation had been the collapse of France and the Battle of Britain. There was an immediate need to despatch troops overseas to save what might have been a world-wide disaster. This urgent call was felt throughout New Zealand, and the whole spirit of the Dominion's war effort reflected the strategic emergency of England and the Empire as a whole. By the end of 1940, 49,000 volunteers and balloted men had been accepted by the Forces, this figure rising to 86,000 by the end of November, 1941. Despite this withdrawal of man-power, the industries of the Dominion had so far succeeded in reorganizing their man-power resources, through the substitution of women for men, the dilution, of labour, the working of longer hours, the curtailment of non-essentials, and through an all-round increase of individual effort, that record overall production was being achieved both in primary and in secondary industries. The following figures show the trends of that period : —

The only classes of men who wore granted a virtually complete exemption from military service, at that time, were — Coal-miners, seamen, policemen, and clergy.

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Primary Production. Secondary Production. Year. __. , ir ■ , -o j.± a i. n Persons Value of Wool. Meat. Butterfat. Crops. engage(L Production. Tons. Tons. Tons. Acres. £ 1939-40 .. 138,393 535,000 185,365 432,000 108,722 129,061,826 1940-41 .. 147,991 515,000 200,365 475,000- 113,999 147,153,559 1941-42 .. 154,330 535,000 188,720 498,000 117,214 155,566,195

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While; a comparatively high degree, of protection against loss of man-power was accorded to the farming industries, yet there were four factors which led to the entry of a fairly large number of farm workers into the Armed Forces :— (i) In the earliest stages there was a small margin of unemployment to be absorbed, a . . ':■■.'.. number of farm workers being included among these men : (ii) All industries,were, at the outset, expected to make some contribution of man-power to the Forces : (iii) There were doubts in 1940-41 as to the possibility of shipping away the whole of the Dominion's exportable surplus of foodstuffs, so that the case for retaining the whole of the existing farm-labour force was not at that time seriously put forward : (iv) There was, on the other hand, among farming communities no less than elsewhere, some agitation against the holding-back of fit single men from service with the Forces. The Dominion's Armed Forces consisted at that time of— One Division in the Middle Fast: A Territorial Force subject to part-time training only : Air and naval training establishments : A voluntary Home Guard and other auxiliary organizations. The,; outlook appeared to be fairly stable, and the tasks ahead, on the man-power front, appeared to lie mainly in the orderly and progressive redistribution of man-power, and the fuller mobilization of woman-power and other unused labour reserves, so that essential production could be fully maintained or increased in spite of the continued steady withdrawal of men to the Forces. (/>) The Second Phase. —The sudden entry of Japan into the war broke up the whole of this background. The rapid southward progress of a formidable enemy threw a sudden emphasis on the organization of the, Dominion for defence against air raid and invasion. Compulsory universal service was introduced into the Emergency Reserve Corps and the Home Guard ; women and men of lower medical grades entered the ranks of the Army ; the Territorial Force was mobilized on a full-time basis ; a rapid succession of ballots was held with the object of building up the home-defence Forces to a level corresponding with the nature of the emergency. Though all further supplies of man-power to the overseas Forces were completely suspended for more than a year, this full-scale mobilization for defence inevitably resulted in a very substantial withdrawal of man-power from industry. While married men were being drafted into camp in large numbers, single men previously held back from the Service were also being released to the Forces. The importance of the national safety rose paramount above all other considerations, though even during this period of crisis it was found necessary to retain a substantial number of fit men such as coal-miners, locomotive-drivers, defence-construction workers, &c, as well as indispensable farm workers, 1 in their normal employment in order to maintain the industrial life of the community. It was at this time that the system of industrial main-power control was brought into operation, with important results in stabilizing the labour position and ensuring a supply of workers to the highest-priority work. ~ In order to safeguard the farming industries, an important step was also taken during mid-1942 to release substantial numbers of farm workers from camp, and approximately 8,000 men returned to the land. Even after allowing for these releases, however, the numbers withdrawn from industry rose between November, 1941, and September, 1942, from 86,000 to 170,000 — i.e., to a figure of 10 per cent, of the population, or 29 per cent, of the males aged fifteen to sixty-four. At the same time more than 100,000 men were serving with the Home Guard, and an even greater number with the E.P.S. (c) The Third Phase. —The transition from the period of emergency to the period of consolidation and readjustment came more gradually. Though the Japanese had been stemmed at Guadalcanal, there was still some risk of naval disaster, and precautions continued to be necessary for some time after the southward drive of the invader had been checked. During this period of strategic readjustment, a number of fundamental changes began to affect the industrial position of the Dominion. Allied Forces, now massing in the Pacific, required food, timber, ship-repair services, and other supplies and services most readily obtainable from New Zealand, and men began to be taken out of the homo-defence Forces to assist in meeting these requirements. The seasonal upswing of the 1942-43 season in the Dominion's butter and cheese factories and freezing-works had to be met by further drawing on the Army. As the pressure of industrial factors increased, the needs of the strategic situation decreased, and towards the end of 1942 it had become apparent that substantial reductions could be and, in fact, were, made in the home-defence Forces. A step had been taken during the period of crisis in the Pacific which contributed vitally to the success of the Allied Forces in Guadalcanal This was the despatch of a substantial Force into the Pacific. This Force was later located in New Caledonia and became the Pacific Division. Its provision by New Zealand may well have been one of the factors which turned the balance and hence enabled large-scale reductions to be made in the home-defence Forces. The implications of the new' situation were diverse and complicated. The Middle East Division had been without reinforcements for more than a year, and needed men. The Air Force required men for the purposes of maintaining the Empire Air Training Scheme and for establishing a New Zealand Air Force in the Pacific, (this being regarded as one of the best contributions to victory of which the Dominion was capable). The resources of the Navy wore stretched to the limit, and a resumption of the flow of recruits from New Zealand was urgently requested. At the same time each of the principal groups within the Dominion (including farming, sawmilling, construction, railways, and many of the manufacturing industries) required additional men if production was to be maintained at the necessary level.

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2. THE REDISTRIBUTION OF MAN-POWER IN 1943 After a full review of the position by War Cabinet in the early part of 1943, a substantial reduction of the home-defence Forces was decided on, and an allocation was made of the resulting release of men as between the overseas sections of the Army, the Air Force, and industry. , As a preliminary step a man-by-man survey of the Army was made, each man being asked to complete a card showing full details of medical grade, age, Army duties, home address, dependants, civilian occupation, qualifications and employment history, and whether prepared to volunteer for transfer to the Air Force or to a number of important industries which urgently needed men. These cards were concentrated in the National Service Department and used as a basis for the redistribution of man-power as described below. (a) Transfers of Army Personnel Overseas. —The Bth Middle East Reinforcement, long held in New Zealand, was despatched early in the year. The 9th and 10th Reinforcements followed in quick succession. A substantial body of fit men was despatched to New Caledonia, enabling the Force already located there to be built up in strength sufficiently to become a two-brigade combat Division. (b) Transfers from Army to Air Force. —Some thousands of the men in the Army who had volunteered to transfer to the Air Force were actually transferred to Air Force camps. For a time these men formed a pool from which, over a period of many months, men were fed through training courses of various types. A comb-out of the Pacific Division resulted in several hundreds of additional potential air-crew personnel being returned to New Zealand for flying training. These men were replaced from other Army sources in New Zealand. (c) Releases from Camp and Transfers to Industry. —The card survey enabled a selection for industry to be made from among men in the home-defence Forces who were ineligible for overseas service by reason of their age or medical class. Steps were quickly taken to secure the release of men with those types of skill for which there was an acute need in industry. Virtually all the tool-makers, pattern-makers, saw-doctors, bushmen, shoeing-smiths, loom-tuners and many other special types were quickly released. Men whose homes were in difficult labour-supply areas (such as Auckland, Wellington, and Hutt) were similarly released. In addition to this process of selective withdrawal, thousands of individual applications were received from employers. These were examined by Man-Power Officers, and, if a good case was shown, were passed on to the Army. In the majority of cases these applications were successful. As a special policy measure, youths aged eighteen and nineteen were released as a class on their own application in order to enable them to lay the foundations for their normal future careers. Some hundreds of men unfit for overseas service and men in the over-forty ago classes were similarly permitted to leave the Army on their own application. Further reductions of the Army in New Zealand were arranged in subsequent months, and by September, 1943, some 14,000 releases to industry had been achieved. Subsequent reductions in the home Forces have since brought the figure of men released since March, 1943, to more than 18,000, apart from substantial drafts which have returned to industry after service overseas. The overall total who have been released over the whole period from June, 1942, to end of March, 1944, exceeds 40,000 men. 3. KEY STATISTICS, 1939-43 In this section of the report a number of key statistical tables are presented covering the period from the outbreak of war until the end of 1943. (a) Basic Population Resources and Movements : — When war broke out, New Zealand's total population (including Maoris) was .. 1,630,000 Were it not for war casualties, the " natural increase " (together with immigration during the war) would by the end of 1943 have brought it to .. .. 1,723,000 i.e., a gain in the first four years four months of war of .. .. > .. 93,000 (b) Effect of Transfers Overseas and Casualties. —Transfers overseas and casualties affected the figure of 1,723,000, however, as follows : — Population in New Zealand (end 1943) .. .. .. ..1,639,000 Forces serving overseas .. .. .. .. .. .. 70,000 War casualties— Deaths .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,000 Missing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,000 Prisoners .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 7,000 (c) Net Withdrawals from Industry. —The number withdrawn from industry by the Armed Forces was, however, considerably greater than the 84,000 (including casualties) shown in the above table. This figure may be estimated as follows : — In the Forces overseas .. .. .. .. .. .. 70,000 Casualties overseas .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,000 In the Forces in New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. 66,000 Rehabilitation cases not yet returned to industry .. .. .. 4,000 Total withdrawn from industry .. .. .. .. 154,000* * Includes 8,000 women.

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(d) The. " Natural Increase " in the Population. —Eegarding the " natural increase " of 93,000 mentioned above, it should be pointed out that this consisted largely of an increase in the number of young children in the community (the number under fourteen having increased by 25,000 due to a recent stimulus in the birth-rate) and an increase in the number of old people (the number over sixty having increased" by 36,000). In the remaining ages (fourteen to sixty) the natural increase over the period was therefore not 93,000, but only 32,000, and one-half of these were women.

(e) Strength of Mobilized Forces (excluding Casualties) : — Dates used. —September, 1939, outbreak of war ; End 1940, first Libyan advance ; November, 1941, prior to entry of Japan; September, 1942, peak mobilization in New Zealand; End 1943, approach to present position.

(/) Casualties on Active Service (all Forces combined) : —

(g) Forces plus Casualties and Population : —

(h) Wartime Changes in Labour Force available to Industry (September, 1939, to End of 1943) : —

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Date. Army. Navy. Air Force. Total. September, 1939 .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 End 1940 .. .. .. .. 37,000 3,000 9,000 49,000 November, 1941 .. .. .. 60,000 5,000 15,000 80,000 September, 1942 .. .. .. 125,000 6,000 26,000 157,000 End 1943 .. .. .. .. 80,000 9,000 40,000 129,000

Date. Deaths. Missing. Prisoners. Total. November, 1941 ... .. .. 1,194 1,134 3,560 5,888 September, 1942 .. .. .. 3,747 2,552 6,513 12,812 End 1943 .. .. .. .. 6,814 897 7,290 15,001

Total Males aged As a Percentage of Population Fifteen to ,, , Date. (including Sixty-four forces plus Forces and in Casualties. ToU1 Males aged Casualties). Population. Population. |ixt four September, 1939 .. .. 1,630,000 565,000 3,000- 0-2 0-5 End 1940 .. .. .. 1,667,000 570,000 49,000 2-9 8-6 November, 1941 .. .. 1,678,000 573,000 86,000 5-1 15-0 September, 1942 .. .. 1,695,000 577,000 170,000 10-0 29'5 End 1943 .. .. .. 1,723,000 582,000 144,000 8-4 24-7

Males. Females. Total. Labour force at outbreak of war .. .. .. .. 520,000 180,000 700,000 Portion of natural increase in population during the war +16,000 + 5,000 +21,000 normally available to industry Additional numbers available to industry as a result of war +16,000 +51,000 +67,000 mobilization— i.e., industrial conscription, deferment of retirements, continuation of work after marriage, &c. Less net number withdrawn to Forces after allowing for —146,000 — 8,000 —154,000 releases back to industry Industrial labour force at end of 1943 .. .. 406,000 228,000 634,000

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(i) Operations of the National Service Department : — (i) Glasses balloted and Protection of Industry by Appeal Boards and Man-power Committees

* The above figures show percentages initially postponed ; a proportion of these were later released for service, while, on the other hand, a large number of men havo been.released from service as circumstances havo permitted. (ii) Operations of Man-power Officers Directions into essential work— Males .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71,338 Females .; .. .. .. .. .. .. 19,120 Termination of essential employment: Applications refused .. . . 15,809 Industrial absenteeism— Warnings issued .. .. .. .. .. .. 12,757 Fines imposed .. .. ..- '..'■■ .. .. 2,589 Appeals : Overall percentage of decisions and directions appealed against .. 3%

(iii) Release of Men from Gamp and Retention of Fit Men in Industry

* As against 10,391 fit single men held in industry, more than 75,000 single men had joined the Armed Forces since the outbreak of war. 4. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NEW ZEALAND'S WAR EFFORT, 1943 Looking at the position as at the end of 1943, the major components of-New Zealand's war effort may be summarized as follows : — The Army Division in Europe. —The provision and maintenance over a period of almost four years of a Division in the Mediterranean war zone. (This Division has experienced a very great deal of action in Greece, Crete, North Africa, and Italy.) Forces in the Pacific. —The provision of various garrison Forces in the Pacific and the subsequent conversion of one of these Forces into a two-brigade combat Division. (This Division has taken part in the capture of various Pacific islands.) Home Defence. —The organization, build-up, and subsequent reduction of the home-defence Forces comprising three Divisions, along with substantial coast defence, anti-aircraft, and other fixed defences ; also the organization and training of the Home Guard (now disbanded), maintenance of overseas training camps, depots, &c. The Air Force Empire Air Training Scheme and World-wide Baltlefronls. —The regular supply of partially-trained personnel to the Empire Air Training Scheme right from the outset. After training in Canada/New Zealand airmen are fighting under Royal Air Force control in England, in the Middle East, and in the Far East. Pacific Air Force. —At present New Zealand operates a Pacific Air Force of many squadrons. Defence and Training in New Zealand. —A great deal of initial and also final Air Force training is given in New Zealand. Defence activities, expanded to meet the Japanese threat, have now been reduced.

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Percentage of Main Period. Class of Men called np, &c. Fit Men, held from kServico.* 1939-40 . . .. Volunteers .. . . .. .. ".. 1Q 1941 .. .. .. Single men called by ballot . . .. ... 27 1942 .. .. . . Married (without children) . . .. .. 35 1942 .. .. . . Married (with children) aged eighteen to thirty-one .. 41 1942 .. .. .. Married (with children) aged thirty-two to forty .. 54

Men released from Service. Category « A » Men hold m Industry-(End 1943). ' Industrial Group. _ to April, 11)43, March 1043 to Single. Married. Marcn, iwm. Marchj J944 Farming .. .. .. .. 8,200 4,800 4,634 7,928 Mines, sawmills,. &c. .. .. .. 900 900 1,106 2,118 Buildjng and construction .. .. 800 2,200 105 1,726 Transport and communication .. .. 600 3,700 1,397 5,283 Food processing . . .. .. .. 2,400 2,500 573 2,810 Metal industries and power .. .. 600 1,800 774 2,582 Other secondary industries .. .. 1,000 2,400 424 1,973 Commerce and finance .. .. .. 900 3,400 155 1,602 Others (including police, clergy, students, &o.) 900 2,200 1,223 2,601 Total .. .. .. 16,300 23,900 10,391* 28,623

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The Navy Men for Royal Navy. —The regular supply of trained men to the Royal Navy since the outbreak of war (except for a period in 1942 during tin; main period of the Japanese threat). Royal New Zealand Navy. —The maintenance of patrol, mine-sweeping, and other activities around the coasts of New Zealand and in the Pacific war zone. Food-supplies The supply of foodstuffs to Great Britain for the feeding of servicemen, war workers, and the civilian population. The supply of foodstuffs to the Armed Forces in the Middle East war zone. The supply of foodstuffs (including meat, dairy products, fresh vegetables, &c.) to the American and other Forces in the Pacific war zone. The supply of foodstuffs to the New Zealand and Allied Forces, war workers, and'remaining civilian population in New Zealand. Other Supplies and Services Equipment of New Zealand personnel in Armed Forces, including uniforms, boots, blankets, and much miscellaneous equipment. Supplies through Eastern Group Supply Council of munitions, garments, radio equipment, and many other types of supplies. Supplies through United States Joint Purchasing Board of timber, boots, batteries, garments, &c, in large quantities. Defence Construction. —Construction of a large programme of fixed defence emplacements, camps, aerodromes, stores, air-raid shelters, hospitals, &c, both in New Zealand and in the Pacific, for use of New Zealand and Allied troops and civilians. Ship repairs, ship-building, and jobbing services for the American Forces in the Pacific zone. The New Zealand Merchant Navy. Rail and other transport and provision of facilities for New Zealand and American Forces located in New Zealand. Civil Defence and Miscellaneous Organization and equipment of civil defence forces, Emergency Fire Service, traffic police, &c. (now inactive). Organization of auxiliary services, including Women's War Service Auxiliary, Women's Land Army, and miscellaneous auxiliary organizations. 5. THE MAN-POWER POSITION OF INDUSTRY AT THE CLOSE OF 1943 Man-power pervades all phases of human activity, and the interests of the National Service Department include all industries, and all sections of the community not in industry, as well as the Armed Forces. From time to time general reviews of the whole man-power position are prepared, and at the close of the year 1943 it was found advisable to make a survey of the position of each of the main sections of industry. The following paragraphs sum up the conclusions which emerged from this examination :— A. THE FARMING- INDUSTRIES ' The Dominion's entire farming effort may be regarded as falling into four major activities, these being — (i) The production of wool: (ii) The production of meat: (iii) The production of butterfat: (iv) The production of crops.

An impression of the extent to which production has increased or changed daring the war may be gleaned from the following figures, which cover all types of production within each of these major groups : —

Total Production

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Wool Qretsed. Butterfat Crops Season. (Greasy ,„„;Ji,f f* 18 a * the (excluding Basis"). £|gj* Pail). Fodder). Tons. Tons. Tons. Acres. 1936-39 (average) .. .. 138,000 470,000 184,400 376,000 1939-40 .. .. .. 138,400 535,000 185,400 432,000 1940-41 .. .. .. 148,000 515,000 200,400 475,000 1941-42 .. .. .. 154,300 535,000 188,700 498,000 1942-43 .. .. .. 152,000 537,000 174,700 517,000 Percentages of the 1936-39 Average 1936-39 (average) .. .. 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 1939-40 .. .. .. 100-3 113-8 100-5 114-9 1940-41 .. .. .. 107-2 109:6 108-7 126-3 1941-42 111-8 113-8 102-3 132-4 1942-43 .. .. .. 110-1 114-3 94-7 137-5

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Increased Bequirements Turning now from the production which is being achieved to the output required of the farming industries, the most prominent features of the position were— (i) The increased and urgent requirements of the United Kingdom : (ii) The new and substantial and increasing requirements of the American Forces : (iii) The longer-term prospects of urgent demands for food for the relief of devastated Europe. Man-power Position It was known that there were 7,000 farm workers serving with the Middle East Division and 4,300 with the Pacific Division, while the Air Force and Navy probably accounted for some 5,000 between them. Allowing 3,000 for casualties and a few hundreds for rehabilitation cases not yet returned to industry, it may be assumed that the farming industries have contributed a total of approximately 20,000 men to the Armed Forces, or about one-eighth of the pre-war labour force. Apart from this, there was evidence of a small-scale but persistent drift from farming to other occupations. The resulting reduction of man-power on farms arising from both of the above causes was one of the limiting factors to any increase in food-production. It affected dairy production particularly, as losses from other types of farming have tended to be offset to some extent by Army assistance (such as the harvesting scheme) and other factors (including transfers from dairy production). Quite apart from seasonal requirements for harvesting, froezing-works, butter-factories, canneries, and so on (which are dealt with in a separate section of this report), an increase in the permanent farm-labour force was urgently required as an important part of any scheme for increased production. This requirement, and the sources from which it could be met, are further discussed in later sections of this report.

B. THE BUILDING, CONSTRUCTION, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES At the beginning of 1944 the Dominion faced the following construction programme :—

The capacity of the present labour force (which was already averaging 47 hours per week) would not, however, permit of more than about two-thirds of the above programme being executed within the yearly period. While supply difficulties existed, it may be said in general that the Dominion's building-capacity was governed more at that time by a shortage of men than by any other factor. Quite apart from the hospital and defence contracts, the importance of making progress with hydro-electric construction and housing for servicemen and war workers was sufficiently evident to indicate that every possible step should be taken to make men available for this work. At the same time, much of the labour required would need to be skilled, and, apart from men in the Forces, there were virtually no skilled tradesmen available for direction to this work. (As an instance of the demand, the Karapiro hydro-electric scheme urgently required 400 men in order to keep the constructional work abreast of the arrival of plant from England, while upwards of 1,000 men were required for housing work in Auckland and Wellington alone.)

0. THE RAILWAYS An idea of the increased volume of traffic which the railways were being called on to handle, as compared with the reduced staff position, may be gleaned from the following table :—

* Included, approximately 2,000 females (as compared with 627 pro-war). The increase in traffic had been due mainly to the forced reduction in motor traffic, to troop movements, and to the general increase in industrial activity. Much overtime was being worked throughout all sections of the staff, the overall average hours actually worked being 48 per week. Even after absorbing over 1,000 men released from camp (including 600 specially returned from overseas), the Department was in urgent need of more men, particularly for workshops and track-maintenance. D. MUNITIONS, ENGINEERING, AND OTHER SECONDARY INDUSTRIES Heavy demands for a wide range of warlike stores —for example, such as batteries, blankets, boots, socks, and tropical suits —had been made on New Zealand by the United States Joint Purchasing Board. In many cases the magnitude of those demands greatly exceeded the capacity of the Dominion to supply. Shortages of raw materials and shortages of man-power necessitated much scaling down of requisitions.

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Value of Work Type of Construction. projected for 1944. £ Hospitals .. .. .. .. .. 5,500,000 Housing .. .. .. .. .. 4,000,000 Defence contracts .. .. .. .. 5,200,000 Hydro-electric .. .. .. .. 1,500, (XX) Industrial, public buildings, schools, &c. .. 1,800,000 Total .. 18,000,000

1938-39. 1943-44. Percentage Increase Passenger journeys per annum .. .. 23,266,000 38,611,000 66-0 Goods tonnage handled per annum .. 7,539,000 9,027,000 19-7 Gross revenue per annum .. .. .. £9,345,000 £15,325,000 64-0 Total staff .. 25,765 23,422* 9-1 decrease

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As regards munitions, the necessity to continue the manufacture of each line was carefully reviewed, and as a result of this review some hundreds of workers were transferred to other work. The Dominion's future munitions programme includes only those items for which there is an urgent demand. At the same time, a number of items for which orders had been received from the Eastern Group Supply Council had to be rejected owing to a lack of man-power or material in the particular industries concerned. Among the remaining manufacturing industries there were demands for labour in the woollenmills, tanneries, footwear, clothing, rubber, glass, and tobacco factories. These calls for labour were very insistent and covered a wide range of types of skilled and unskilled workers, male and female, running into many hundreds in all, and thousands if the lower-priority demands are included also. On the other hand, it should be stated that there were a number of manufacturing industries (as well as other fields of employment) in which strongly-voiced demands for labour tended to arise, without it being evident that full use was being made of the labour force already attached to these industries. With man-power resources in such short supply as to limit the physical capacity of the Dominion's war effort in other fields of production, it cannot be admitted that demands of this nature should be met. E. OTHER INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES Labour shortages existed also in coal-mines, hospitals, mental hospitals, catering, and laundry services, while the American Forces (already regularly employing over 4,000 New-Zealandors on permanent and casual work) continued to make demands for labour. The demand for coal-miners has been particularly difficult to meet on account of the heavy and dirty nature of the work, the need for fitness and experience, the lack of adequate accommodation, and the remote localities in which the mines are situated. The spheres of finance and commerce, wholesale and retail distribution, storage, administration, education, social services, entertainment, personal services, and the less-essential manufacturing industries had already suffered heavy reductions in male personnel, and, after replacing men with women, had already lost some of these women to higher-priority work and to the Forces, and had been forced on to lower grades of workers, including part-time, over-age, and juvenile workers. Unless further workers were to be stripped out from these fields of employment, with consequent tendency to harshness and disruption, it was becoming clear that the satisfaction of labour demands in the highest-priority industries must become increasingly a matter of circulation of labour within the "essential" group of industries. The extent to which the curtailment of less-essential industries and services is carried must, of course, remain a matter of degree. The severity of the man-power position as a whole is reflected in these spheres in inconvenience and difficulties to employers and to the general public. 6. THE HANDLING OF THE SEASONAL LABOUR PROBLEM IN 1943-44 The rise and fall of industrial activity in the farming, food-processing, and related industries constitutes one of New Zealand's greatest labour problems. For example, the freezing-works employ only 4,500 hands in a normal October, but by the end of January this figure rises to over 12,000, and then falls slowly back to 8,000 in June, dropping suddenly to 5,000 in July, and then slowly to 4,500 by October. The cycle is timed rather differently in the dairy factories, where the peak of 3,600 is reached in December, and the trough of 1,400 in July. In the farming industries the season for haymaking, fruit-picking, and harvesting of crops each year brings demands for upwards of 12,000 additional hands, while vegetable-production, fruit-canning, and other seasonal industries all rise simultaneously to their peak. Vegetable-production on a really large scale and dehydration of meat and vegetables are new developments which have set up both permanent and recurring (seasonal) demands for labour. For example, in October it was estimated that 300 permanent workers were needed for Services' vegetableproduction projects, while the seasonal demand, superimposed on this permanent requirement, was estimated to rise from 300 in November to 1,500 in January, and thereafter to fall again. Food-canning is another newly-expanded industry, the seasonal demand in this case rising to a peak of 700 workers in March. Steps to meet this array of urgent and unavoidable demands for assistance in the current season have been as follows : — (a) Releases from Army. —A special drive was made to secure release of the maximum number of farm workers before the peak of the season. (b) Women's Land Service. —A drive for recruits resulted in an increase from 972 (early October, 1943) to 1,879 (end March, 1944). (o) Students, Teachers, &c. —University students, lecturers, teachers, and senior school pupils were fully mobilized during their vacation for work in freezing-works, wool-stores, butter and cheese factories, and on farms. (Fuller details are given later in this report.) (d) Other Compulsory Directions. —Fit men returned in groups from service in overseas garrisons and (where expedient) men selected for short-term Territorial service were in many cases diverted into the freezing-works by compulsory direction. (e) Army Harvesting Scheme. —The scheme for short-term Territorial training was converted into a collective harvesting enterprise, thus taking advantage of— (i) Use of Army tents, camp equipment, transport, field radios, &c. (ii) Army organization, discipline, and experience in this work from the previous season, when the harvest was brought in more expeditiously than ever before in the history of the Dominion. The classes of men from whom individuals were selected for this form of service were— Single men, Grades I and 11, aged eighteen to forty : Married men without children, Grade I and 11, aged eighteen to forty : Married men with up to throe children, Grades I and 11, aged up to thirty. Selection for service was carried out by Selection Committees comprising Army, Appeal Board, and Man-power representatives. Certain classes— e.g., miners, seamen, medical men, police, &c. —were not included in the selection. Rates of pay for this work took the form of Army pay plus bonus of 6d. per hour for time up to 8 hours per day between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., or 2s. 6d. per hour for time outside these limits. Farmers were charged at 2s. 6d. per hour throughout.

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In all, approximately 17,000 men were initially selected for this form of service. When all appeals were disposed of it was found that approximately 13,000 would be available if required for service, and some 6,000 of these were actually used by the Army, together with 1,900 other mobilized men drawn from Army camps. Some hundreds of these men were also used for short-term service in freezing-works. 7. THE WAR CONTRIBUTION REQUIRED OP NEW ZEALAND IN 1944 It is of some importance from the historical point of view to place on record the following extract from a report placed by the Right Hon. the Prime Minister before members of both Houses of Parliament on 24th February, 1944 : — Each branch of the Armed Forces, and each of the important industrial groups, is anxious to increase its share of the Dominion's man-power or to avoid further losses. The optimum allocation of the nation's man-power is, however, necessarily governed not by the needs of sectional groups within the Dominion, but by overriding factors which have their origin outside the Dominion. If New Zealand could best assist the combined Allied effort by supplying an ever-larger numbor of fighting men overseas, even at the expense of food-supplies, then it would be clear that the proper policy would bo to maintain the maximum possible flow of man-power to the Armed Forces overseas. The advisability of this particular policy does not, however, appear to be indicated by recent trends. While it does seem possible to maintain the supply of a limited number of men of the types most valuable to the Armed Forces as. a whole, yet the accumulating need for still further increases in industrial effort, particularly in food-production, may now be said to havo become the dominating feature of the situation. It is not difficult to see the reasons for this gradual shift in emphasis. The accumulation of Allied Forces in tho Pacific (most easily supplied from New Zealand), the accumulation of vast invasion Armies in Britain (which cannot possibly bo fed from British food resources), and tho progressive need to feed populations in devastated countries following their occupation by Allied troops (a factor which may in the coming year very suddenly increase in importance) have combined to increase the relative importance of maintaining and increasing New Zealand's foodcontribution. At the same time, the mobilization of Allied troops on a vast scale has diminished the relative importance of our fighting Forces as a factor in the whole situation. In making this last observation it may be well to note that New Zealand has for four years maintained a greater proportion of hor men on active fighting fronts than any Allied nation except Russia—a fact which is reflected alike in her front-line strengths and in her battle casualty figures. While, therefore, a change in emphasis towards foodproduction, may perhaps involve a numerical reduction in her overall strengths at the fighting fronts, yet New Zealand has already done a very great deal of fighting and will have much more to do in the future. As regards tho allocation of man-power as between the various branches of the Forces, the predominant factor appears to bo that throughout the war the priority which should properly be attached to the provision of man-power to tho Air Force has been tending to rise along with the expansion of aircraft industries, the increasing size, range, and hitting-power of aircraft, and the development of their utilization in active warfare. During the whole period while vast Allied Armies remained quiet in England, the Royal Air Force was maintaining its various types of operational activities and was suffering casualties. At the same time, in zones where land fighting has been taking place, air fighting has accompanied it. Both in the land-sea-air fighting in the Pacific and during the period before (as well as after) the Armies go into action in the main invasion of Europe, the Allied Air Forces are due to experience a relatively large share of tho total activity and correspondingly heavy casualties. At tho same time, the sources of suitable personnel have almost dried up (mainly owing to tho mobilization of man-power in other services), and steps have been necessary to prevent tho development of a position in which largo numbers of aircraft would bo grounded for lack of crews. Consequently, progressive steps have been taken to remove ; every obstacle to the entrance of tho remaining suitable men to the various Air Forces, and compulsory methods have boon resorted to in order to fill ground-crow requirements. As regards naval requirements, a numbor of the above general observations apply also to tho Navy, and its priority, as regards overseas personnel, still appears to be above that of the Army. With the problem of manning thousands of invasion craft as well as new warships and patrol vessels of all sizes, the mau-powor resources of the Royal Navy are stretched to the limit. New Zealand's naval man-power commitment is not large. Both from tho point of view of seeing the Royal Navy through its hour of trial in opening tho second front (and maintaining this front along with its many other activities), and considering also the long-term advantage of taking the present opportunity to build up a body of New-Zealanders trained in naval matters (an asset of very great value to a maritime country such as New Zealand), it appears to be clear that the naval commitment should continue to be met. If, therefore, a reduction is found to be inevitable in some section of the Armed Forces in order to meet the need for expansion in the farming and food-processing industries on the substantial scale which is necessary, then it would appear from a comparison of the priorities as between the different branches of the Armed Forces that the reduction should affect some part of the Army rather than the Navy or Air Force. 8. THE EXTENT OP THE DOMINION'S CAPACITY In February, 1944, a further examination was made of the scope for— (a) Continuing to reinforce one or both the overseas Divisions (while maintaining the Air Force and naval requirements) : (b) Building up the farm-labour force on a sufficient scale from resources within tho Dominion : (c) Increasing the volume of production in the manufacturing industries. It was shown that, while it appeared to be possible to make progress toward two of these goals, the full achievement of all three would be well beyond the capacity of the Dominion. The basic data by which to examine the Dominion's capacity must necessarily show tho extent of the unused resources : — (i) In connection with reinforcements for the overseas Divisions, these resources consist of category " A " men, fit for service in any part of the world, now held in industry, but able to be released : (ii) In connection with farm-work, they consist of experienced farm workers who are at present employed in non-farming industries, and of inexperienced labour capable of being trained and placed on farms—in either case, of workers who are willing to transfer to farm work and able to be released from other industries : (iii) In connection with production in secondary industries, the unused man-power resources consist of labour that can be transferred into these industries, and of man-hours that could be worked (but not at present being worked) by the labour force already attached to them. Fit Men held in Industry and Effects of Their Withdrawal The following table, which comprises the final portion of the data relating to the Dominion's capacity, shows — (i) Number of male and female workers employed in each industry as at February, 1944. (ii) Number of single and married Category "A" men held from military service in each industry as at February, 1944.

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Table showing Industrial Distribution of all Male and Female Workers, including Category " A" Men held from Service

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Present Labour Force. ■ Fit Men held from Service. Industrial Group. Mules. Females. Total. Single. Married. Total. Primary — Sheep-farming 34,000 1,200 35,200 748 1,345 2,093 Dairy-forming .. .. .. 70,000 5,000 75,000 2,133 3,818 5,951 Other farming (including mixed, , 39,000 3,800 42,800 1,753 2,765 4,518 agricultural, fruit, &c.) Total, farming .. .. 143,000 10,000 153,000 4,634 7,928 12,562 Sawmilling and forestry .. .. 10,500 .. 10,500 317 844 1,161 Coal-mining 5,300 .. 5,300 679 968 1,647 Fishing .. .. .. 1,400 .. 1,400 55 104 159 Quarrying, gold, schcelite, &c, 5,400 .. 5,400 55 202 257 mining Total, primary .. .. 165,600 10,000 175,600 5,740 10,046 15,786 (jO'I'I S'/V'W ot'l ()Yl All building, construction, repairs, 19,000 .. 19,000 105 1,726 1,831 &c. Transport and Communication — ' Railways .. .. .. 22,000 2,000 24,000 632 2,099 2,731 Seagoing ships 4,500 200 4,700 611 868 1,479 Road, tram, harbour, &c, services 24,000 1,800 25,800 71 1,879 1,950 Post and Telegraph, and radio .. 7,000 5,500 12,500 83 437 520 Total, transport, &c. .. 57,500 9,500 67,000 1,397 5,283 6,680 Secondary Industries and Power — Freezing-works 12,500 500 13,000 226 1,535 1,761 Butter and cheese factories .. 3,500 .. 3,500 253 612 865 Other food (bread, biscuits, canned 6,000 6,000 12,000 94 663 757 food, &c.) Metal industries (excluding Railway 18,000 3,000 21,000 743 2,038 2,781 workshops) Gas and electricity .. .. 6,400 400 6,800 31 544 575 Textiles, clothing, &c .. .. 3,000 20,600 23,600 132 344 476 Footwear .. .. .. 1,900 2,200 4,100 100 258 358 Timber, joinery, boxes .. .. 5,500 100 5,600 40 344 384 , Furniture .. .. .. 2,500 100 2,600 10 89 99 Minerals (lime, bricks, &c.) .. 4,600 .. 4,600 25 212 237 Printing and publishing .. .. 6,000 2,800 8,800 19 177 196 Cartons, drugs, soap, tobacco, 7,400 3,700 11,100 98 549 647 tanning, &c. Total, secondary, &c. .. 77,300 39,400 116,700 1,771 7,365 9,136 _ -, Commerce, Finance, Storage — Banks, insurance, trustees, &c. .. 6,000 6,100 12,100 5 379 384 Shops, warehouses, depots, stores, 38,000 67,000 105,000 150 1,223 1,373 &c. Total, commerce, &c 44,000 73,100 117,100 155 1,602 1,757 Administration, Professions, MiscelPublic Service (excluding Railways, 7,000 9,000 16,000 53 470 523 Post and Telegraph, Education, Public Works Department, &c.) Local authorities, n.o.i. .. .. 3,000 2,000 5,000 50 448 498 Education .. .. .. 4,200 11,500 15,700 40 353 393 Professions (including medical, 6,200 1,000 7,200 74 363 437 dental, &c.) Police.. .. .. .. 1,400 .. 1,400 240 384 624 Prisons, hospitals, mental hospitals, 3,600 9,500 13,100 23 92 115 V &c. Religion and social welfare .. 2,600 2,000 4,600 338 413 751 Hotels, entertainment, cleaning, 14,600 61,000 75,600 13 50 63 domestic, and other miscellaneous services Students (full time) .. .. .. .. .. 392 28 420 Total .. .. .. 406,000 228,000 634,000 10,391 28,623 39,014

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Conclusions regarding the Capacity of the Dominion The fol'owing is a summary of the points which emerged from a study of the whole of the foregoing data relating to New Zealand's capacity. Assuming that the two Divisions remained overseas and that the Dominion's Air Force and naval commitments continued substantially to be met — (i) The withdrawal of sufficient Category " A " men to reinforce one of the overseas Divisions from the industries other than the vital primary industries was hardly practicable any longer, but could perhaps be achieved for one year only if there were no industrial demands having an equally high or higher priority (a position which did not apply) : (ii) The reinforcement of both of the Divisions from industries other than the primary industries could be dismissed outright as being physically impossible : (iii) Further withdrawal of farming workers from the Armed Forces would be necessary to achieve the maximum production which would be possible for the 1944-45 season : (iv) As regards the Dominion's capacity for increasing the volume of secondary production, the hours worked in a number of industries (particularly those with a high female content) suggested that there was some scope for increase in production in these industries (provided supplies of raw materials are available) : (v) The position of the distributive and commercial industries further suggested that a number of workers (particularly female workers) could, in circumstances of greater austerity, be transferred to industrial or other more productive work : (vi) This diversion to more productive work would in any case be achieved to some extent by the measures then being put into effect by the Industrial Man-power Division — i.e., registration of women aged thirty-one to forty and tightening up of procedure, particularly as regards inflow of labour into new employment. 9. THE WITHDRAWAL OF MAN-POWER FROM THE PACIFIC Documents prepared at the actual time when far-reaching problems are under discussion are often found to give the best guide as to the development of thought and policy at the time. The following paragraphs, which are taken from a report of the Director of National Service dated the 25th March, 1944, and another of 30th March submitted to Members of the House by the Minister of National Service, show the position which had been reached towards the end of the period covered by this report, and give a summary of the factors which led to a major policy decision being taken at that time. The Food Requirements of the Allied Nations Deterioration of Food Position in Great Britain. —Urgent representations have recently been received from Great Britain requesting the largest possible increase in New Zealand's contribution of foodstuffs (particularly meat, butter, and cheese), in order to avoid the necessity for further cuts in the already meagre rations of those foods available to the civilian population, including the wartime industrial labour force. Heavy reductions in supplies of these foods, and particularly of butter and cheese, have occurred in the current year from each of the principal countries of supply. As a result of past setbacks in supply, the British cheese ration was reduced successively from 8 oz. to 6 oz. to 4 oz. to 3 oz., and is now in danger of being reduced to 2 oz. The butter ration, now down to 2 oz. per week, will have to be entirely suspended for a period unless further supplies can be made available. Food Requirements of Allied Forces in the Pacific. —In addition to urgent requests for increased supplies to Great Britain, there have been very large-scale demands from the United States Joint Purchasing Board for foodstuffs for the Allied Forces massed in the Pacific. New Zealand is the nearest point of supply to these Forces, so that it is in the interests of conservation of shipping for these demands to be met as far as possible. At the same time, only a fraction of the quantity of meat requested has been able to be made available, while the meeting of butter and cheese requirements has reduced the amounts which would otherwise have been available to Britain. Probable Further Urgent Demands. —lt is anticipated that as devastated territories are occupied in Europe in the coming months, urgent demands for food, among other forms of relief, will quickly arise. Adjustments in New Zealand's War Effort Impossibility of maintaining the Two Overseas Divisions at Full Strength. —On account of the length of time which has elapsed sinco the call-up of the last available age-groups for military service, and the combing-out of fit men from classes previously postponed from service which has since continued, New Zealand has now arrived at a position where it would no longor be possible to maintain the flow of reinforcements to the overseas Forces without seriously reducing her output of primary products. The man-power requirements of the Air Force and Navy take a higher priority than those of the Army, and their combined intakes will absorb the whole of the inflow of fit men at the youngest military ago. Quite apart from increasing her food-supplies, New Zealand has therefore had to face for some time the alternatives of either allowing both Divisions to remain in action and to run down in strength, or of withdrawing man-power from one Division in order to maintain the other at full strength. The Significance of the New .Demands for Increased Food-production. —With the present urgent demands for increased food-production, the whole position has had to be considered afresh. As a food-producing country, New Zealand is the most productive land in the world. Her capacity to produce foodstuffs when compared with the size of the labour force involved is higher than that of any other country. Her production figures have been at a high level throughout the war, though the cumulative effects principally of manpower losses and fertilizer difficulties have now made themselves felt, and a falling tendency in production (already evident for over two years in dairy products) has now spread to other sections of the farming industries. Approximately 20,000 farming workers have been lost to the Forces, some thousands of whom are in each of the Divisions. The return of the farming workers from one of the Divisions would materially assist to arrest and reverse the present decline in food-production. Opinion op Combined Chiefs op Stapp, London and Washington The whole matter was therefore referred to Mr. Churchill and Mr. Roosevelt, and the opinions of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in London and Washington obtained. As. a result of those negotiations, which extended over some considerable time, the decision was made to withdraw a limited number of men from the Pacific Division to meet the demand for increased labour for food-production.

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As a preliminary step a rapid survey of the Division was carried out by means of a special card which each man was required to complete. The details on the card included particulars of age, medical grade, Army duties, full civilian employment history, training, and qualifications, also marital status, home district, and whether prepared to undertake work on a civilian basis in any one or more of the following industries:— Farming. Building and construction. Butter and cheese factories. Sawmilling and logging. Freezing-works. Coal-mining. Bail way operational, workshops, or trackmaintenance. These cards were concentrated at New Caledonia, and a representative of the National. Service Department was stationed there for the purpose of assisting in the selection of individual men for return to New Zealand. A detailed scheme of priorities was prepared, preference being given in the first instance to experienced men, while the factors of age, marital status, and number of children were also recognized. As a general basis for timing the whole operation, a programme for the return of men was prepared in collaboration with Major-General Barrowclough, D.5.0., M.C., Croix de Guerre, G.O.C. 3rd New Zealand Division. This ensures that men will be available in time to meet the seasonal demand for labour, while, at the same time, it avoids undue difficulties for those in charge of the Division and strains on the transport system such as would result from the simultaneous release of very large bodies of men. These arrangements are, however, essentially flexible and capable of alteration as may be found necessary as the whole operation proceeds. _ A part of the general plan for disposal of men from the Pacific is to provide relief for the railways, which are in very urgent need of men, and to provide also a number for the sawmilling, building and constructional, and coal-mining industries. These numbers will, however, be small compared with the numbers for the farming and related industries. 10. THE BUILD-UP OF THE FAEMING INDUSTRIES While negotiations for the return of men from the Pacific were proceeding, the fullest attention was also being given by the Government to the internal problem of building up and reorganizing the farming industries, so that the recent decline in butterfat-production could be stopped and reversed, and the maximum benefit could be obtained from the increased fertilizer and man-power resources now to become available to the farming industry as a whole. A series of conferences has therefore been held which have brought together the Dominion Council of Primary Production, the Dairy Industry Council, the Agriculture Department, the Army Department, the Stabilization Commission, the National Service Department, and the Industrial Man-power Division. All these representatives twice met War Cabinet, and a comprehensive plan for increased production has been prepared. Actual steps to secure increased production by augmenting the labour force of the farming industry have been as follow : — (a) The withdrawal (as indicated earlier) of men on a large scale from the Pacific Division : (b) A complete and detailed survey of the man-power requirements of the farming industries. This has been carried out by the provision at all post-offices of a special application form to be completed by all farmers throughout the Dominion who will be in need of any farm labour at any time during 1944. These applications are being examined by Primary Production Councils and arranged by them in order of urgency, and then passed on to District Man-power Officers. It will thus be possible to ensure that men becoming available will be placed on the most suitable farms, having regard to all factors, including the urgency of the application and the likely increase in production which would result from the placement. On the return of men to the they are granted privilege leave on the basis of length of overseas service (but in no case less than twenty-eight days), and then become subject to direction to farm-work. Those who cannot be absorbed at once by direct placement on individual farms will be used in other essential work until such time as they are permanently absorbed into farm-work. PART lI.—REVIEW OF THE FUNCTIONS AND MACHINERY OF THE DEPARTMENT IN 1943-44 11. NATIONAL SERVICE A. BALLOTS FOR NATIONAL SERVICE Generally speaking, the calling-up of the eligible population for military service was completed by the end of 1942, when all men, both single and married, from the ages of eighteen to forty-five inclusive had been called up. There remained, however, a small accretion of men entering these classes from various sources, and the regular inflow of young men attaining the ago of eighteen years at the rate of rather more than 1,000 per month. In order that these men should become available for whatever service may be required of them, such as Air Force service, temporary Territorial training, or seasonal employment with the Army or otherwise, it was decided that they should, as a matter of course, be called up regularly in batches. In conformity with this policy, two " ballots " were held in 1943-44, these being the twentieth and twenty-first ballots, the Gazettes being issued on the 27th July, 1943, and 10th November, 1943, respectively. The earlier of these included 7,536 names, and the later, 4,077 names — i.e., 11,613 men in all were called up within the year, the great majority of these being young men who had recently attained the age of eighteen years,

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B. ARMED FORCES APPEAL BOARDS During the period under review in this report there has been a progressive falling off in the normal work of the Armed Forces Appeal Boards. The numbers of men now being called up by ballot for service in the Armed Forces are limited almost exclusively to the inflow of young men at age eighteen. These youths are not subject to full-time mobilization until they attain age twenty, and the percentage of appeals is consequently low. A further aspect which has assisted in reducing the work of the Boards has been that, for the past twelve months, Army mobilization has been substantially restricted to Grade I men between the' ages of twenty and forty inclusive. The normal work of the Boards has therefore been confined almost entirely to the review of appeals. This, in turn, has been restricted, particularly in respect of appeals affecting farm-workers. (It was decided at the commencement of the productive season that, in view of the high priority of primary production, little purpose could be served by proceeding with the systematic review of farming oases. Only to a very limited extent, therefore, have these cases been the subject of attention by the Boards during the past six months.) A material addition to the work of the Boards arose during the latter months of 1943 in consequence of the decision to mobilize temporarily for agricultural and other work a substantial number of men liable for Territorial service. For the purpose of effecting a preliminary selection of personnel for this service, special Selection Committees were set up in each military area, comprising the Secretary to the Armed Forces Appeal Board, the District Man-power Officer, and the Area Officer. Persons selected were duly notified, and a right of appeal was afforded both to the individual concerned and to his employer. In consequence, the Boards were called upon to deal with a not-inconsiderable number of cases at fairly short notice. This work was handled expeditiously. Another special duty which devolved upon the Boards during the past year was the examination of applications made by members of the furlough drafts from the Middle East seeking retention in New Zealand. It was the duty of the Boards to examine the circumstances in each case and to submit reports thereon to Army Headquarters, who made the final decision as to whether further relief should be afforded. As a result of the general falling-off of the work, action has been taken to effect a reduction in the number of Boards. In July, 1943, the number of existing Boards was reduced from twenty-five to nineteen, while from Ist April, 1944, a further reduction was made to sixteen Boards. C. THE SPECIAL TRIBUNAL As explained in the last annual report, the Special Tribunal was set up for the purpose of ensuring (a) that conscientious objectors whose appeals were allowed were ncit thereby placed in a better position financially as compared with men in the Forces, and (b) that they were engaged in useful work. Payments made in terms of orders by the Tribunal during 1943 amounted to £6,687 ; in one case a conscientious objector who was held from military service in the public interest also made voluntary payments amounting to £97. The only change of any significance in the principles governing the work of the Tribunal was the cancellation of orders in respect of conscientious objectors whose appeals had been dismissed subject to non-combatant service and who were not required for service by the Army. This alteration took effect as from the beginning of 1944. D. DEFAULTERS' DETENTION CAMPS As described in the last annual report, these camps have been set up for the purpose of detaining men whose appeals have been dismissed but who nevertheless refuse military service. At the 31st March, 1944, the total number of men in camps was 610. Up to that date 51 men had elected to serve in the Army and 31 had been transferred to prison. The men are distributed in a number of camps and have been engaged in work as follows : — Strathmore. —Land-development, including fencing, draining, top-dressing, &c, under the supervision of the Land-development Section of the Lands and Survey Department: Galatea. —Dperation of a farming block owned by the Lands and Survey Department. The work includes haymaking, shearing, mustering, fencing, &c. : Hautu. —Work in this camp is carried out for the Prisons Department, and- includes clearing, ploughing, scrub-cutting, fencing, post-splitting, and rabbit-extermination : Shannon.— -The men in this camp arc engaged in cultivating and weeding flax for the Industries and Commerce Department: Balmoral and Conical Hill. —The principal occupation of men in these camps has been firewood-cutting and forest-thinning under the direction of the Forestry Department: Further Camps. —Additional camps are in the process of being established in various localities in the North Island for firewood-cutting. The confinement of conscientious objectors as a class has involved—■ (a) Complete segregation : (b) Seasonable accommodation : (c) Strict discipline : (d) Provision of social amenities. The aim has been to develop a segregated community in essentially decent and healthy conditions involving mental and physical occupation and discipline, but not the infliction of harsh treatment.

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E. WOMEN'S LAND SERVICE The Women's Land Service was originally established for the purpose of assisting in the work o maintaining food-production at the time when the threat of invasion to New Zealand necessitated the withdrawal to the Forces of every possible fit man from fanning, along with all other industries. Progress in recruitment was not spectacular at the outset, and conditions applying to the women were later improved, with consequent increase in the number's applying to enter farm-work. During the past year there has been a further drive for recruits, and women from all occupations,, no matter how essential, were invited by radio to put in applications to join the Women's Land Service. A special campaign was also conducted in farming districts throughout the Dominion, and as a result of this drive the number of girls actively engaged in the Service increased considerably. Between October, 1943, and the end of March, 1944, the number rose from 972 to 1,879. The administration of the Women's Land Service has now been largely decentralized and the work is handled primarily by District Man-power Officers. Since this change has been made, there has been a further marked increase in recruiting. F. WOMEN'S WAR SERVICE AUXILIARY With the relaxation of the Emergency Precautions Scheme following upon the improved situation in the Pacific, one of the original purposes for which the Auxiliary was formed does not now exist to anything like the same extent. The operations of the Auxiliary have, however, been extended to cover a wide field of useful activity. The principal duties carried out by the members include the provision of voluntary staff for canteen huts, Service clubs, and hostels throughout New Zealand, visiting of sick and wounded soldiers in hospitals, training of hospital aids in kitchen and laundry work, and training in obstetrics for the assistance of maternity hospitals. ■ , .; Vegetable plots are still being maintained, the vegetables being supplied to the families of soldiers overseas and to Service clubs, or sold for the benefit of patriotic funds. The Auxiliary has rendered valuable assistance by organizing committees in connection with war loans and national savings, and in collecting and repairing clothing for occupied countries. It acts as a recruiting agent for the Women's Land Service. The organization is represented on Food Committees. 12. CIVIL DEFENCE The progressive relaxation of the emergency services of the Dominion as the threat of invasion* passed on was described in the last annual report. The outlook as regards possible invasion has continued to improve throughout the past year, and the risk may now be regarded as negligible, There has therefore been very little activity in this section of the Department's organization, which is now reverting to its normal peacetime functions of providing the nucleus for organized safeguards against the risk of earthquake, epidemic, flood, conflagration, or other large-scale disaster. As from the Ist April, 1944, this work was transferred to the Internal Affairs Department. 13. INDUSTRIAL MAN-POWER A. BASIS AND SCOPE OE MAN-POWER CONTROL, INCLUDING RECENT CHANGES (a) Main Measures of Control over Industrial Man-tower At the close of the period covered by the last report the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1942 were operative. Those measures of control, introduced in January, 1942, provided for control over labour in three main directions. There was control over the outflow of labour from industries essential to the war effort. Coupled with this there was registration of males and females for compulsory direction into such industries. Thirdly, there was control over the engagement of labour. In their present form these measures of control are set out in the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1944. (i) Control over Outflow of Labour from Essential Industries. —Power was taken to declare either industries as a whole or individual undertakings to be essential. The main effect of such a declaration is to make it illegal for either employer or worker to terminate employment without first obtaining the consent of a Man-power Officer. Thus the outflow of labour from such industries or undertakings is regulated in accordance with the national interest. The imposition of such a restriction on workers had, however, to lie balanced by certain safeguards. The provisions governing essential industries and undertakings provide that the worker's wages may not be reduced, that he must be paid a minimum weekly wage whether the employer is able to employ him fully or not during the week, and that he may appeal to an independent tribunal against any refusal of consent to his application to terminate his employment or against any termination or dismissal at the instance of the employer. Furthermore care is taken, in declaring undertakings essential, only to declare those in which wages are up to the prevailing rates in the industry and where conditions are otherwise satisfactory. In essential industries and undertakings there are now employed some 180,000 males and 75,000 females —approximately 40 per cent, of the total working population. Another 153,000 persons are engaged in farming, which, although it has not been declared essential because of the practical difficulties involved in operating the provisions of a declaration under the special circumstances which obtain in this industry, is nevertheless regarded as an industry of first wartime priority. Tin: Dominion's total working population comprises some 634,000 persons. Of the 255,000 workers in essential industries, some 6,000 per month have latterly been permitted to change employment for various reasons, a monthly labour turn-over of 2*3 per cent. The great majority of these workers moved to other essential industry of equal or greater importance.

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(ii) Registration for Compulsory Direction into Work of National Importance. —The wartime regulations governing the control of industrial man-power give power to place any person, irrespective of sex or age, and any company, firm, or association, &c, under direction to perform specified services or to continue to perform services in which they are already engaged. Eegistration is the medium by which individuals are located for direction. Different classes of persons have been called upon from time to time to register at Man-power Offices. These have then been interviewed, their circumstances and suitability for direction to more important work ascertained, and direction orders then issued to those regarded as suitable and available. Males from eighteen years to fifty-nine years inclusive not serving in the Armed Forces, and females from eighteen years to forty years inclusive except married women with dependent children, have so far been registered for direction to work of national importance. To the end of March, 1941, there had been 90,458 direction orders issued by Man-power Officers, 71,338 to males and 19,120 to females. Persons placed under direction to work of national importance have access to two forms of assistance in the event of incurring undue hardship as a result of direction. If a married man is directed away from his home centre under circumstances which require him to maintain his home while at the same time providing board and lodgings for himself away from it, he may claim a separation allowance of 30s. per week. Secondly, if a person is directed out of assured permanent employment into wartime work at a reduced remuneration, that person may claim a grant of financial assistance to make good the amount of the reduction up to £2 per week in the case of males and up to £1 per week in the case of females. (lii) Control over Engagements of Labour. —Except in the case of farming, coal-mining, hospitals, and several minor exceptions, all employers (both in industries declared essential and in industries not so declared) must obtain the consent of a Man-power Officer before engaging any labour. This gives the Man-power Officer an opportunity both to prevent the engagement of labour in less essential work an d also to direct into work of national importance according to priority requirements the labour so located as available for engagement. (6) Regulations In April, 1943, the regulations were amended in a number of minor respects designed to give greater flexibility. These amendments involved no basic changes in policy. By the beginning of 1944 it had become apparent that a number of further amendments were desirable. Opportunity was therefore taken to consolidate and re-enact the regulations as the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1944, which became operative on the 14th February, 1944. Apart from further minor amendments, the new regulations contained some important new policy measures. Power was taken to direct British and New Zealand seamen in New Zealand ports ; power was also taken for Man-power Officers and police to raid public places for the purpose of locating industrial defaulters and absentees. (c) Orders Orders were made under the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations as follows :— (i) Employment Restriction. —On Bth July, 1943, the Employment Restriction Order No. 3 was gazetted extending the existing Order No. 2 to include a number of new districts. Both Orders, however, permitted freedom of engagement of labour in all industries and undertakings declared essential, thus encouraging the maximum voluntary movement of labour into such industries at a time when the registration of successive classes for direction into work of national importance causing a large anticipatory movement of persons into such work. As this voluntary movement expended itself, however, the need to secure a more selective control over labour movements began to outweigh the value of this freedom of entry into the essential industries. Consequently, on 23rd March, 1944, the existing Employment Restriction Orders were replaced by the Employment Restriction Order No. 4, which requires prior consent of a Man-power Officer to practically all engagements of labour. Applications to engage labour under these orders have amounted to 32,226 cases : (ii) Registrations for Employment. —By 31st March, 1943, registration for direction to work of national importance had been extended to all males from eighteen years to fifty-nine years inclusive and to all females from eighteen years to thirty years inclusive. By the Registration for Employment Order No. 9, gazetted on 27th January, 1944, the registration age for females was extended to forty years, women with children under sixteen years under their personal care being, however, exempted from registration. It is to bo noted that women under twenty-one years of age are not directed to work away from their home centres : (iii) Control over Dentists. —The only other measure of man-power control introduced during the period covered by this report was the Dentists Employment Order 1943, gazetted on 9th September, 1943. It had become apparent that control over the movements of registered dentists was desirable both to preserve minimum civilian services in certain districts where voluntary migrations had resulted in an acute situation being reached, and also to safeguard the practices of dentists serving in the Armed Forces against the possibility of their being taken over by dentists moving into the district. Under the Order no dentist may change or terminate his practice without the consent of a Man-power Officer. Man-power Officers deal with applications in consultation with a National Dental Committee and the Health authorities.

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(d) New Policy Features in Administration (i) Financial Assistance. —The most important innovation has been the granting' of financial assistance to workers directed from their usual assured employment to work of national importance carrying a lower remuneration. This measure became operative on Ist April, 1943. It docs not apply to workers unemployed at the time of direction, or workers whose employment was then on the point of terminating. Nor does the measure apply to workers who habitually change from one employment to another, such as seasonal workers. Where, however, a worker is in a permanent job at the time of direction and, if not directed, could have continued to rely on an assured minimum of weekly remuneration in that job, he is given the right to claim from the State in respect of the job to which he is directed a weekly amount (exclusive of overtime and special payments)- sufficient to' bring his weekly remuneration up to the minimum assured level prior to direction. The granting of assistance is limited to a maximum of £2 per week in the case of males and £1 per week in the case of females, and is subject to pro rata deduction for absence and to cancellation in the case of deliberate absenteeism. (ii) Hostels and Camps for War Workers. —To assist towards solving the acute accommodation difficulties in Auckland and Wellington, where there has been an unavoidable concentration of certain war industries, the Department has arranged for the construction or adaptation of special camps for male workers, and buildings suitable as hostels for female workers. It is worthy of note that no female: is directed to work away from her home centre unless suitable accommodation is available for her. The control of the women's hostels is in the hands of the Young Women's Christian Association. (iii) Use of Students, Pupils, and Teachers for Seasonal Work. —To assist towards meeting the urgent man-power requirements of seasonal industries from December to April it was decided to bring all University and training-college students under direction during their summer vacations, and to bring certain classes of school-teachers under direction to the extent that their services might be required during the limited period of the school holidays. In addition, it was decided to enlist the voluntary assistance of as many senior school pupils as possible. In order to make this pool of man-power available at the peak of the seasonal activities, it was arranged with the University authorities that the University colleges should remain closed until the end of March. It was also arranged with the Education Department that senior school pupils should bo permitted to work during the summer holidays and for one additional month, either February or March or April, this arrangement permitting of groups being organized to replace other groups for each of these months. Details of the numbers of students, teachers, and school pupils who thus assisted in seasonal work are given in the Appendix. (iv) Nursing. —To meet a largo expansion in hospital accommodation (mainly for war casualties) as well as to offset the outflow of trained nursing personnel into the Armed Forces, a special effort has been made to recruit women into full-time nursing. This has been carried out in close co-operation with the Department of Health, which lias established a Civil Nursing Reserve as a mobile nursing reserve whose personnel can be drawn upon to meet staffing emergencies and expansions. Women with previous training as voluntary hospital aids have been reviewed by Man-power Officers with a view to diverting a maximum number into the Civil Nursing Reserve either as volunteers or by direction. Steps have also been taken to secure full measures of control by Man-power Officers over nurses completing training. (v) Industrial Medical Boards.— Control over industrial man-power has been operated to take due account of health factors, and where applications for exemption from or variation of national Manpower obligations are based on valid health reasons the decisions of Man-power Officers are invariably made in accordance with the requirements of health. To establish the validity of claims to exemption or variation on health grounds was, however, a difficult matter both to the Department and to doctors generally. Doctors were faced with the difficulty of meeting demands for medical certificates from persons of whom they had no previous knowledge and concerning whose statements they had no means of verification. Under such circumstances they were frequently unable to give sufficiently conclusive opinions. The Department, for its part, was faced with the problem of a steadily increasing volume of medical certificates which were too inconclusive for its purposes. ' Two steps have been taken towards overcoming these difficulties. The difficulty of the doctors was met by the distribution of a printed form, of application for a medical certificate on which the applicant is required to give sufficient information concerning case history and industrial conditions to enable the doctor to have a minimum background of information. Medica] certificates for man-power purposes must be furnished on this form after the relevent parts' of it have been completed by the applicant, and no other form of certificate is now acceptable. Nevertheless, there were still a number of cases where certificates remained inconclusive. To meet such cases Industrial Medical Boards have been set up in man-power districts, these Boards acting as medical referees. (vi) Use of Vocational Guidance Centres. —While no persons under eighteen years of age, male or female, have been registered for direction into work of national importance, measures of man-power control nevertheless affect persons under that age in three respects. All persons i n essential undertakings, irrespective of age, require the consent of a Man-power Officer before they can terminate employment. Similarly, all such persons are subject to investigations, warnings, and penalties in respect of industrial absenteeism. Thirdly, employers must obtain consent from a Man-power Officer before engaging labour, irrespective of the age or sex of the person seeking engagement. Administration of these three aspects of man-power control as they affect persons under eighteen years of age was delegated to Vocational Guidance Centres acting on behalf of Man-power Officers. Persons over eighteen years of age are also dealt with by the Centres where there are special circumstances to make such action desirable.

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(vii) Use of Maori Tribal Committees and Maori Women Personnel Officers. —The Department has had the co-operation of Maori tribal committees in all matters of man-power control as affecting the Maori people. In particular, the committees have assisted in promoting the excellent response which the Maori people have made to the industrial demands of the war situation, in securing that Maoris have complied with their obligations, in assisting the Administration to give due consideration to features of Maori life and organization, and in supervising the welfare of Maori girls working away from their homes. It is worthy of note that Maori girls living at home are not directed to work away from their homes, and that in all cases of Maori girls working away from their homes the tribal committees endeavour to maintain contact and supervision and to keep Man-power Officers advised. In districts where there are large numbers of Maori girls working, the Department has, moreover (on the recommendation of tribal committees), appointed Maori Women Personnel Officers to the staff of District man-power offices. (viii) Surveys of Staff Position in Main Industries. —During the year, Man-power Officers have proceeded with a detailed survey of the staff position in main industries in their districts. This survey, which is being carried out on a closely-detailed basis, has now been completed in respect of a number of industries, and is still proceeding in the case of others. It covers the complete listing of employees, showing in each case sex, marital status, age and medical grading, position in relation to military service, occupation, wages, hours actually worked, and other data. The completed surveys are proving of the utmost value to the Department in assessing man-power needs and resources and in enabling all cases to be dealt with against a proper background of the whole of the circumstances of the concern. (ix) Domestic Help. —With the mobilization of all available woman-power into industries of national importance there has been a steady decrease in the amount of labour available to fill private domestic positions. An increasing burden has accordingly been thrown on the housewife, and this is justifiable where she is capable of assuming that burden. Two types of case, however, claimed special attention— the need for domestic help on farms where catering for farm labour is beyond the reasonable abilities of the farmer's wife and family, and the need for domestic help in homes where an emergency arises through the illness of the mother. At the time of this report steps were well advanced towards establishing a reserve pool of women not available for ordinary industrial employment, but nevertheless available to meet such urgent calls for domestic help on a temporary or part-time basis. All local women's organizations are being asked to co-operate with the Department in establishing and operating' this scheme. (x) Returned Servicemen. —Returned servicemen from the present war (apart from those being returned on leave of absence without pay for special industrial purposes) are given special treatment in respect of man-power obligations. All persons in industry are subject to the various measures of control operating, but in the case of returned servicemen in the classes indicated — i.e., men returned from overseas by reason of unfitness for further combat duties —these measures are administered with the greatest leniency and are regarded as only secondary to the more important work of rehabilitation. In all such cases, therefore, the activities and recommendations of the Rehabilitation Department have first priority, and measures of man-power control operate accordingly. (xi) Direction of Medical and Dental Graduates. —During the year steps have been taken, in conjunction with the Department of Health, the National Medical Committee, and the National Dental Committee, to bring into operation a system of directing all medical and dental students upon graduation. Vacancies are arranged in priority according to the urgency of the position to be met in various districts, and graduates are then allocated to these positions in order of priority. Having regard to priority, as much consideration as possible is given to the individual circumstances of the graduate. (xii) Fixing of Priorities. —Under war conditions there must inevitably be shortages of labour and difficulties in replacing labour and obtaining additional labour. The Department's task in this respect is not to satisfy all demands regardless of their relative importance, but to ensure that each industry or undertaking does not have less than the minimum which national considerations require or permit. Consequently, vacancies have to be filled in order of priority, and frequently can only be filled by transfer of labour from other industries. The industries to yield up a further proportion of their labour force, as well as the industries to which labour is distributed, must be ranked in priorities in accordance with the national interest. These priorities, moreover, must be flexible, since circumstances change from time to time and necessitate continuous revisions of priorities. They must furthermore take into account all industries —farming, forestry, transport, mining, building and construction, manufacturing, &c. —and measure the needs of all against a common scale. From the foregoing remarks it will be appreciated that the fixing of priorities for man-power is neither a simple process nor one that can be determined by mere concurrence in the requirements of any particular industry or supply authority. The stated requirements of each have to be modified in order to meet the minimum requirements of all. This process has been achieved by, first, a necessarily flexible arrangement of consultations and conferences from time to time which enable major requirements to be planned and co-ordinated ; second, the establishment in the four main centres of special Manpower Advisory Committees which meet regularly and which are representative of supply authorities and presided over by the Man-power Officer ; third, a recourse to periodic regional conferences of Manpower Officers ; fourth, the preparation and revision, week by week, of an order of priorities in respect of current vacancies—this fourth measure being, of course, a product of the other three plus other information available to the Man-power Officer from his own industrial surveys, &c. (xiii) Students. —Interruption of studies by reason of service in the Armed Forces is not in itself deemed to occasion such undue hardship as to justify postponement of military service. Nevertheless, there has been an acute shortage, which still exists, of men with academic qualifications for special work not only in the Armed Forces, but in essential industries and services as well. Provision has accordingly been made under which, on the ground of public interest, postponement may be granted in respect of such minimum numbers of male students pursuing studies in medicine, dentistry, science, engineering, architecture, agriculture, or mining as in the opinion of the Director of National Service are necessary to meet the requirements of the Armed Forces and of essential industries and services. In determining upon recommendations for postponement, consideration has therefore to be given to the

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estimated number of students required, and on this basis selection is made, having regard to age and existing scholastic performance. Any postponement granted is subject to revocation if the student fails to pursue his studies diligently and effectively. In so far as persons are liable for direction to work of national importance, students (both male and female) who are pursuing a full-time course of study are, in general, not made subject to direction so long as they continue diligently and effectively with their studies and make satisfactory progress therein. Where a student has completed a course of study he is, in general, expected to make his services available either to the Armed Forces in keeping with his academic qualifications, or similarly to essential industry, rather than that he should proceed to a further course of study. In general, it is only in cases of exceptional merit that a person who already has a qualification can be granted further freedom from direction or postponement from military service to enable him to take a further course of study or to proceed to an Honours course. In so far as law and commerce students are concerned, as lectures are scheduled for evening sessions they are expected to undertake daytime employment in keeping with their line of studies. (e) Other Points of Interest in Administrative Procedure While the main features of policy which have been developed during the period under review have been covered above, there are a number of other points which are worthy of brief note. These are summarized as follows : — • (i) Vacancies. —The war has, it should be noted, created a long-period withdrawal from industry of some 154,000 persons plus various short-term withdrawals for Territorial training and other reasons. These withdrawals have, in the main, represented vacancies which employers desire to fill temporarily or permanently. Further vacancies have arisen from the need to expand certain industries and to establish new industries, so that the total real vacancies with which the Department has had to deal from these various causes can be estimated as not less than 200,000. In addition, there are substantial numbers of vacancies arising from two other causes : normal wastage from industry by retirements, changes in marital status, and ill health ; and transition vacancies arising from the constantly recurring redistribution of labour to meet changes in priority requirements as they arise. The Department regularly secures a return of the number of notified vacancies on hand on the 15th of each month throughout the Dominion. This return includes transition vacancies, which are subsequently cancelled out by redistribution of labour (from jobs Hearing completion to now jobs) and which are in progress at the time of the return, and also includes other vacancies in process of being filled. In recent months the total of such vacancies has varied between 7,000 and 10,000. As against this total must be offset some 4,000 to 5,000 directions to work of national importance issued by Man-power Officers each month and some 1,000 cases of consent to engage labour each month. The actual lag of maii-power resources behind notified vacancies is therefore somewhere in the vicinity of from 2,000 to 3,000, which cannot be regarded as an undue figure under the wartime circumstances existing. It can safely be assumed that all vacancies of any degree of urgency are included in the total of notified vacancies. This total also includes vacancies of less essential and lower priority ratings. The staffing of mental hospitals has in particular caused the Department great difficulty, largely owing to the rise of a widespread public antipathy to such work. That this antipathy is largely illfounded is demonstrated by reference to the fact that before the outbreak of war these institutions had no difficulty in obtaining staff and drew their recruits mainly from girls of eighteen to twenty-one years. The conditions of employment are good and the work (particularly that on which wartime recruits are engaged) is much less disagreeable than much of the work required of nurses in ordinary hospitals. Some improvement in the staffing of mental hospitals has been effected, but their needs remain a first priority. (ii) Man-power Shortages in Certain Districts. —Approximately one-third of notified vacancies are located within the Wellington and Lower Hutt Man-power Districts. Of the remainder, a very substantial proportion are located in the Auckland Man-power District. Vacancies in the Wellington - Lower Hutt areas have arisen mainly from three causes. In the first place, these areas had located in them prior to the outbreak of war certain large plants necessary for munitions-production, and the conversion of these pre-existing facilities has meant the concentration in the area of certain munitions production on a national basis. In the same way, tobacco-manufacturing for the whole of the Dominion's requirements (for civilians, for Armed Forces, and for prisoners of war) is almost entirely located in this area. Thirdly, in both the Wellington - Lower Hutt area and in the Auckland area there has been a great expansion in hospitals to meet military requirements. Thus in the above respects, the Wellington - Lower Hutt area in particular has unavoidably been required to undertake production for the Dominion's requirements as a whole. A further strain has been thrown on both the areas referred to through their use as bases by Allied Forces. As a result, industrial mobilization measures in these areas have had to be pursued with a greater degree of intensity than elsewhere, particularly in respect of calling up for direction and the combing-out of less essential industries. The position regarding housing and other accommodation' in these areas is acute, and the effect of this has been to reduce the possibilities of drawing upon the man-power resources of other areas and consequently to further heighten the disproportionately severe man-power strain already being borne by these areas. Directions from other districts to the classes of work referred to above represent an equitable means of staffing industries which arc performing a national job, but owing to accommodation difficulties it has not been possible to thus shift to other districts an equitable share of responsibility for staffing these industries. The establishment of camps and hostels (referred to earlier in this report) which has proceeded during the year has given a valuable measure of relief, but the position will remain acute until housing and other ace immodation is available to permit of the supply of a more equitable share of labour from districts whose man-power resources remain less heavily taxed. (iii) Absenteeism.-- While absence from work in an essential undertaking without leave or reasonable excuse is clearly a default in wartime obligations and as such has been made subject to penalty by deductions from wages, the Department is nevertheless satisfied that the only real solution of the

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problem of industrial absenteeism lies in improvements in personal contact between managements and workers, improved individual handling of cases of absenteeism, and the elimination of those conditions both within the workshop and beyond it which promote ill health, undue fatigue, lack of interest, and various personal difficulties of many sorts. This view is strongly borne out by reports from other countries and by investigations within New Zealand carried out by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In various tramways undertakings the National Service Department has sponsored the setting-up of joint committees of workers' and management representatives which deal with all cases of absenteeism and refer to the Man-power Officer only those cases where they consider a fine to be the most appropriate method of dealing with them. These committees have been most successful in reducing the incidence of absenteeism, on the one hand, and in securing sympathetic consideration of cases of justifiable absenteeism, on the other. (iv) Man-power Raids.—The very great majority of people in the Dominion have responded most willingly and loyally to the call of wartime industrial needs and to the measures of control rendered necessary. Nevertheless, there are inevitably a small number of persons who seek to evade wartime man-power obligations or who otherwise default in fulfilment of them. These consist of two main groups : persons who have failed to register for direction to work of national importance, and persons who have left essential work without consent. In order to locate such defaulters, power was taken in the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1944 for Man-power Officers and police to question persons on private premises or in any public place (theatres, billiard-rooms, golf clubs, tea-rooms, &c.) and so to check on their fulfilment of man-power obligations. Extensive raiding of such places has been carried out in the early part of 1944. The raids have been carried out tactfully and in a manner to cause the least inconvenience to the public. They have been instrumental in locating several hundred defaulters to date and have also revealed a number of cases of industrial absenteeism. The raids have been well received by the public, which has appreciated both the objective and the manner in which each raid is carried out. Reports indicate that, in addition to cases of default actually located, there has resulted from them a general improvement in the fulfilment of wartime man-power obligations. (v) Prosecutions. —The Department has throughout adopted an attitude of reasonable leniency in cases of failure to comply with obligations in respect of workers and employers wherever there have been good grounds to believe that the commission of an offence arose out of a genuine misunderstanding or that there; were sufficiently extenuating circumstances. Those who would advocate a policy of rigorous severity (and there are public critics who do) show little appreciation of the realities of work under wartime conditions, where pressure of work, shortness of staff, the lack of understanding of the import of regulations, and various other factors lead to the unintentional commission of minor offences by employers and where long hours of work, unfamiliar work, and personal difficulties and worries frequently bring about the commission of offences by workers which do not imply any wilful evasion of obligations. In the view of the Department penalties exist for dealing with more serious or deliberate offences and with persistent offenders, employers and workers. In all such cases the Department does not hesitate to prosecute, but it is pleasing to be able to report that, despite the fact that some 255,000 persons are subject to the control measures applying to essential industries and undertakings and that some 90,000 persons have been placed under direction, only 796 prosecutions have had to be instituted from the outset to 31st March,. 1944. These have been disposed of as follows : — Total proceedings instituted .. . . . . .. . . 796 Number withdrawn . . .. . . . . .. . . 136 Number convicted .. .. . . .. .. .. 520 Number dismissed . . . . . . . . .. 58 Adjournment or under action at date .. . . .. 82 (vi) Women in the War Effort. —The part played by women in New Zealand's war effort deserves special note. As shown in an Appendix to this report, there are 7,837 women serving in the Armed Forces, while a further 2,793 have volunteered for the Women's Land Service. In addition, there are some 75,000 women working in essential industries and a further 153,000 working in other spheres of industry. Many thousands of these women are doing men's work, keeping production and services going and holding the jobs open until the men return. Many of them are working long hours, and many are married women maintaining their homes at the same time. Women are working as van-drivers, railway porters, tram conductors, postmen, farm workers, munitions workers, and in many other operations previously performed by men. Others are working on essential military or civilian production in clothing-factories, boot-factories, woollen-mills, linen-flax factories, laundries, canneries, and many other factories, while yet others are engaged in nursing and in the essential services of providing, distributing, and serving foodstuffs both for members of the Armed Forces and for other war workers. The influence of women on the Dominion's war effort as a whole has been greatly extended and facilitated through the close and willing co-operation of the Women's War Service Auxiliary and of various other women's organizations such as the Women's Institutes, the Women's Division of the Farmers' Union, and the Royal Society for the Welfare of Women and Children. (vii) Compulsory Unionism. —In normal times the obligation is placed on an employer to see that persons employed by him belong to an appropriate; industrial union of workers in all cases where compulsory union membership applies, and he is able to meet this obligation through his freedom of choice in engaging workers or by his ability to dismiss those who fail to comply. Where measures of wartime control limit the employer's action in these respects, it has been necessary to take some alternative step to ensure fulfilment of the law. This has been done by deeming every person employed in an essential undertaking or working under direction to have complied with his obligations under the compulsory-unionism law in so far as it may require him to join a union and remain a member of it. If the trade-union makes two unsuccessful written demands for payment of union fees from such a member and there is no valid ground for the worker to dispute his obligation under the compulsoryunionism law, the Man-power Officer may direct the employer to deduct the fees due from' wage; and pay them to the trade-union.

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B. MAN-POWER UTILIZATION COUNCILS AND COMMITTERS From the outset the Department has recognized that the effective wartime organization of industry can only be achieved through the co-operation of the parties in industry. Accordingly, as mentioned in the 1943 report, Man-power Utilization Councils have been set up in connection with a number of important industries. These Councils are Dominion-wide in their scone and include equal numbers of representatives of employers' and workers' organizations. These representatives are nominated by the organizations concerned, and appointments are confirmed by the Minister of Industrial Man-power. Council meetings are chaired by the Controller of Man-power or his deputy. Representatives of other Government Departments directly concerned in the industry are added to the Councils as considered necessary. These Councils are advisory ; their duty is to keep the Industrial Man-power Division (and through it the Government and other Departments) informed of the man-power position in the industry, to advise on the effectiveness or otherwise of man-power measures already in operation, to assist departmental officers to understand the problems and needs of the industry, to make recommendations regarding steps which might assist towards the better use of man-power in the industry, and to discuss any difficulties or other matters which may have arisen and which are in any way related to the harmonious and efficient mobilization of industrial man-power. Councils are essentially informal and flexible. They are expected to proceed in an atmosphere of informal good will and sympathetic understanding, and to sink any personal hostilities or partisan differences in a common effort to do the best for the industry and the war effort as a whole. In the main they are expected to proceed by unanimous agreement. A Council is regarded as one unit with one common objective. It is expected to pool its divergent opinions and ideas with a view to reaching a conclusion that takes all the pros and cons fairly into consideration. Local Man-power Utilization Committees have been Set up wherever such action is desirable. These Committees consist of equal numbers of representatives of local employers' and workers' organizations in the industry, with the District Man-power Officer as Chairman. Local representatives of other Government Departments are added to the Committee if the Man-power Officer deems this to be desirable. The Committees are advisory bodies whose duty is to keep the Man-power Officer informed of the man-power position in the industry locally, to bring to his notice any seemingly mistaken or incorrect decisions that may have occurred, to assist him in understanding the particular needs of the industry, to advise him regarding the directing, building-up, or tapering-off of man-power, to assist him in effecting a thorough comb-out of man-power, and to recommend any other steps which he might consider necessary for securing the better distribution or more effective use of man-power. Committees are also charged with the duty of investigating all possibilities of release of man-power, either to other industry or to the Armed Forces. In addition, Committees may put forward recommendations for the consideration of Dominion Councils on matters affecting man-power generally. They may also deal with local difficulties or disputes with a view to overcoming these by unanimous agreement, but they niay not pursue matters which are the proper province of other Departments or jurisdictions—such as, for example, matters which should be dealt with by the Arbitration Court or the Industrial Emergency Council. Committees, like Councils, are essentially informal and flexible. Good will, a willingness to give sympathetic consideration to each other's difficulties, and the sinking of personal or party differences in the interests of the industry and the nation as a whole have been regarded as most necessary features. Utilization Councils and Committees represent sections of industry with corresponding sectional interests. The Man-power Officer and the Department retain the power to co-ordinate these interests, to hold the balance between the rival claims of different industries, and to serve the national interest by securing that sectional interests are merged, or realigned, or subordinated as the circumstances of the situation as a whole may require. These Councils and Committees are the only advisory representative bodies having any status under the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations. Other forms of committees exist, and in some cases the Industrial Man-power Division has assisted their formation and permitted Man-power Officers to be elected as chairmen. This does not give such committees official status under the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations. The Department is, however, sympathetic to all attempts at joint advisory organizations designed to promote harmonious relationships and, through such relationships, to achieve a better and more efficient use of man-power. It is the belief of the Department that the spread of voluntary advisory committees, if they operate in a spirit of sympathetic understanding and good will, can be a great stimulus to industrial harmony and efficiency. An up-to-date schedule of Man-power Utilization Councils and Committees is given in the Appendix. C. DISTRICT MAN-POWER OFFICERS The greatest part of the burden and pressure of work performed by the Department during the past year has been born by the twenty-two District Man-power Officers and their staffs. It is no simple thing to direct a worker to change his employment, or to make a decision affecting an application to leave an essential job, or to deal with a case of alleged absenteeism. Workers and employers are thinking human beings with their own views, their own plans and tastes and hopes and interests and temperaments. Each is striving towards some goal, and is prepared to try various means of reaching it. Before a decision or direction is given, much investigation, interviewing, and recording work must be carried out. Some workers and employers accept the direction or decision without question, but in many cases a whole train of further interviews and negotiations is opened up by each action of the District Man-power Officer, leading at times to a modification of the step being taken or (in a few cases) to appeal, which means still more work. The magnitude of the volume of work executed by District Man-power Officers and their staffs may perhaps be best appreciated from a brief survey of their work during the past year. They have drafted more than 20,000 men released from the Armed Forces into suitable employment; they have successfully coped with the problem of supplying more than 10,000 workers to the seasonal

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food-processing industries, such as freezing-works, butter and cheese factories, and canneries ; they have played a part in the selection of men for the Army harvesting scheme ; they have successfully mobilized the student labour of the Dominion for seasonal and holiday work ; they have found workers urgently in hundreds for hydro-electric constructional works, for hospitals, farms, coal-mines, gasworks war industries, and for many essential services ; they have scrutinized tens of thousands of applications to leave essential employment, and have investigated and decided each case ; they have dealt with tens of thousands of applications to engage in less-essential work, cases of absenteeism, applications for financial assistance, and claims for travelling-expenses and separation allowance ; they have extended the registrations of women to embrace those in the thirty-one to forty age groups ; they have scrutinized all applications of women to join the Armed Forces and the Women's Land Service ; they have prepared hundreds of special reports, returns, investigations into individual eases, and special subjects ; they have convened hundreds of meetings and worked out detailed matters of local policy with organizations of workers and employers. As the year closed they have faced one of their biggest single jobs—that of building up the personnel of the farming industries on a scale in keeping with the great increase in production which is required. It is safe to say that, even allowing for all the inconvenience to individuals which is inherent in the loss of complete freedom in the choice of their work, the system of industrial man-power control, as it has been administered by the District Man-power Officers, has not borne harshly on the community. On the other hand, it has provided an element of industrial stability which has made a vital contribution alike to the achievement of the Dominion's war effort and to the maintenance of living standards throughout the community. In spite of a substantial increase in their work, the staffs of the District Man-power Officers have shown only a slight numerical increase during the past year. The year has been rather one of consolidation and improvement in the internal organization of District Man-power Offices, and has been marked by the establishment of a regional system which provides for the District Man-power Officers to be grouped round the three main centres of Auckland, Wellington, and Christchureh. Regional Conferences of Man-power Officers have been held, and. a, Dominion Conference of Man-power Officers and Appeal Committees was held in Wellington under the; Chairmanship of the Minister of Industrial Man-power. D. MAN-POWER APPEAL COMMITTEES In contrast to the Armed Forces Appeal Boards, the Industrial Man-power Appeal Committees have expi rienced no falling off of work during the past year. A steady 3 per cent, of directions into essential work and 2| per cent, of decisions regarding termination from essential work have been found to give rise to appeals. Appeals against decisions regarding engagement in less-essential work have formed only a negligible fraction of the number of decisions, while only about 3|- per cent, of cases in which fines have been imposed for absenteeism have led to appeal. Approximately one-half of the appeals against directions into essential work have been successful; one-third of appeals against decisions regarding termination of essential employment, and one-quarter of appeals regarding fines for absenteeism, have similarly succeeded. As the general volume of work handled by District Man-power Officers has tended to increase, so has the volume of appeals reflected this increase, so that it has recently been found necessary to set up a further Committee, making a total of five Appeal Committees now functioning. E. EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION SCHEMES Even though man-power is in short supply, the need for special assistance in keeping in employment the semi-employable margin of the labour force (which would otherwise rapidly become completely unemployable) has not entirely disappeared, though a further reduction in the scope and extent of this assistance has become possible during the past year. The following statement shows the operations of the various employment promotion schemes under the control of the Hon. the Minister of Labour for the period from I st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944 :— Scheme No. 4f. —This scheme provides subsidies for twelve months on the basis of £1 10s. per week for the first six months and 15s. per week for the second six months in respect of the employment of inexperienced labour on farm-work. Up to Ist April, 1944, a total of 1,294 inexperienced farm hands had been placed under this scheme for training, and in an additional 246 cases house allowance had been paid. Of the whole number placed, only 1 was still in subsidized employment at the Ist April, 1944. Scheme No. 13.— This scheme provides for the full-time employment at award rates with local bodies and other employing authorities of registered and eligible men. At Ist April, 1944, only 494 men remained in employment under this scheme. These men represented cases of visible handicap, medical disability, advanced age, or failing powers, and all except a negligible proportion had dependants. It is considered that, denied work, many of these men would deteriorate, whereas steady employment and the difference between social security benefit and award rates of pay enable them to maintain their health and a reasonably contented psychology, to provide a somewhat improved standard of comfort for their dependants, and to render useful service to the community. The numbers of men engaged in each main class of work are :— Streets, roads, and reserves .. .. .. .. .. .. 387 School-ground improvements . . .. .. .. .. .. 6 River-protection .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Vegetable-production . . .. . . .. . . .. .. 90 Recovery of essential war materials .. .. .. .. .. 3 Miscellaneous , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 494

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Scheme No. 16: Subsidized Apprentices in Building Trade. —Since this scheme commenced in September, 1937, some 631 apprentices and 128 trainees have been placed, the position regarding these contracts on the Ist April, 1944, being as follows : —

Scheme No. 16a : Subsidized Workers in Boot-manufacturing Industry. —A total of 29 men have been engaged under this scheme since its commencement in August, 1939, 2 of these contracts being in operation on Ist April, 1944, 17 having terminated, and the remaining 10 having expired.

Numbers employed under the above Schemes. —The following table shows the numbers of men engaged under the various schemes in full-time subsidized employment at approximately quarterly points of time from April, 1943, to April, 1944 : —

Financial. —Provision for expenditure incurred in the promotion of employment is subject to appropriation by Parliament in terms of the Public Revenues Act, 1926, and during the year under review the sum of £220,750 (gross) was appropriated from the Consolidated Fund under vote " Labour " for this purpose. The amount appropriated included £10,500 (gross) to cover the administration expenses of the Employment Division, which were met by vote " National Service" in the first instance and subsequently recovered from vote " Labour." The net payments during the year ended 31st March, 1944, and corresponding figures for the previous year, including administration expenses, were as follows : — 1943-44. 1942-43. Employment Promotion Schemes— £ £ Scheme No. 4b .. .. .. 1,023 19,441 Scheme No. 4f .. .. .. 174 985 Scheme No. 13 143,667 329,509 Scheme No. 16 .. .. 63 637 Scheme No. 16a .. .. .. 110 485 Insurance of workers .. .. .. .. 218 Transport of workers .. .. .. .. 831 Youths' farm settlement .. .. 348 384 Rural housing bonus .. . . .. 778 3, 438 Assistance to flax industry .. .. 23 4, 052 Miscellaneous 567 £ 1,699 £ 146,753 361,679 Administration expenses .. .. .. 10,500 12,500 £157,253 £374,179 It will be seen from the above statement that the expenditure under the employment promotion schemes during the year ended 31st March, 1944, was £157,253, as compared with £374,179 during the previous year, a reduction of £216,926. 14. ADMINISTRATION AND STAFF During the whole of the period covered by this report the position of Director of National Service was held by Mr. J. S. Hunter. This position has since been amalgamated with that of Controller of Man-power, and the control of the policy of Armed Forces Appeal Boards, on the one hand, and Man-power Officers and Appeal Committees, on the other hand, is now held jointly.

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Carpenters. Bricklayers. Total. Apprentices. Trainees. Contracts suspended .. .. .. .. 214 14 7 '235 Contracts terminated.. . . .. . . 185 81 4 270 Contracts completed .. .. .. .. 199 28 12 239 Contracts cancelled .. .. .. .. 9 5 1 15 Totals ' .. 607 128 24 759

_ Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme T„t„i 1)ate - No. 4f. No. 13. No. 10. No. 16a. iolal " 1943 3rd April ...... 4 636 1 4 645 26th June 4 622 1 4 631 18th September .. .. ... i 595 1 4 604 11th December .. .. .. 1 572 .. 4 577 1944 1st April J 494 ._ 1 _ _2 497

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As mentioned previously, tho work of the. Civil Defence Division had virtually ceased by tho end of the year, and the staff engaged on that work were transferred to the Internal Affairs Department as from the Ist April, 1944. As regards the rehabilitation work which was previously carried on in the Rehabilitation Division, this was transferred to the newly-created Rehabilitation Department as from the Ist November, 1943.

The number of staff employed by each of the principal sections of the Department at yearly points throughout the war have been as follows : —

* Tho main class included in the item " Others " comprises the staff's of the defaulters' detention camps, which totalled 137 males and 5 females at 31st March, 1944. The reduction in the numbers employed by the Appeal Tribunals reflects the falling-off of appeal work since the passing of the main part of the ballot phase. Further reductions in this section of the Department have since been made. 15. FINANCE AND EXPENDITURE Administration Expenses The administration expenses of the National Service Department are subject to annual appropriation by Parliament in terms of the Public Revenues Act, 1926, and provision is accordingly made for this expenditure to be met in the first instance from the Consolidated Fund under vote " National Service." The administration by the National Service Department of rehabilitation activities ceased on the Ist November, 1943, when the Rehabilitation Department was established, but as no other financial provision was available the administration expenses of the new Department were met by vote " National Service " up to and including 31st March, 1944. With the exception of employment promotion administration expenses, in respect of which an assessed amount is recovered annually from vote " Labour," the net expenditure under vote " National Service " is finally recovered from War Expenses Account. Wab Expenses Account All other expenditure of the Department not provided for under annual appropriations is met direct from " War Expenses Account, Subdivision IV, Civil." This expenditure is classified under the following headings : — (a) Defaulters' Detention Camps. —The expenditure under this item includes the capital costs of establishing the camps and the annual cost of operating them. As will be seen from the following table, the net cost of the camps for the year ended 31st March, 1944, was £133,246. When examining the costs, however, allowance must be made for the very considerable quantity of work performed by defaulter labour for other Government Departments for which no cash recovery has yet been made. The total quantity of such work carried out during the year ended 31st March, 1944, is conservatively valued at £40,251, and as it represents a direct saving to Government funds it must be offset against the net expenditure for the year. Capital expenditure during the year, mainly in connection with Shannon Camp, was £34,923, and the balance, £98,323, represents operational costs. Deducting from this latter figure the sum of £40,251, the value of work performed for other Government Departments, it will be seen that the net cost of operating the detention camps, including administration expenses and maintenance of inmates, was £58,072 for the year. The question of cash recovery from the Government Departments concerned for the value of work carried out by military defaulters is at present the subject of negotiation between the Treasury, the Departments concerned, and the National Service Department. Such recoveries when received will be credited to War Expenses Account and will offset tho cost of maintaining military defaulters in detention. (b) Emergency Fire Service. —Expenditure was incurred under this item on members' pay and transport, uniforms and accoutrements, fire hose, trailer pumps, hose-carrying vehicles, and other fire-fighting equipment. The greater part of the 1943-44 expenditure was the sum of £136,398 on fire hose, a considerable quantity of which had been received from overseas during the previous financial year but not brought to charge. Operational expenditure for the year shows a reduction of £11,029 on the 1942-43 figure and is indicative of the reduction which took place in Emergency

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31st March, 1941. 31st March, 1942. 31st March, 1943. 31st March, 1944. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Head Office .. .. 105 82 87 109 95 131 67 107 Appeal Tribunals . . 29 26 29 45 85 99 48 64 Industrial Man-power .. 146 19 195 48 317 189 286 242 ♦Others .. .. 12 2 51 6 108 12 141 11 292 129 362 208 605 431 542 424 Totals .. . . ' v ' * y ' * v ' v v ' 421 570 1,036 966

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Fire Service activities during 1943. The expenditure of £150,745 shown in the statement below is the net sum brought to charge during 1943-44 after deducting the sum of £41,960 for the sale of trailer pumps and £16,075 for hose surplus to the reduced requirements of the Service. (c) Emergency Precautions Scheme. —The main items of expenditure under this heading were subsidy to E.P.S. organizations, £80,040, and miscellaneous E.P.S. equipment, £76,064. The cost of a considerable quantity of equipment received during 1942-43 but not brought to charge by 31st March, 1943, is included in this latter figure. It will be noted that the expenditure in 1943-44 was £164,422, as against £299,631 in 1942-43, a reduction of £135,209, and in this connection the tapcring-off of E.P.S. activities is reflected in the reduction of £104,773 in the amount of subsidy paid to E.P.S. organizations as compared with the previous year's figure of £184,813. During the year the sum of £P2,482 was received from the sale of equipment surplus to requirements. (d) Home Guard. —Includes initial expenditure in connection with the Home Guard such as armlets, capitation grants, and rifle impressment and reconditioning. This Department ceased to meet Home Guard expenditure on 31st July, 1941, when the control was transferred to the Army Department. (e) Industrial Mobilization. —This item covers payment of travelling-expenses, loss of earnings, separation allowances, and financial assistance to workers directed to essential undertakings under the Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1944, reimbursement of travelling-expenses to members of Man-power Utilization Councils and Committees, and establishment costs of war workers' hostels. The main items of expenditure were travelling-expenses, £9,068, separation allowance, £8,364, and financial assistance, £2,355, paid to directed workers, and £12,402 part capital cost of establishing war workers' hostels. (/) Women's Land Service. —This includes the cost of uniforms to members, travel concessions, uniform-upkeep allowance, travelling-expenses, and subsidies to employers for training inexperienced girls; The main items of expenditure were uniforms and equipment, £41,460 ; upkeep allowance, £5,920 ; and subsidy to employers, £2,673. (g) Women's War Service Auxiliary. —The gross expenditure under this item during 1943-44 was only £565, mainly on uniforms, and as against this credits amounting to £1,176 from the sale of uniforms were received, leaving a credit of £611 for the year. The small amount of expenditure in 1943-44 is accounted for partly by the fact that sufficient uniforms had already been manufactured for the Auxiliary and partly for the reason that the organization, which to some extent is selfsupporting, had passed the stage where it was necessary to incur establishment charges. (h) Rehabilitation. —Prior to Ist November, 1943, when the Rehabilitation Department was established, the National Service Department controlled expenditure from War Expenses Account, Subdivision V, for rehabilitation purposes, and the total amount spent by this Department up to the 31st October, 1943, was £60,061. Full details of this expenditure will be shown in the annual report of the Rehabilitation Board. The foregoing figure does not include rehabilitation administration expenses, charged in the first instance to vote " National Service."

The following is a summarized statement of expenditure for the last four years : —

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Years ended Total. 31st March, 31st March, 31st March, 31st March, 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. Administration expenses charged to vote " National Service " in the first instance — £ £ £ £ £ Salaries .. .. .. 94,954 139,847 227,387 262,924 725,112 Other charges .. .. .. 79,538 98,897 156,786 143,352 478,573 174,492 238,744 384,173 406,276 1,203,685 Other expenditure charged direct to War Expenses Account — Defaulters'detention camps .. .. 12,297 172,813 133,246 318,356 Emergency Fire Service .. .. 72,022 130,420 150,745 353,187 Emergency Precautions Scheme .. 596 4,339 299,631 164,422 468,988 Home Guard .. .. .. 1,748 10,604 .. 12,352 Industrial mobilization .. .. .. 584 9,213 32,079 41,876 Women's Land Service .. .. .. 36 1,870 53,318 55,224 Women's War Service Auxiliary .. .. 15,482 9,537 Gr. 611 24,408 176,836 354,108 1,007,657 939,475 2,478,076 Promotion of employment expenditure 2,412,786 1,288,432 374,179 157,253 4,232,650 met from vote " Labour "

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APPENDIX TO THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT CONTENTS Table No. Subject-matter. Page. Section I.—Distribution of New Zealand's Man-power 1 Estimated Distribution of Population .. .. .. .. .. 28 2 Strength of Armed Forces .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 3 Casualties on Active Service .. .. .. .. ••. .. 28 Section II. —Calling-up op Men for Military Service 4 Details of all Ballots up to 31st 'March, 1944 . . .. .. .. 29 5 Distribution by Districts and Type of Military Service . . .. .. 29 Section 111. —Medical Examinations of Men called up for Military Service 6 Analysis by Causes of Rejection for Active Military Service . . . . . . 30 7 Analysis of Heights and Weights of Various Classes of Men medically examined for 31 Military Service Section IV. —Appeals and Postponements from Service with the Armed Forces 8 Determination of Appeals by Armed Forces Appeal Boards .. .. ... 32 9 Industrial Analysis of Grade I Men aged Twenty to Forty, &c, held in Industry 32 following Appeal Board Action 10 Disposal of Appeals on Grounds of Conscientious Objection . . . . . . 33 11 Cases dealt with by the Special Tribunal .. .. .. .. .. 33 12 Grade I Men aged Twenty to Forty, &c, made available to the Armed Forces by 34 Appeal Board Action 13 Pre-service Industrial Classification of Men made available to the Armed Forces by 34 Appeal Board Action Section V.—Releases from Armed Forces to Industry 14 Types and Number of Men released . . .. .. .. .. 35 15 Cumulative Totals of Men released since Ist April, 1943 .. . . .. 35 16 Releases by Armed Forces Appeal Board Action . . . . .. . . 35 17 Industrial Classification of Releases by District Man-power Officers and Armed 35 Forces Appeal Boards Section Vl.—The Seasonal Labour Problem, 1943-44 Season 18 The Army Harvesting Scheme .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 19 Placements by Vocational Guidance Officers of School-children in Seasonal Work 36 20 Directions into Seasonal "Work given by Man-power Officers to Students and Teachers 37 21 Number of Students considered by Man-power Officers for Placement in Seasonal 37 Work Section VII. —Women in the Uniformed Services 22 Number of Women serving in the Armed Forces .. .. .. .. 38 23 Pre-service Occupation of Women in the Armed Forces .. .. .. 38 24 The Women's Land Service .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 Section VIII. —Man-power Utilization Councils and Committees 25 Schedule of Local Committees attached to the various Councils .. . . 39

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Table No. Subject-matter. Page. Section IX. —Registration for Work of National Importance 26 Schedule of Registration Orders .. .. .■• .. .. .. 39 27 Results of Registrations of Women .. .. .. .. .. 40 28 Occupational Analysis at Time of Registration of Women aged Thirty-one to 40 Forty Years Section X.—Directions into Essential Work 29 Results of Directions given by District Man-power Officers .. .. .. 41 30 Monthly Progress of Directions from Ist April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944 .. 41 31 Details of Movements within and into Ten Different Industrial Groups .. .. 41 Section XI. —Termination of Employment in Essential Industries and Undertakings 32 Results of Applications to terminate Employment . . . . . . .. 42 33 Monthly Increase in Applications from Ist April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944 .. 42 34 Classification by Males and Females . . .. .. .. .. 42 35 Details of Cases where Permission to terminate was granted .. .. .. 43 Section Xll.—lndustrial Absenteeism 36 Results of Application of Industrial Absenteeism Regulations .. .. .. 44 37 .1 udustrial Classification of Persons against whom Complaints were made .. 44 Section XIII. —Restriction of Inflow into Les.s-essential Industries 38 Results of Applications to engage Labour in Less-essential Industries .. .. 44 Section XIV. —Operations of Man-power Appeal Committees 39 Appeals against Directions into Essential Work . . .. .. .. 45 40 Appeals against Decisions regarding Termination of Employment .. .. 45 41 Appeals against Fines in respect of Industrial Absenteeism .. .. .. 45 Section XV.—Vocational Guidance Centres 42 Analysis of Inflow and Outflow of Labour through Vocational Guidance Centres .. 46 43 Industrial Analysis of Placements .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Section XVI. —Financial Assistance to Persons directed into Essential Work 44 Classification by Man-power Districts of Amounts paid and Number of Persons 47 receiving Payments Section XVII. —Regulations 45 Regulations appearing in Previous Report which have since been revoked or 47 superseded 46 Additional Regulations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47

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SECTION I.—DISTRIBUTION OF NEW ZEALAND'S MAN-POWER Table 1. —Estimated Distribution of Population

Table 2.—Strength of Armed Forces

Table 3. —Casualties on Active Service

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(Position at 31at March, 1944) Army. Air Force. Navy. Total. In New Zealand .. .. 21,068 28,346 4,742 54,156 Overseas .. .. .. .. 54,509 12,625 4,655 71,789 Total strength .. .. 75,577 40,971 9,397 125,945 Females included .. .. .. 3,856 3,485 496 7,837

(From outbreak of war to 31st March, 1944—i.e., after four years seven months of war) Army. Air Force. Navy. Total. Deaths 4,733 2,303 337 7,373 Missing .. .. . • • • 560 314 57 931 Prisoners . . . . . • • • 6,826 445 44 7,315 Total men lost .. .. .. 12,119 3,062 438 15,619 Cases reported wounded up to above date .. 13,358 664 120 14,142 Total casualties 25,477 3,726 558 29,761

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SECTION II.—CALLING-UP OF MEN FOR MILITARY SERVICE Table 4. —Details of all Ballots up to 31st March, 1944

• With the coming Into force of the general service provisions, all men drawn in previous Territorial ballots were deemed to have been drawn for general service. t Each of these ballots included also the inflow at age eighteen, together with other " seepages " Into classes previously drawn.

Table 5. —Distribution by Districts and Type of Military Service

Notes.—*(i) Of the 80,509 men called for overseas service, 34,494 had already been included in previous Territorial ballots. (ii) In 2,628 cases the calling-up was subsequently cancelled by amending Gazette notice. (iii) Apart from the men included in ballots as shown above, 543 have been called up under Regulation 44 following default in complying witli the obligation to register for service,

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tj„ii„* w« " Date of -Number of Nature of ,*, , , . . , _ „ . Ballot No. 0azeUe Men drawn service.' Clas3e8 l"eludea in Ballot. 1 .. 2/10/40 16,000 Territorial .. Single men aged 19 to 45 inclusive. 2 .. 6/11/40 33,717 „ .. Single men aged 19 to 45 inclusive. 3 .. 4/12/40 14,000 Overseas .. Single men aged 21 to 40 inclusive. 4 .. 4/3/41 19,000 „ .. Single men aged 21 to 40 inclusive. 5 .. 26/3/41 7,710 Territorial .. All remaining single men aged 19 and 41 to 45 inclusive. 6 .. 29/4/41 1,445 ,, .. Inflow at ago 19 and age 41 during period Bince fifth ballot. 7 .. 7/5/41 19,000 Overseas .. Single men aged 21 to 40 inclusive. 8 .. 24/6/41 11,111 Territorial .. Bulk of 18-year-old group, plus further inflow at ages 1!) and 41. 9 .. 6/8/41 23,825 Overseas .. All remaining single men aged 21 to 40 inclusive. 10 .. 19/8/41 4,431 Territorial .. Balance of 18-year-old group, together with inflow at age 18. 11 .. 8/10/41 2,626 „ .. Inflow at age 18 since tenth ballot. 12 .. 2/12/41 4,684 Overseas .. Inflow at age 21 since ninth ballot. 13 .. 20/1/42 27,104 Territorial .. f Married men (without children) aged 18 to 45 inclusive. 14 .. 25/3/42 17,570 „ .. JMarriod men (with children) up to age 28 inclusive. 15 .. 28/4/42 17,955 ,, .. fMarried men (with children) aged 29 to 31 inclusive. 16 .. 24/6/42 21,268 General .. fMarried men (with children) aged 32 to 34 inclusive. 17 .. 15/9/42 22,395 „ .. fMarried men (with children) aged 35 to 37 inclusive. 18 .. 11/11/42 21,715 „ .. {Married men (with children) aged 38 to 40 inclusive. 19 .. 22/12/42 31,997 „ .. JMarried men (with children) aged 41 to 45 inclusive. 20 .. 27/7/43 7,536 „ .. Further inflow at age 18 and miscellaneous "seepages" into other classes. 21 .. 10/11/43 4,077 ,, .. Further inflow at age 18 and miscellaneous "seepages" into other classes.

Territorial „ , „ a . /-. Uonoral Service. , ,-. Service: Overseas Percentage Military Area Ballots Service: - All .Ballots of ' ' 1, 2, 5, (>, Ballots 3, ,, ,, . combined. Dominion 8,10,11, 4,7,9,12. f? , n Ballot 20. Ballot 21. Total. 13, 14, 15. w ly - 1. Auckland .. .. 26,275 12,724 16,767 1,372 794- 57,932 17-6 2. Paeroa .. .. 8,346 4,552 5,847 407 173 19,325 5-9 3. Whangarei .. .. 6,575 3,012 4,327 301 115 14,330 4-4 4. Hamilton ..' .. 9,440 4,959 5,895 433 179 20,906 6-3 5. Wellington .. .. 19*, 085 10,789 11,640 959 545 43,018 13-1 6. Wanganui .. .. 8,484 5,393 6,845 514 272 21,508 6-5 7. Napier .. .. 11,009 6,473 8,112 540 322 26,456 8-0 8. New Plymouth .. 5,337 3,581 4,853 392 206 14,369 4-4 9. Nelson .. .. 6,634 5,243 5,527 388 197 17,989 5-5 10. Christchurch .. 21,254 11,985 14,475 1,141 659 49,514 15-0 11. Dunedin .. .. 9,659 6,204 7,109 659 373 24,004' 7-3 12. Invereargill .. .. 7,571 5,594 5,978 430 242 19,815 6-0 Whole Dominion .. 139,669 80,509* 97,375 7,536 4,077 329,166 100-0 • ' 1

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SECTION III.—MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS OF MEN CALLED UP FOR MILITARY SERVICE Table 6. —Analysis by Causes of Rejection for Active Military Service

Note. —The data which formed the basis of the above tables consisted of the results of the medical examinations of 105,311 men aged eighteen to forty-five years inclusive who were examined for military service during 1942 and 1943. These included the great majority of all men so examined dining that period. Of the total number examined, 42,022 were rejected for active overseas service and placed in Grade 11, 111, or IV. As a preliminary step, the cases were grouped in four age-groups as follows : — All Men Men rejected for Central Age. examined. Active Service. 19 years '.. .. .. .. .. .. .. L 0.855 2.399 28 years .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22,. r ,K. r > 0,389 33 years .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28,239 9,928 42 years .. .'. .. .. .. .. .. 43,032 23,300 For the purpose of making comparisons the actual numbers rejected for each cause were reduced by a constant factor in each age-group, corresponding to a reduction in the total,number examined in that group to 10,000 men. The men falling into tho first group were all single, 96 per cent, of those in the three older groups were married men—a point of some importance in. studying the comparative incidence of those medical conditions which would be associated more particularly with men in tho older ages who had not married on account of some medical disability. Petajls of this older group of single men are unfortunately not available,

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SECTION III. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS OF MEN CALLED UP FOR MILITARY SERVICE Table 6. —Analysis by Causes of Rejection fob Active Military Service A, Ati Men. B. UNFIT M®N. Number of Men rejected for each Cause Distribution Of Causes of Rejection per per 10,000 Men examined at each of Hundred Unfit Men examined at the Four Selected Age a point8. same Age-point*. Central Age of GroUp examined. Central Age of Group e camifled. Wlnetem Twenty* Thirty- Forty* Nineteen liwent y Thirty* Forty* VeTrt «>**> two Year, eight three Uy ° raYears. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. ' (Married.) (Married.) (Married,) ® ' (Married.) (Married.) (Married*) Total men examined .. .. .. .. 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 2,210 2 829 3,5l6 S.342 Cause of rejection for active service— percent. PetCe.it. Percent, I J er Cent. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 1. Tuberculosis (excluding pulmonary) .. .. 12 12 15 16 0-5 0*4 0-4 0'3 2. Venereal .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 4 5 0*1 0-1 0-1 0'1 3. All other infectious and parasitic diseases .. .. 7 9 8 15 0*3 0'3 0• 3 0-3 Items 1 to 3 combined .. .. .. 21 23 27 36 0-9 0-8 0'8 0 ; 7 Nervous and Mental Diseases 4. Mental deficiency, mental alienation, and epilepsy .. 106 51 61 58 4-8 1-8 1 *7 i 1 5. Functional nervous disorders .. .. .. 61 99 154 198 2-8 3• 5 4*4 3-7 6. Organic nervous disorders .. .. .. 42 46 44 39 1*9 1-6 1*3 0-7 Items 4 to 6 combined .. 209 196 259 295 9*5 6-9 7-4 5-5 Cardio-vascular Diseases 7. Organic heart-diseases and arrhythmias .. .. 64 89 103 207 2-9 3*1 2*9 3'9 8. Functional heart disorders .. .. .. 28 55 52 85 1-3 1*9 1*5 1*6 9. Blood-vessel diseases .. .. .. .. 80 225 M8 700 3-6 8*0 9*0 13*1 Items 7 to 9 combined .. 172 369 473 992 7-8 13 0 13-4 18*6 A l.i.vno'n.i.a.rn /)i son hps 10. Mouth (including dental) and throat .. .. 22 18 16 17 1-0 0-0 0-5 0-3 11. Stomach and duodenal disorders .. .. .. 10 86 131 244 0'5 3-0 3-7 4'6 12. Other alimentary disorders, including liver and gall- 10 27 37 67 0'5 10 1-0 1*2 bladder Items 10 to 12 combined .. .. 42 131 184 328 2-0 4'6 52 6-1 l Respiratory Diseases 13. Pulmonary tuberculosis .. .. .. .. 12 31 41 46 0*5 1 ■ 1 12 0• 9 14. Other pulmonary diseases .. .. .. 23 26 43 85 ' 1-1 0-9 1-2 1-0 15. Asthma '.. .. .. .. .. 102 105 113 118 4-6 3'7 3-2 2-2 16. Paranasal sinus infection .. .. .. .. 17 19 35 38 0 ■ 8 0-7 1 • 0 0-7 Items 13 to 16 combined .. 154 181 232 287 7 0 6 4 6-6 5-4 Disorders of Bones and Organs of Locomotion 17. Disorders of upper extremities .. .. .. 61 106 160 199 2-8 3'8 4-6 3-7 18. Disorders of lower extremities (excluding flat feet) .. 268 402 579 780 12-1 14-2 16-5 14-6 19. Plat feet .. .. .. ~ .. .. 118 142 191 253 5-3 5-0 5-4 4-8 20. Rheumatic (bone and joint) and arthritic disorders .. 15 61 81 172 0-7 2-2 2-3 3'2 21. Other bone disorders .. .. .. .. 41 43 47 66 1 ■ 9 1 ■ 5 1-4 1-2 22. Fibrositic conditions, including lumbago, sciatica, &c. 3 34 68 118 0-1 1-2 1-9 2-2 Items 17 to 22 combined .. .. 506 788 1,126 1,538 22-9 27-9 3 1 29 7 Ear Disorders 23. Otitis media and mastoid disease .. .. .. 45 64 63 82 2-0 2-3 18 1*5 24. Other ear disorders .. .. .. .. 27 52 73 127 1-2 1-8 21 2-4 Items 23 and 24 combined .. .. 72 116 136 209 3-2 4 1 3 9 3-9 Eye Disorders 25. Defective vision .. .. .. .. 398 343 341 435 18-0 12-1 9 7 8-2 26. Blindness (one or both eyes) .. .. .. 28 39 42 ' 50 1-3 . 1-4 1-2 0-9 27. Other eye disorders .. .. .. .. 25 25 32 34 1-1 0-9 0-9 0-6 Items 25 to 27 combined .. .. .. 451 407 415 519 20-4 14-4 11 8 9-7 Other Classes 28. All skin-diseases .. .. .. .. 51 43 51 103 2-3 1-5 1 t 1-9 29. Tumours, malignant and non-malignant .. .. .. 3 3 9 .. 0-1 0-1 0-2 30. Genito-urinary diseases, other than venereal .. 72 54 65 76 3-2 1 ■ 9 18 1-4 31. Diseases of blood and blood-forming organs .. 2 I 4 8 0-1 0-1 0 1 0-1 32. Diabetes .. .. .. .. .. 6 8 9 20 0-2 0-3 0 3 0-5 33. Thyroid-gland diseases .. .. .. .. 35 87 102 88 1-6 3-1 2 9 1-7 34. Hernias .. .. .. .. .. 50 146 160 291 2-3 5 1 4 6 5-5 35. Overweight or underweight .. .. .. 101 56 57 117 4-6 2-0 1-0 2-2 36. Other disorders, local or general (not included above) .. 266 220 213 370 12-0 # 7-8 60 6Total, Grades II, III, and IV .. .. 2,210 2,829 3,516 5,342 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 ; ' I I ; Note. —The data which formed the basis of the above tables consisted of the results of the medical examinations of 105,311 men aged eighteen to forty-five years inclusive who were examined for military service during 1942 and 1943. These included the great majority of all men so examined during that period. Of the total number examined, 42,022 were rejected for active overseas service and placed in Grade II, III, or IV. As a preliminary stop, the cases were grouped in four age-groups as follows : — All Men Men rejeeted lor Central Age. examined. Active Service. 19 years .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,855 2,399 28 years .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22,585 6,389 33 years .. . . .. .. .. .. ... 28,239 9,928 42 years .. .'. .. .. .. . . 43,632 23,306 For the purpose of making comparisons the actual numbers rejected for each cause were reduced by a constant factor in each age-group, corresponding to a reduction in the total number examined in that group to 10,000 men. The men falling into the first group were all single, 96 per cent, of those in the three older groups were married men—a point of some importance in studying the comparative incidence of those medical conditions which would be associated more particularly with men in the older ages who had not married on account of some medical disability. Details of this older group of single men are unfortunately not available,

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Relation between Age and Frequency of each Grouf of Causes of Rejection for Military Service This graph further illustrates the variation in frequency of each of the major groups of medical conditions which have caused men to be placed in Grade II or lower grades. For example, disorders of the bones and organs of locomotion and cardio-vascular diseases are shown to increase rapidly with advance in age, whereas eye disorders do not show any marked variation over the range of ages covered by the graph. This graph is based on Table 6 above, which gives similar information, though more finely classified as regards causes of rejection.

Table 7.-Analysis of Heights and Weights of Various Classes of Men medically examined for Military Service

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Age, 18-19 Years. Central Age, 28 Years. Central Age, 42 Years. Men Men Men placed in placed in Other Men. Total. placed in Other Men. Total. Grade I. Grade I. Grade I. Height— Number of cases examined 1,915 510 216 726 312 1,149 1,461 Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Average measurement .. 5 8| 5 8| 5 1\ 5 7| 5 7f 5 7f 5 7| Weight— Number of cases examined 373 ~) f 183 154 448 602 St. lb. y Not available -i St. lb. St. lb. St. lb. St. Lb. Average measurement ,. 10 1| J [_ 10 134- 11 2.1 10 12! 11 11

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SECTION IV.—APPEALS AND POSTPONEMENTS FROM SERVICE WITH THE ARMED FORCES Table B.—Determination of Appeals by Armed Forces Appeal Boards (Period covered : Ist May, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) Number dismissed outright and withdrawn .. .. .. .. 1,213 Number dismissed (general service) subject to time condition . . . . 629 Number dismissed subject to New Zealand service (all types).. ' .. 99 Number allowed and adjourned sine die (not medically unfit).. .. 6,344 Number struck out (Grade IV) and adjourned (medically unfit) .. 2,429 Total appeals heard .. .. .. .. ..10,714

Table 9.—Industrial Analysis of all Grade I Men aged Twenty to Forty inclusive, and Air Force and Naval Volunteers, postponed or released from Service with the Armed Forces following Appeal Board Action

Notes.—(i) These figures include men aged twenty held from Army service as well as Category " A " men. (ii) The above figures exclude, however, 594 men who were held from service on grounds other than occupational grounds (mostly on grounds of domestic hardship).

32

(Position at 31st March, .1944:) Total '] Ota] Industrial Group. Number Industrial Group. Number Held. Held. L_ Primary Industry— Secondary Industry—continued Fishing and trapping .. .. .. . . 150 Other leather-working . . . . . . 26 Sheep-farming .. .. .. .. 2,240 Laundering, dry-cleaning, and dyeing ,. .. 34 Dairy-farming .. .. .. .. 6,523 Other textile, clothing, &c., industries .. .. 18 Other farming (including tobacco and vegetable) .. 4,897 All textile, clothing, &c., industries . . 1,087 All farming industries .. .. .. 13,816 Lime and cement making .. .. .. 99 Flax growing and milling . . .. . . 79 Brick, tile, and concrete products manufacture .. 100 Bush sawmilling and afforestation .. .. 1,173 Asbestos, stone, and other mineral processing .. 21 Coal-mining .. .. .. .. .. 1,908 Wallboard-manufacture .. .. .. 14 Gold-mining . . .. .. .. . . 164 Timber milling and joinery manufacture .. 267 Other mining (including scheelitc and oil) . . 45 Wooden box and case making . . .. .. 91 Quarrying . . . . . . . . .. 38 Cabinet and hard furniture making . . .. 95 - 1 Upholstering and soft furniture making .. 20 Sub-total .. .. .. .. 17,223 Other industries allied to building .. .. 15 All industries allied to building 722 Building and Construction— Glass-manufacture .. . . .. .. 48 Road, railway, hydro, &c., construction . . . . 421 Rubber and rubber goods manufacture, vulcanizing 78 Housing and other building construction .. 1,505 Paint and varnish making .. .. .. 19 Soap and candle making .. . . .. 17 Sub-total .. .. . . .. 1,926 Manure-manufacture .. .. .. 66 Drugs and chemical manufacture .. . . 45 Transport and Communication— Paper and cardboard manufacture .. .. 46 Railways (including workshops and motor services) 2,872 Carton, cardboard-box, and paper-bag making .. 18* Tramways (including workshops) . . .. 197 Printing, publishing, and bookbinding .. .. 204 Motor services, n.e.i. (including garages) .. .. 1,212 Tobacco processing and cigarette-making .. 18 Shipping and harbour services .. .. .. 2,111 Other (miscellaneous) industries .. .. 87 Air services .. .. .. .. .. 19 Post and Telegraph and radio broadcasting .. 575 Sub-total . . . . . . . . 8,704 Sub-total .. .. .. .. 6,986 Commerce and Finance — Banks, insurance, trustees, &c. . . .. 374 Heat, Light, and Power — Shops, warehouses, depots, &c. . . .. 1,274 Electricity production and supply .. . . 461 Stock and station agencies and storage .. .. 165 Gas production and supply ...... 120 — Sub-total .. .. .. .. 1,813 Sub-total .. .. .. . . 581 Public Administration and Professional — Secondary Industry— Health, religion, and social welfare . . .. 1,355 Engineering .. .. .. .. .. 3,157 Education .. .. .. .. .. 449 Meat freezing, preserving, &c. . . .. . . 1,441 Defence (civil staffs) .. .. .. . . 62 Butter and cheese manufacture . . . . . . 891 Lawyers, police, justice, and prisons . . .. 789 Grain-milling and cereal food making . . .. 66 Government Departments n.e.i. . . .. 606 Sugar-refining .. . . . . . . 42 Local authorities n.e.i. .. .. .. 570 Bread, cake, and pastry making .. .. 374 Biscuit and confectionery making .. .. 42 Sub-total .. .. .. .. 3,831 Jam-making, fruit and vegetable preserving .. 36 Brewing and malting . . . . . . . . 18 Miscellaneous Services and Professions — Aerated-water and cordial making . . .. 8 Entertainment, sport, and recreation .. .. 9 Other food and drink industries . . . . 174 Hotels and catering .. .. .. .. 33 All food and drink industries .. .. 3,092 Musicians, artists, authors, &c. .. .. 8 Fellmongering and wool-scouring .. .. 74 Other services .. .. .. .. 19 Tanning .. . . .. .. . . 121 Woollen and knitted goods manufacture . . .. 209 Sub-total .. .. .. .. 69 Silk-hosiery manufacture . . .. . . 19 Flock, felt, sack, rope, &c., manufacture . . . . 49 Training for Industry— Hats and millinery manufacture .. . . 10 University and other students .. .. . . 484 Clothing-manufacture n.e.i. . . . . . . 128 Boot, shoe, and slipper making .. . . . . 367 Boot-repairing . . . . .. .. 32 Grand total for all industries . . .. 41,617

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Table 10.—Disposal op Appeals on Grounds of Conscientious Objection (Position at 31st December, 1943) Total number of cases dealt with .. .. .. .. .. • .. 5 087 Of these— Number withdrawn, struck out (Grade IV), or dismissed for lack of prosecution .. 935 Number adjourned sine die on grounds of public interest or otherwise .. .. 1,092 Remainder— i.e., cases hoard on grounds of conscientious objection .. .. 3,060 Of the above cases heard on grounds of conscientious objection — Number— (i) Allowed .. .. . . .. .. .. ~ ~ 600 (ii) Dismissed subject to non-combatant service .. .. .. .. 1 217 (iii) Dismissed outright .. .. .. .. ..." .. .. 1 243 Percentage— (i) Allowed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. X 9-6 (ii) Dismissed subject to non-combatant service .. .. .. .. 39-8 (iii) Dismissed outright .. .. .. .. .. ~ .. 40-6

Table 11. —Cases dealt with by the Special Tribunal

3—H. 11 A

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(Position at 31st December, 1943) (a) Classification by Age and Marital Status Under 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41 Years All 21 Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. and Over. Ages. Single men .. .. ..10 105 76 30 22 16 259 Married without children .. .. 29 48 24 14 10 125 Married with children .. .. .. 9 36 50 18 2 115 Total .. .. 10 143 160 104 54 28 499 (c) Classification by Estimated Annual Payment (b) Classification by Normal Occupation Nil .. .. .. .. .. 258 ■ Under £20 per annum .. .. .. 62 _ . . £20 and under £40 per annum .. .. 56 Farming workers .. .. .. .. 90 £4() £60 r 28 Other primary (sawmill, mining. &c.) workers .. 12 " £ gQ " " " 18 Transport and communication workers .. 33 £ gQ " £100 " '' '' 3 Engineering workers .. .. .. 31 " £ j 5 q " " " 3 Building and constructional workers .. .. 42 £150 " £200 " " '3 Miscellaneous factory workers .. . . 76 £200 " £250 " Shopkeepers, warehousemen, salesmen .. 75 Clerical workers .. 69 Total Ministers ol religion and theological students .. 11 Other students .. .. .. .. 10 — Teachers .. .. .. .. ., 17 m , 1 , • , n , • , n Others 33 estimated.annual yield .. .. £6,170 Average estimated annual yield per order .. £14 6s. Total .. .. .. .. 499 —— Note.—The above figures exclude 67 cases (appeals dismissed subject to non-combatant service) where financial obligations have been suspended since 31st December, 1943,

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Table 12. —Grade I Men aged Twenty to Forty inclusive, and Air Force and Naval Volunteers, made available to the Armed Forces by Armed Forces Appeal Board Action

Table 13. —Classification, by Pre-service Industrial Group, of Men made available to the Armed Forces whose Service had been previously postponed

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(Period covered : 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) Period during which Release was effected. Total Men Number of Men made available— Amil-Tnnp July- October- January- made i Qin ' September, December, March, available. 1943 ' 1943. 1943. 1944. (a) Following withdrawal of an unheard appeal or dismissal of an appeal on its first hearing (the appeal being dismissed either with or without a time condition) — Single men .. .. .. 234 110 106 137 587 Married men without children . . 85 47 41 26 199 Married men with children ' .. .. 528 298 168 52 1,046 Total .. .. .. 847 455 315 215 1,832 (/;) Following withdrawal or review of a case where service with the Armed Forces had been previously postponed — Single men .. .. .. 753 813 381 458 2,405 Married men without children .. 176 160 110 96 54.2 Married men with children .. .. 566 792 431 267 2,056 922 821 5^003 Total .. .. .. 1,495 1,765 Total men made available .. 2,342 2,220 1,237 1,036 6.835

(Period covered : 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) Period during which Release was effectid. - Total Men Industrial Group. Anril-T„ne July- October- January- made ' ifii'i ' September, December, March, available. 1943. 1943. 1944. Primary industry— Fishing and trapping ...... 2 5 3 4 14 Sheep-farming .. .. .. .. 103 64 37 30 234 Dairy-farming .. .. .. .. 305 252 105 83 745 Other farming (including tobacco and vege- 218 163 54 63 498 table) Flax growing and milling .... 17 3 3 4 27 Bush sawmilling and afforestation .. 20 21 13 22 76 Mining and quarrying ....... 4 13 3 8 28 Building and construction — All building and construction .. .. 94 123 76 44 337 Transport and communication— Railways (including workshops and motor 29 25 23 61 138 services) Motor services n.e.i. (including garages) .. 50 67 54 18 189 Other transport services .. .. .. 87 49 33 17 186 Post and Telegraph and radio broadcasting 6 51 9 15 81 Heat, light, and power — All gas and electricity production and supply 18 15 8 3 44 Secondary industry— Engineering and metal trades .. .. 93 129 100 92 414 Meat freezing, preserving, &c. .. 57 173 42 44 316 Butter and cheese manufacture .. .. 34 33 14 33 114 All food and drink industries .... 22 48 26 25 121 Textile, fibre, clothing manufacture and 45 109 62 54 270 repair, and leather industry Building materials, timber and furniture 50 25 26 22 123 industries Other secondary industries .... 37 41 30 21 129 Commerce and finance — Banks, insurance, trustees, &c. .... 34 45 27 12 118 Shops, warehouses, stock and station agencies, 71 111 48 38 268 storage, &c. Public administration and professional— All public administration and professional 75 169 114 69 427 (including Government Departments, n.e.i.) Miscellaneous— Miscellaneous services and professions .. 4 8 5 6 23 Training for industry ...... 20 23 7 33 83 _ All groups combined .. .. 1,495 1,765 922 821 5,003

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SECTION V. —RELEASES FROM ARMED FORCES TO INDUSTRY Table 14. —Types and Number of Men released

35

(Position at 31st March, 1944) Type of Release from Armed Forces. Releases 0 ' Number of releases prior to 31st March, 1943 .. .. .. ■■ 16,300 Releases during period from 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944 — Number of releases by action of District Man-power Officers .. .. .. • ■ 17,138 Number of releases by action of Armed Forces Appeal Boards .. .. .. 1,295 Approximate number of releases from overseas drafts returned to New Zealand — Railway Operating Unit .. .. .. .. ■ ■ • • ■ ■ • • 600 Forestry Unit .. .. .. . • • • • • • • • • • ■ 300 Norfolk draft .. .. .. . ■ ■ • ■ • • • • • ■ • 350 Fiji and Tonga drafts .. .. .. • • • ■ • ■ • • • • 950 First furlough group . . .. . ■ • • • • ■ • • • • • 3,300 Total ex-overseas drafts .. .. .. •• •• •• •• 5,500 Total releases during above period .. .. .. . • • • • ■ 23,933 Total releases up to 31st March, 1944 .. • ■ _■ • • • 40,233 Table 15.—Cumulative Totals of Men released Table 17.—Industrial Classification of Releases since 1st April, 1943, up to End of each Four- by the Action of District Man-power Officers weekly Period from 25tii May, 1943 and Armed Forces Appeal Boards (Period covered : 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) Releases through - at u f n i + ■ Total Industrial Group in which placed following Number Percentage Number of Releases at Relcaaea . Release from Forces. Tot., x Officers. Boards. — Primary industry— Fishing and trapping .. .. .. 62 0 • 3 X943 Farming .. .. .. .. 1,115 20-7 25th Mav 7 568 7 568 Flax growing and milling .. .. 139 0'7 ZOtn may .. .. i,joo . i,ou o Bush sawmilling and afforestation .. 317 1-6 22nd June .. .. 9,062 2 9,064 Coal-mining .. 163 0-8 20th July .. .. 10,164 28 10,192 Other mining and quarrying .. .. 70 0-4 17th August .. 10,865 44 10,909 Building and construction— 14th September .. 11,825 98 11,923 All building and construction .. .. 1,691 8-5 ■t i„ , Q1Q i o akq Transport and communication— 12th October .. lz,74o ol6 lo,UOo Railways (including workshops and motor 1,260 6-4 9th November .. 13,64-9 531 14,180 services) 7th December .. 14,623 697 15,320 Motor services n.e.i. (including garages) .. 762 3-8 Other transport services .. .. 339 1 • 7 Post and Telegraph and radio broadcasting 420 2-1 1944 Heat, light, and power— 4th January . . 15,350 866 16,216 All gas and electricity production and I 209 1 • 1 1st February .. 15,823 1,031 16,854 supply 29th February .. 16,360 1,154 17,514 Secondary industryJ ' ' Engineering and metal trades .. .. 1,245 (>■.! 3.1st March.. .. 17, US 0 ia,4dd Moat freezing, preserving, &c. .. .. 1,422 7-2 Butter and cheese manufacture . . 439 2 • 2 Other food and drink industries .. 517 2*6 Fellmongering, woolscouring, tanning .. 75 0-4 Table 16—Releases by Armed Forces Appeal Textile, fibre and clothing manufacture 290 1-5 Board Action: Analysis by Period of working and repair .. .. 152 0-8 RELEASE Building materials manufacture .. 178 0-9 (Period covered : 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) T manufecture j ° inOTy (including b ° x) 307 1 ' 5 ~ Furnishings manufacture .. .. 249 1 • 3 Type of Worker released. Paper, &c., manufacture, printing and 305 1-5 publishing Period of Release. Other secondary industries .. .. 438 2-2 Farming Other All Commerce and finance — Workers. Workers. Types. Banks, insurance, trustees, &c. .. 512 2-6 Shops, warehouses, depots, &c. .. 1,946 9-8 Stock and station agencies and storage .. 238 1 • 2 Public administration and professional—• Health and social welfare .. .. 131 0-7 3 months to 6 months .. 122 161 283 Education (not students) .. .. 227 1-1 Over 6 months and sine die 336 676 1,012 Lawyers, justice, and prisons .. .. 87 0-4 Government Departments n.e.i. .. 614 3 ■ 1 Local authorities n.e.i. .. .. 271 1-4 Total.. .. 458 837 1,295 MiscellaneousMiscellaneous services and professions .. 283 1 • 4 Number temporarily re- 302 208 510 Students .. .. .. .. 227 1-1 leased —i.e., for a period Industry not specified 142 °' 7 of 3 months and less All industrial groups .. .. 19,842 100*0

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SECTION VI.-THE SEASONAL LABOUR PROBLEM, 1943-44 SEASON Table 18.—The Army Harvesting Scheme (a) Ages, Marital Status, and Medical Grades of Men selected

(b) Industries from which Men were selected, and Appeals

Per Cent. Of the 6,420 men under 20 who were selected, 1,450 were affected by appeals, i.e. .. .. .. .. 22-6 Of the 10,521 men 20 and over who were selected, 4,965 were affected by appeals, i.e. .. .. ..47-2

(c) Determination of Appeals

(d) Numbers finally available, and Utilization Of the entire 16,941 men selected for service : — .10,526 were available without appeal, while 2,714 were available following unsuccessful appeal. i.e., 13,240 in all were available for harvesting service with the Army. The number of these men actually used by the Army up to the 28th April, 1.944, was 5,079, with 539 further men expected to be required (1,282 mobilized Territorials and 633 men from N.Z.E.E. camps were also used for harvesting work). Some hundreds of the men selected for short-time service were also used for emergency work in freezing-works.

Table 19. —Placements by Vocational Guidance Officers of School-children in Holiday and Seasonal Work

36

Aged under 20 .. '.. .. .. .. •• •• 6,420 Aged 20 and over— Single— Grade I 4,309 Grade II, &c. .. .. .. .. .. ■■ 2,017 — 6,326 Married : Without children— Grade I .. .. .. .. .. •■ 1,430 Grade II, &c. .. .. .. .. •• ... 1,178 2,008 Married : With children— Grade I .. .. .. .. .. •• 1,049 Grade II, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 538 1,587 Total men selected .. .. .. .. .. •• •• 16,941

Appeals. T . ,_. . « Number Industrial (-roup. selected Number. Per Cent. Primary industries .. .. .. •• 2,030 1,212 50-7 Building and construction ,. .. .. 1,714 555 32-4 Transport and communication .. .. .. 2,521 805 31'9 Secondary industries and power .. .. .. 5,606 2,065 47 • 5 Commerce and finance .. .. .. .. 3,420 752 22-0 Administration and others .. .. .. 1,650 426 25 • 8 All industries .. .. .. .. 16,941 6,415 37-9

Percentage of Appeals. Dismissed. Upheld. Men under 20 .. .. .. .. 59-3 40-7 Men 20 and over .. .. .. 35'9 04-1 A11 men affected by appeals .. .. 42-3 57-7

(Period covered : 1st December, 1943, to 29th February, 1944) Males. Females. Males and Females. Type of Work. School Leaving School Leaving School Leaving Tntnl Holidays. School. iotal ' Holidays. School. 10tal " Holidays. School. Vegetable-growing .. .. 143 .. 143 .. .. .. 143 .. 143 Fruit-picking, tobacco, hops, &c. 88 .. 88 60 .. 06 154 .. 154 Harvesting .. .. .. 0 .. 0 209 21 290 275 21 290 Other farming .. .. 174 .. 174 .. .. .. 174 .. 174 Freezing-works .. .. 2 .. 2 .. .. .. 2 .. 2 Dairy factories Canneries . . .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 3 3 .. 3 Other secondary industry .. 01 9 70 24 .. 24 85 9 94 Offices .. ' .. .. 9 .. 9 25 2 27 34 2 36 Retail shops .. .. 101 .. 101 '518 5 523 019 5 024 Warehouses, wool-stores, &c. 06 4 70 2 3 5 68 7 75 All other work .. .. 129 1 130 98 2 100 227 3 230 Total placements .. 779 14 793 j 1,005 33 1,038 1,784 47 1,831 Noijs,—Of these placements 81-1 per cent, were made in December, 1943.

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Table 20. —Directions and other Rulings given by District Man-power Officers to University Students, Training College Students, and Teachers in respect of their Placement in Essential Holiday and Seasonal Work

Table 21.—Number of Students from each University and Training College considered by District Man-power Officers for Placement in Essential Holiday and Seasonal Work

37

(Period covered : December, 1943, to March, 1944, inclusive) Males. Females. Action taken. TrnfnW rr „ • • ™SSZ\ S&. TeaCherS ' TOtal S~ y Teachers. Total. Placed inFarming (on parents' farm) .. 38 22 .: 60 30 73 .. 103 Farming (not on parents' farm) 286 76 15 377 110 176 67 353 Vegetable-growing .. .. 65 32 32 129 129 272 112 513 Orchard work .. .. 22 6 .. 28 38 84 48 170 Other primary industry .. 47 14 3 64 .. .. 1 1 Engineering .. .. 102 4 3 109 3 35 4 42 Freezing-works .. .. 291 83 14 388 .. .. 1 1 Dairy factories .. .. 76 19 2 97 J am and fruit preserving .. 4 .. .. 4 4 .. .. 4 Other secondary industry .. 75 30 11 116 25 39 61 125 Commerce and finance 31 6 1 38 15 24 3 42 Wool, &c., stores .. .. 257 58 20 335 .. 1 .. 1 Government clerical work .. 9 1 3 13 6 5 9 20 Scientific work .. .. 43 1 .. 44 20 3 .. 23 Hospitals — Medical work .. .. 241 .. .. 241 36 2 .. 38 Nursing work .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 16 14 49 Domestic work .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 32 11 97 Domestic work at home .. .. .. .. .. 36 32 .. 68 Other domestic work .. .. .. .. .. 72 115 15 202 Other work n.e.i., or work not 103 36 108 247 28 38 212 278 specified Total placed in employ- 1,690 388 212 2,290 625 947 558 2,130 ment Exempted— On medical grounds .. 42 17 .. 59 38 23 .. 61 Taking a permanent position 33 .. .. 33 22 1 . . 23 Entering Forces .. .. 25 2 .. 27 For studies .. .. 16 .. .. 16 5 6 .. 11 On other grounds .. .. 12 2 .. 14 11 12 .. 23 Failed to report for work .. 2 .. .. 2 1 3 .. 4 Unable to be placed .. 3 3 .. 6 5 46 .. 51 Total not placed in em- 133 24 .. 157 82 91 .. 173 ployment Total .. .. 1,823 412 212 2,447 707 1,038 558 2,303 Note. —The figures in the table above include a small number of multiple cases arising from successive directions given to the same individual.

(Period covered : December, 1943, to March, 1944, inclusive) Number of . Number of University College. Students Training College. Students considered. considered. Auckland University College .. 487 Auckland Training College .. 572 Victoria University College .. 268 Wellington Training College .. 338 Canterbury University College .. 404 Christchurch Training College .. 313 University of Otago .. .. 1,055 Dunedin Training College .. 260 Massey Agricultural College .. 66 Canterbury Agricultural College 56 Total .. .. 2,336 Total .. .. 1,483

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SECTION VII.—WOMEN IN THE UNIFORMED SERVICES THE ARMED FORCES Table 22. —Number of Women serving in the Armed Forces

Table 23. —Pre-service Occupation of Women in the Armed Forces The following table is based on a survey which was made early in 1944, covering 3,080 members of the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps and 3,549 members of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.

THE WOMEN'S LAND SERVICE Table 24. —Applications to join Land Service, Girls awaiting Placement, and Active Strength of Service

38

(Position at 31st March, 1944) Women serving— Army. Air Force. Navy. Total. In New Zealand .. .. .. 3,054 3,449 496 6,999 Overseas .. .. .. .. 802 36 .. 838 Total .. .. .. 3,856 3,485 496 7,837

Pre-service Industrial and Number Perpenture Pre-service Industrial and w , lmh „ r p.„.rat..» Occupational Group. JNumDer. leiccntafcc. Occupational Group. JN umber. Percentage. Farming— Hospitals— All farming (including tobacco and 125 1-9 Nursing staff .. .. .. 283 4 • 3 vegetable) Domestic staff .. .. 51 0'8 Secondary industry —• Sub-total .. .. 334 5 • 1 Engineering and munitions .. 20 0-4 Food and drink .. .. 83 1-2 Hotels and catering— Woollen and knitting mills .. 35 0-5 Hotels and boardinghouses .. 125 1-9 Clothing manufacture .. .. 416 0-3 Restaurants, &e. .. .. 105 1-6 Footwear and leather .. .. 17 0-3 Private domostics (employed) .. 554 8-3 Laundries .. .. .. 22 0 ■ 3 Printing, paper, cardboard, &c. .. 117 1-8 Sub-total .. .. 784 11-8 Other secondary industry .. 74 1-1 Miscellaneous— Sub-total .. .. 790 11 ■ 9 Schoolteachers .. .. 42 0-6 Others employed .. .. 155 2 • 3 Shops, warehouses, &c.— Students .. .. .. 53 0 • 8 General assistants .. .. 1,071 16• 1 Housewives and domestics at homo 1,011 15-3 Hairdressers and other skilled 223 3 • 4 Unemployed .. .. . . 243 3 • 7 workers Sub-total .. .. 1,504 22-7 Sub-total .. .. 1,294 19-5 Office workers (all industries) — Typists .. .. .. 030 9 • 5 Other office workers .. .. 1,168 17-6 Final total .. .. 6,629 100-0 Sub-total .. .. 1,798 27-1

(Position at 31st March, 1944) Girls desiring Land° Girls Other Girls. Total, on Relatives' Farm. Number of applications received up to 31st March, 1944 .. 1,428 2,375 3,803 Less number of applications withdrawn .. .. .. 240 765 1,005 Net total of applications .. .. .. 1,188 1,610 2,798 Of these— Number of applications held up on occupational grounds by .. 393 393 District Man-power Officers Number of girls temporarily not available .. .. .. 11 11 Number of girls awaiting placement .. .. . . .. 292 292 Number of cases where placement is pending .. .. 121 102 223 Number on active strength at 31st March, 1944 .. .. 1,067 812 1,879

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SECTION VIII.—MAN-POWER UTILIZATION COUNCILS AND COMMITTEES Table 25.—Schedule of Local Committees attached to the various Councils

SECTION IX.—REGISTRATION FOR WORK OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE Table 26. —Schedule of Registration Orders

* Except in tlio case of the Scientists and Technicians Order, exempted classes were provided for in each case, including, inter alia, persons already registered, members of the Forces .invalids ,aud other classes definitely unavailable for direction into (other) employment.

39

(Position at 31st March, 1944) Industries for which Dominion Locations of Local Committees attached to each Councils have been set up. Dominion Council. Baking trades .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Biscuit-manufacture .. Nil. Butter and cheese .. .. Nil. Clothing-manufacture .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Coal-gas .. .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Electrical trades .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Engineering .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Whangarei, Hamilton, Thames, Gisborne, Napier, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Nelson, Westport, Greymouth, Timaru, Invercargill. Food canning and preserving Nil. Footwear-manufacture .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Freezing-works .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Gisborne. Furniture-manufacture .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Hamilton, Gisborne, Napier, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Nelson, Timaru, Invercargill. Laundries .. .. Auckland, Wellington. Motor trades .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Whangarei, Hamilton, Thames (including Paeroa), Rotorua, Gisborne, Napier, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Masterton, Nelson, Greymouth, Timaru, Invercargill. Optical trades .. .. Nil. Plumbing trades .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Printing and publishing .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Hamilton, Gisborne, Napier, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Timaru, Invercargill. Road transport .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Whangarei, Hamilton, Paeroa, Rotorua, Gisborne, Napier, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Masterton, Nelson, Westport, Greymouth, Timaru, Oamaru, Invercargill. Tanneries .. .. Nil. Tobacco-manufacture .. Wellington, Napier. Tramways .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Invercargill. Wholesale grocery trade .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, New Plymouth, Napier, Invercargill. Woollen-mills .. .. Auckland,-Wellington, Napier, Wanganui. In addition, there are two industries where Utilization Committees have been established but where Dominion Councils have not been set up. These are as follows : — Coal-distribution .. .. Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin. Ship-building .. .. Auckland.

Name of Order. Date. „ sferenia Classes covered.* The Registration for Employment Order No. I.. 18/3/42 1942/71 Men aged 46-49 inclusive, and women aged 20-21 inclusive. The Building and Allied Trades'Workers'Regis- 18/3/42 1942/72 Men with experience in building and contention Order 1942 struction, aged 18-70 inclusive. The Metal Trades' Workers' Registration Order 1.8/3/42 1942/73 Men with experience in engineering and 1942 metal trades, aged 18-70 inclusive. The Registration for Employment Order No. 2.. 8/4/42 1942/97 Men aged 50 but not 51. The Timber-workers Registration Order 1942 . . 7/5/42 1942/130 Men with experience in the timber industry, aged 18-65 inclusive. The Registration for Employment Order No. 3.. 15/7/42 1942/218 Women aged 22-25 inclusive, resident in boroughs of Hamilton and Cambridge. The Registration for Employment Order No. 4. . 3/8/42 1942/239 Women aged 22-23 inclusive. The Registration for Employment Order No. 5. . 24/9/42 1942/281 Women aged 24-30 inclusive. The Registration for Employment Order No. 6. . 8/10/42 1942/291 Men aged 51-59 inclusive. The Registration for Employment Order No. 7. . 8/10/42 1942/292 Aliens aged 18-45 inclusive. The Scientists and Technicians Registration 3/2/43 1943/14 Persons with qualifications or experience Order 1943 in science or engineering. The Registration for Employment Order No. 8. . 18/2/43 1943/24 Women aged 18-19 inclusive. The Registration for Employment Order No. 9.. 26/1/44 1944/5 Women aged 31-40 inclusive.

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Table 27.—Results of Registrations under Employment Order No. 9 (Women aged 31-40 Years inclusive) and Total Registrations under all Orders

Table 28.—Occupational Analysis at Time of Registration of Women aged 31-40 Years inclusive

Note. —Members of the Armed Forces, hospital employees, invalids, arid married women with children under sixteen years of age were exempted from the obligation to register.

40

(Position at 29th February, 1944) Women aged 31-40 inclusive. Others Total to Morris Total aged registering Date of Man-power District. c " 31-40 under Total. all Women Single inclusive. Registration registered for Without With Order No. 9. Employment. Children. Children. __ i Whangarei .. .. .. .. 179 216 103 498 25 523 4,049 Auckland .. .. .. .. 2,678 2,720 608 6,006 315 6,321 31,411 Hamilton .. .. .. .. 517 682 192 1,391 133 1,524 10,057 Paeroa .. .. .. •• 111 115 33 259 43 302 2,489 Rotorua .. .. .. .. 178 239 59 476 19 495 2,957 Gisborne .. .. .. .. 176 166 40 382 25 407 2,734 Napier .. .. .. .. 433 354 74 861 37 898 4,830 New Plymouth .. .. .. 377 398 122 897 47 944 5,860 Wanganui .. .. .. .. 367 306 63 736 57 793 3,588 Palmerston North .. .. .. 482 492 78 1,052 74 1,126 6,282 Masterton .. .. .. .. 182 189 36 407 16 423 2,578 Lower Hutt .. .. .. .. 230 414 57 701 1 702 3,289 Wellington .. .. .. .. 1,693 1,656 229 3,578 5 3,583 16,124 Blenheim .. .. .. .. 84 99 18 201 9 210 599 Nelson .. .. .. . . 207 224 46 477 26 503 2,462 Westport .. .. .. .. 32 39 16 87 2 89 663 Greymouth .. .. .. .. 123 137 24 284 9 293 1,928 Christehuroh .. .. .. .. 1,618 1,305 252 3,175 229 3,404 18,495 Timaru .. .. .. .. 451 353 .. 804 .. 804 5,474 Oamaru .. .. .. .. 155 110 11 276 9 285 1,558 Dunedin .. .. .. .. 1,219 903 94 2,216 103 2,319 12,057 Invercargill .. .. .. .. 481 424 48 953 62 1,015 j 6,490 All districts .. .. .. 11,973 11,541 2,203 25,717 1,246 26,963 j 145,974

(Period covcred : 26th January, 1944, to '29th February, 1944) Women aged 31-40 inclusive. Women aged 31-40 inclusive. Married. Married. Occupational Group. Occupational Group. Single. -without Witli Single. wit | 10ut with Children. Children. Children. Children. Living at Home (not otherwise Other Secondary Industries— employed)— Engineering, metal, and munitions 83 78 24 Cities and towns .. .. 1,074 5,120 984 Boxmaking (wood), furniture, &c. 14 6 1 Country areas .. .. .. 742 1,579 479 Printing, stationery, cartons, &c. 94 50 8 — Other essential. . .. .. 105 121 28 Sub-total .. •• 2,416 6,699 1,463 Other not essential .. .. 53 60 8 Percentage of final total .. 20-2 58-0 66-4 Sub-total .. .. 349 315 69 All Office and Clerical W orkers —- Percentage of final total .. 2-9 2-7 3-1 Government Departments .. 612 427 69 Other essential employment .. 598 226 21 Shops and Warehouses, <Ssc.— Employment not declared essential 1,583 590 58 Retail-shop assistants .. .. 928 682 89 Hairdressers, commercial artists, 229 141 7 Sub-total .. •• 2,793 1,243 148 and other skilled workers Percentage of final total .. 23-3 10-8 6-7 Warehouse, depot, &c., workers .. 52 41 6 Primary Industry— Sub-total .. .. 1,209 864 102 All farming (including vegetable and 626 402 66 Percentage of final total .. 10-1 7-5 4-6 tobacco) ; Percentage of final total .. 5-2 3 • 5 3-0 Hospitals, Hotels, and Domestics— — Nurses (including trainees) .. 363 113 5 Transport and Communication — Hospital domestic workers .. 55 33 9 All transport (non-clerical) .. 52 43 10 Hotel, restaurant, &c., workers .. 548 397 81 Post and Telegraph (delivery, &c.) 55 46 14 Private domestics .. .. 945 251 55 Sub-total .. .. 107 89 24 Sub-total .. .. 1,911 794 150 Percentage of final total .. 0-9 0-8 1-1 Percentage of final total .. 16-0 6-9 6'8 Food and Drink Industries — Others— Food canning and preserving .. 37 34 12 Teachers (including trainees) .. 1,089 191 27 Other food and drink industries .. 144 125 16 Entertainments (theatres, &c.) .. 38 37 4 Students, full-time .. .. 9 1 Sub-total .. ■■ 181 159 28 Others not included above .. 280 97 11 Percentage of final total .. 1-5 1-4 1-3 Sub-total .. .. 1,416 326 42 Textile and Footwear Industries— Percentage of final total .. 11-8 2-8 1-9 Woollen and knitting mills ... 139 82 10 — Clothing factories .. .. 523 342 57 Footwear and leather .. .. 82 60 7 Laundries, dry-cleaning, &e. .. 72 70 18 Other textile industries .. .. 149 96 19 Final total .. .. 11,973 11,541 2,203 Sub-total .. 965 650 111 Percentage of final total .. 8 • 1 5-6 5-1

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SECTION X.-DIRECTIONS INTO ESSENTIAL WORK Table 29. —Results of Directions given by District Man-power Officers

Table 30.—Monthly Progress of Directions from 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944

Table 31. —Details of Movements within and into Ten Different Industrial Groups effected by the Directions of District Man-power Officers

* Note.—The period covered by this table includes the period of maximum build-up of the food-processing industries, which each year draw their labour force from other industries, returning the workers later to these industries as the season runs off.

(b) Females

41

Outset to 31st March, 1943. ais^Maroh 9 M«! Outsot to 31sfc March ' 1944 - Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Total directions given .. 25,013 5,766 30,779 46,325 13,354 59,67!) 71,338 19,120 90,458 Of these directions given— Number withdrawn .. 2,462 922 3,384 4,083 1,308 5,391 6,545 2,230 8,775 Number complied with .. 22,250 4,716 126,966 41,295 11,692 52,987 63,545 16,408 79,953 Number not complied with .. 301 128 I 429 947 354 1,301 1,248 482 1,730

Directions to— Directions toTotal Total Period. Directions Period. Directions Males. Females. S lven - Males. Females. glven ' , I Total up to 31st March, 1943 25,013 5,766 30,779 Total up to 30th September, 49,435 11,109 60,544 1943 Increase during — Increase during— 1943—April .. .. 5,750 805 6,555 1943—October .. 2,808 875 3,683 May .. .. 5,952 804 6,756 November .. 3,575 1,037 4,612 June .. .. 4,162 948 5,110 December .. 3,601 1,209 4,810 July .. .. 3,517 987 4,504 1944—January .. 4,591 2,002 6,593 August .. .. 2,111 732 2,843 February .. 3,675 1,408 5,083 September .. 2,930 1,067 3,997 March .. .. 3,653 1,480 5,133 Total up to 30th Soptcmbcr, 49,435 11,109 60,544 Total up to 31st March, 71,338 19,120 90,458 1943 1944

(Period covered : 1st October, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) (a) Males Circulation Inflow Inliow Inflow Inflow Industrial Rrmin within each from from of of Total Industrial other Armed Students on others not Directions. Group. Groups. Forces. Vacation. Working. Farming (including flax and vegetable) .. 291 457 1,070 484 82 2,384 Sawmilling and mining .. .. . . 189 189 202 40 66 686 Building and construction .. .. .. 1,208 890 347 82 235 2,762 Transport and communication .. .. 215 479 426 52 68 1,240 Engineering and power .. .. .. 550 729 243 84 93 1,699 Food and drink industries .. .. .. 816 3,254* 1,386 509 387 6,352 Other secondary industries .. .. 358 991 428 89 153 2,019 Commerce and finance .. .. .. 154 546 463 366 69 1,598 Public administration and professional .. 84 684 224 176 177 1,345 Hotels, entertainment, and miscellaneous .. 70 107 40 .. 29 246 All industries combined .. .. 3,935 8,326 4,829 1,882 1,359 20,331

Circulation Tnflow Inflow Inflow Inflow Inflow Tnrtiiat.rtol Rrnrm withln the (Von ottipr from " f of of ' L ' otal industrial woup. Industrial ' r™,?," Armed Students on Housewives, others not Directions. Group. "roups. Forces. Vacation. Ac. Working. Farming (including flax and 10 376 4 881 28 50 1,349 vegetable) Engineering .. .. . . 65 . 184 S 8 48 83 393 Food and drink industries . . 45 210 .. 39 57 55 406 Textile, footwear, &c, industries . . 380 449 17 8 147 199 1,200 Other secondary industries i. 41 280 6 44 63 65 499 Shops, warehouses, &c. .... 6 17 4 22 2 1 52 Office workers (all industries) .. 254 154 9 32 69 124 642 Hospitals .. .. .. 158 353 3 159 65 102 840 Hotels and catering .. .. 454 305 21 154 75 194 1,203 Miscellaneous (transport, American 32 110 12 38 88 69 349 Forces, &c.) All industries combined .. 1,445 2,438 81 1,385 642 942 6,933

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SECTION XI.-TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN ESSENTIAL INDUSTRIES AND UNDERTAKINGS Table 32. —Results of Applications to terminate Employment

Table 33.— Monthly Increase in Applications from 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944

Table 34.—Classification by Males and Females

42

Outset to 81st March, 1948. 0lltset to 31st March ' 1944 - Applications from— Applications from — Applications from— : Total. Total. Total. Employers. Employees. Employers. Employees. Employers. Employees. Total number of applications received 20,742 41,552 (52,21)4 23,?97 56,948 80,845 44,639 08,500 143,139 Number of these applications dealt with 20,593 41,054 61,647 23,770 56,595 80,365 44,363 97,649 142,012 Of these applications dealt with— Number subsequently withdrawn .. 165 563 728 328 957 1,285 493 1,520 2,013 Number in which permission to 955 7,447 8,402 644 9,003 10,247 1,599 17,050 18,649 terminate was refusod Number in which permission was 19,473 33,044 52,517 22,798 46,035 68,833 42,271 79,079 121,350 granted Percentage— Subsequently withdrawn .. .. 0-8 1-4 1-2 1-4 1-7 1-6 1-1 1-5 1-4 Permission to terminate was refused 4-6 18-1 13-6 2-7 17-0 12-7 3-6 17-5 13-1 Permission was granted .. .. 94-6 80-5 85-2 95'9 81-3 85-7 95-3 81-0 85-5

Applications from— Applications from— Period. Total. Period. : Total. Employers: Employees. Employers. Employees. Total up to 31st March, 1943 .. 20,742 41,552 62,294 Brought forward .. 35,087 69,211 104,298 Increase during— Increase during— 1943 1943 April .. .. .. 1,550 4,042 5,598 October .. .. .. 1,345 4,490 5.835 May .. .. .. 3,177* 4,852 8,029 November .. .. .. 1,442 4,953 6,395 Juno .. .. .. 4,200* 4,555 8,701 December .. .. .. 1,124 3,637 4 761 July .. .. .. 2,362 4,716 7,078 August .. .. .. 1,619 4,894 6,513 1944 September .. .. .. 1,425 4,600 0,025 January .. .. .. 1,400 4,877 6,277 February .. .. .. 1,736 5,650 7,386 March .. .. .. 2,505 5,682 8,187 Carried forward .. 35,087 69,211 104,298 Total up to 31st March, 1944 44,639 98,500 143,139 * Note.—The high ligures shown for May and June correspond with the outflow of seasonal labour from freezing-works.

(Period covered: 1st October, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) Employers Applications from Employees. Total Applications. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. | Females, j Total. Total number of applications received 7,230 2,322 9,552 16,793 12,490 29,289 24,023 14,818 38,841 Number of these applications dealt with 7,201 2,300 9,501 16,729 12,338 29,067 23,930 14,638 Of those applications dealt with — Number subsequently withdrawn .. 115 38 153 273 218 491 388 256 644 Number in which permission to 321 57 378 3,011 1,721 4,732 3,332 1,778 5,110 terminate was refused Number in which permission was 0,765 2,205 8,970 13,445 10,399 23,844 20,210 12,604 32,814 granted

H.—llA

Table 35. —Details of Cases where Permission to terminate was granted

(b) Females

43

(Period covered : 1st August, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) (a) Males Nature of Movements. Moved to Lost to Reasons for Termination. Retained other ° Moved to m" Health ow T ° tal ' in same Essential or Non-essential 'i ' Position not Industry. Important Industry. Married' known. Industry. &c) _ ' (a) Expiry of season (shearing, freezing, &c.) 130 1,594 62 24 215 2,025 (b) Shortage of materials or termination of 571 2,663 130 95 236 3,695 contracts (construction, engineering, &c.) (e) Unsuitability of worker (inefficiency, mis- 334 3,012 168 112 342 3,968 conduct, temperament, &c.) (d) Improvement in position (as regards income, 894 4,818 441 40 41 6,234 experience, responsibility, &c.) (e) Medical unfitness (not elsewhere included) 230 3,356 335 1,466 221 5,608 (/) Other causes (retirement, transfer of home 684 3,046 103 1,042 201 5,076 (young persons), &c.) Total '2,843 18,489 1,239 2,779 1,256 26,606

Nature of Movements. ■nr n i Lost to „ ,■ ,n ■ .• Moved to T«ri„o+ m T Total Reasons for Termination. Retained other Moved to ?. ow in same Essential or Non-essential Retired ' >os '^ on n0 * Industry. Important Industry. Married' known. Industry. &c) _ ' (a) Expiry of season (shearing, freezing, &o.) 91 141 9 31 17 289 (6) Shortage of materials or termination of 88 449 11 54 24 626 contracts (construction, engineering, &c.) (c) Unsuitability of worker (inefficiency, mis- 207 1,099 58 113 167 1,644 conduct, temperament, &c.) (d) Improvement in position (as regards income, 754 1,785 146 39 6 2,730 experience, responsibility, &c.) (e) Causes connected with marriage or married 63 616 35 3,022 63 3,799 status of women (/) Medical unfitness (not elsewhere included) 112 1,425 135 1,451 179 3,302 (y) Other causes (retirement, transfer of home 546 2,104 127 980 186 3,943 (young persons) &c.) Total 1,861 7,619 521. 5,690 642 16,333

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SECTION XII.—INDUSTRIAL ABSENTEEISM Table 36.—Results of Application of Industrial Absenteeism Regulations

Table 37. —Industrial Classification of Persons against whom Complaints were made

SECTION XIII.—RESTRICTION OF INFLOW INTO LESS-ESSENTIAL INDUSTRIES Table 38. —Results of Applications to engage Labour in Less-essential Industries

44

Outset to 31st March, 1943. ()utsct to 31st Mftroh . lfl44 - Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Number of complaints received by Man-power 4,828 2,736 7,564 10,743 8,272 19,015 15,571 11,008 26,579 Officers Number of complaints dealt with by Man-power 4,406 2,554 6,960 10,688 8,126 18,814 15,094 10,680 25,774 Officers Of these complaints dealt with, number where — (a) Allegation of offence not substantiated .. 740 687 1,427 2,761 1,798 4,559 3,501 2,485 5,986 (b) Warning given to worker .. .. 3,346 1,763 5,109 6,191 4,792 10,983 9,537 6,555 16,092 (c) Fine imposed .. .. .. .. 320 104 424 1,736 1,536 3,272 2,056 1,640 3,696

(a) Males (Period coveicd r 1st April, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) Number. Percentage. Complaints relating to male workers employed in— Mines and sawmills .. .. 3,320 30 ■ 9 Building and construction .. .. 1,139 10'6 Transport and power-supply .. 028 5 ■ 8 Engineering and munitions .. .. 1,234 11 • 5 Pood manufacture .. .. 1,231 11-5 Other industries .. .. .. 3,191 29-7 Total .. .. .. 10,743 100-0

(b) Females (Period covered : 1st January, 1914, to 31st March, 1944) Number. Percentage. Complaints relating to female workers employed in— Engineering and munitions .. .. 610 21*2 Food manufacture .. .. 320 11-1 Textiles and clothing .. .. 894 31-1 Hotels and restaurants .. .. 562 19-5 Other industries .. .. .. 493 17-1 Total .. .. .. 2,879 100-0

Outset to 31st March, 1943. Sl'sifffiorf 1944? 0lltsct to 31st March > 1944 ' Applications in Applications in Applications in respect of— respect of— respect of— Total. Total. Total. Males. Females. . Males, Females. Males. Females. Total applications received from employers to 5,273 6,649 11,922 8,764 11,540 20,304 14,037 18,189 32,226 engage workers Number of applications dealt with .. .. 5,252 6,630 11,882 8,715 11,466 20,181 13,967 18,096 32,063 Further details of applications dealt with— Number of employees required .. .. 5,804 7,295 13,099 9,761 12,671 22,432 15,565 19,966 35,531 Number of names submitted .. .. 5,818 7,390 13,208 9,759 12,612 22,371 15,577 20,002 35,579 Number of names where permission was— Granted .. .. .. .. 5,454 6,887 12,341 9,197 11,598 20,795 14,651 18,485 33,136 Refused .. .. .. .. 364 503 867 562 1,014 1,576 926 1,517 2,443 Percentage refused .. .. .. 6-3 6-8 6-6 5-8 8-0 7-0 5-9 7-6 6-9 Number of persons directed into other work.. 165 194 359 361 684 1,045 526 878 1,404

H.—lla

SECTION XIV.—OPERATIONS OF MAN-POWER APPEAL COMMITTEES

Table 40. —Appeals against Decisions regarding Termination of Employment in Essential Undertakings

Table 41.— Appeals against Fines in respect of Industrial Absenteeism

Note.—There have also been 42 appeals dealt with against decisions of District Man-power Officers regarding the restriction of inflow into non-essential industry. As these are few in number and form only a negligible part of the work of the Man-power Appeal Committees, no analysis is given of these appeals,

45

(Period covered : Outset to 31st March, 1944) Table 39. —Appeals against Directions into Essential Wobk 1st October, 1943, Outset 1st April, 1043, Outset . ,, to , . to to to 31st Mar ° h . 19 «- 31st March, 1943. 31st March, 1944. 31st March, 1944. — ' Males. Females. (a) Appeals from employers against directions by District Man-power Officers— Total directions given by all District Man-power 30,779 59,079 90,458 21,903 8 01] Officers Number of appeals against directions, heard in 563 615 1,178 119 225 period Percentage of appeals heard to directions given 1-8 1-0 1.3 0-5 2'8 Of these appeals dealt with, number— Withdrawn 127 (23%) 08(16%) 225 (19%) 30(25%) 17 (8%) Dismissed 255(45%) 274 (45%) 529 (45%) 49(41%) 79 (35%) ... . Upheld . .. 181(32%) 243 (39%) 424 (36%) 40(34%) 129 (57%) (0) Appeals from employees against directions by District Man-power Officers— Total directions given by all District Man-power 30,779 59,679 90,458 21,903 8 011 Officers Number of appeals against directions, heard in 451 753 1,204 182 207 period Percentage of appeals heard to directions given 1-5 1-3 1-3 0-8 2-0 Of these appeals dealt with, number— Withdrawn 112(25%) 128(17%) 240(20%) 37(20%) 23(11%) Dismissed 190(42%) 279 (37%) 469(39%) 64(35%) 58 (28%) Upheld 149 (33%) 346 (46%) 495 (41%) 81 (45%) 126 (61%)

1st October, 1943, Outset 1st April, 1043, Outset „. , „ t0 , .... to to to 3l8t Ma ri=h. 19*431st March, 1943. 31st March, 1944. 31st March, 1944. Males. Females. (a) Appeals from employers against decisions of District Man-power Officers— Total applications to terminate (made by 20,593 23,770 44,363 7 201 2 300 employers) dealt with by District Man-power Officers Number of appeals lodged against decisions 252 346 598 158 57 made within period Percentage of appeals lodged to decisions .. 1-2 1-5 1-3 2-2 2-5 Number of appeals heard in period .. .. 240 315 555 155 5g Of these appeals dealt with, number— Withdrawn 58(24%) 87(28%) 145(20%) 43(28%) 16(29%) Dismissed 136(57%) 154(49%) 290(52%) 67(43%) 28(50°/° ;. % . W d ;• ••. •• •• 46(19%) 74(23%) 120(22%) 45(29%) 12(21% (b) Appeals lrom employees against decisions of District Man-power Officers— Total applications to terminate (made by 41,054 56,595 97,649 16 729 12 338 employees) dealt with by District Man-power Officers Number of appeals lodged against decisions 908 1,973 2,881 755 244 made within period Percentage of appeals lodged to decisions .. 2-2 3-5 3-0 4.5 2-0 Number of appeals heard in period .. .. 844 1,809 2,653 737 224 Of these appeals dealt with, numberWithdrawn 155(18%) 283(16%) 438(17%) 121(16%) 43(19%) Dismissed 436(52%) 891(49%) 1,327(50%) 375(51%) 95 43% l; l' lll ' l( l 253(30%) 635(35%) 888(33%) 241(33%) 86 88%)

Outset 1st April, 1043, 0utset to slst March, 1944. to to . 31st March, 1943. 31st March, 1944. ,, , „ Males. Females. Total. Total cases where a fine lias been imposed .. 424 3,272 2,056 1640 3696 Number of appeals arising from the imposition of fines ' 16 125 91 50 141 Percentage of appeals to fines imposed .. .. 3-8 3 • 8 4-4 3-0 ;j. s Number of appeals heard in period .. .. 14 118 84 48 132 Of these appeals dealt with, number — Dismissed 7 (50%) 53 (45%) 41 (49%) 19 (40%) 00 (45%) Fine reduced 6(43%) 21(1.8%) 23(27%) 4 (8%) 27 121%) Fine wholly remitted 1 (7%) 44(37%) 20(24%) 25(52%) 45 34%

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SECTION XV.—VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE CENTRES Table 42. —Analysis of Inflow and Outflow of Labour through Vocational Guidance Centres

Note.— * These figures do not include as in the period Ist December, 1942, to 28th February, 1943, placements into holiday and easonal work of children leaving school or working in school holidays. For details of these placements see Table 19.

Table 43. —Industrial Analysis of Placements

46

(Period covcred : 1st December, 1942, to 31st March, 1944) Inflow to Centre from— Outflow frum Centre. Total Inflow. Industries, Ac. ~y School, £=& Males. Females. Males. | Females. Males, j Females. Males, j Females. Males, j Females. Males. Females. Totals at 28th February, 1943 (as 480 581 919 1,041 237 233 1,630 1,855 430 223 992- 1,293 shown in previous annual report) — •— * — ■ Totals from 1st March, 1943, to 31st March, 1944— Vocational Guidance Centro — „ Auckland .. .. 1,231 753 329 495 127 206 1,687 1,454 17 33 1,316 1,216 Wellington .. .. 947 1,343 260 432 92 133 1,299 1,908 39 11 959 1,462 Christehurch .. 443 688 340 429 69 180 852 1,297 13 6 873 1,388 Dunedin 165 418 157 250 28 82 350 750 8 12 277 702 All Centres .. .. 2,786 3,202 1,086 1,606 316 601 4,188 5,409 77* 62* 3,425 4,768 Totals from 1st December, 1942, 3,266 3,783 2,005 2,647 553 834 5,824 7,264 507 285 4,41.7 6,061 to 31st March, 1944

(Period covered : 1st December, 1943, to 31st March, 1944) (a) Males (b) Females Placements from — Placements from— Placements into — Post- Total. Placements into Post- „ . Total. Industries' i™' Primary Industries ( Primary &c - Schools 5 ! Sch00ls - Schools'. Sch00ls " Farming .. .. .. 8 10 83 101 Farming .. .. .. .. 22 6 28 Building and construction .. 0 16 37 02 Engineering and metalwork .. 4 1 12 17 Transport and communication 2 18 28 48 Food. and drink manufacture .. Engineering and metalwork .. 17 74 95 180 Textiles and clothing .. Ill 80 .132 32!) Meat, butter, cheese, fertilizers, 4 1 11 16 Footwear manufacture a nd 3 7 11 21 tanneries leather-working Food and drink manufacture n.e.i 12 4 43 59 Other secondary industry .. 25 25 55 105 Textile, clothing, footwear, 8 6 28 42 Commerce and finance .. 88 516 325 929 manufacture Public Service, local authorities, 1 41 90 132 Timber, joinery, furniture, &c., 13 20 49 82 hospitals, n.e.i. manufacture Hotels and restaurants .. 4 3 53 00 Printing, publishing, stationery, 6 25 26 57 Private domestic work .. 2 4 39 45 and cartons manufacture Miscellaneous .. .. 12 33 35 80 Other secondary industry .. 12 27 48 87 Commerce and finance .. 52 235 150 443 Public Service, local authorities, 1 14 21 36 hospitals, n.e.i. Miscellaneous .. . • 6 22 34 62 Total .. ■ •• 150 472 659 1,281 Total .. .. 257 741 771 | 1,769

H.—lla

SECTION XVI.—FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO PERSONS DIRECTED INTO ESSENTIAL WORK Table 44. —Classification by Man power Districts of Amounts paid and Number of Persons who have received Financial Assistance at any Time up to 31st March, 1944

SECTION XVII.—REGULATIONS Note. —A full list of regulations which had at any time prior to March, 1943, directly governed any part of the work of the National Service Department is set out in the Appendix to the last annual report. The following are details of additions and changes to that list: —

Table 45. —Regulations, etc., appearing in the Appendix to the Previous Report which have since been revoked or superseded by Later Regulations or Orders

Table 46.—Additional Regulations The following additional regulations, Orders, &c., have come into force since the publication of the last report. This list covers those enacted up to and including 31st March, 1944. Those regulations, &c, marked with an asterisk have since been revoked or superseded.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (1135 copies), £140.

Authority: E. V. Paul, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 944.

Price 7,5.]

47

Males. Females. Total. Man-power District. ff Nun , ber ToM Ammmt Number Total AllHm]lt Persons. 1"" (1 - Persons. paid ' Persons. ' )ilicl - £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Auckland .. .. .. .. 29 758 9 9 10 101 10 1 39 859 19 10 Hamilton .. .. .. .. 1 96 0 0 .. .. 1 96 0 0 Now Plymouth .. r. .. 1 6 5 9 .. .. 1 6 5 9 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 50 12 1 2 50 12 1 Palmcrston North .. .. .. .. .. 2 18 8 0 2 18 8 0 Lower Hutt .. .. .. 10 218 9 0 6 40 0 2 16 258 9 2 Wellington.. .. .. .. 10 358 3 4 28 321 18 9 38 680 2 1 Nelson .. .. .. .. 1 23 12 3 5 35 19 4 6 59 11 7 Greymouth .. .. .. .. .. 2 8 10 8 2 8 10 8 Cluistchurch .. .. .. 3 69 18 5 4 64 4 4 7 134 2 9 Oamani .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 127 6 3 7 127 6 3 Dunedin .. .. .. .. 11 207 8 3 9 83 18 3 20 291 6 6 Invercargill .. .. .. 1 15 4 2 ' 2 44 16 6 3 60 0 8 All districts .. .. 67 1,753 10 11 77 897 4 5 144 2,650 15 4

Reference to Name of Regulation, Proclamation, or Order. Date. ,, Statutory Regulations or Gazette. 1942 The Emergency Reserve Corps Enrolment Order 1942 .. .. .. 22nd January 1942/10 The Emergency Reserve Corps Enrolment Order 1942, Amendment No. 1 .. 20th February 1942/37 The Employment Restriction Order No. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 14th May .. 1942/135 The Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1942 .. .. .. 14th October 1942/296 The Employment Restriction Order No. 2 .. .. .. .. 6th November 1942/319

Reference to Name of Regulation. Proclamation, or Order. Date. Statutory Regulations or Gazette, 1943. *Thc Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1942, Amendment No. 1 . . 20th April .. 1943/61 The Emergency Reserve Corps Enrolment Order 1943 .. .. .. 21st April .. 1943/70 The Lighting Restriction Emergency Regulations. 1941, Amendment No. 4 .. 19th May .. 1913/84 *The Employment Restriction Order No. 3 .. .. .. .. .. 1st July .. 1943/108 The Emergency Fire Service Conditions of Service Order 1941, Amendment No. 1 18th August 1943/130 The Dentists Employment Order 1943 .. .. .. .. .. 1st September 1913/145 1944. The Registration for Employment Order No. 9 .. . .■ .. .. 20th January 1944/5 The Industrial Man-power Emergency Regulations 1944 .. .. .. 2nd February 1944/8 The National Service Emergency Regulations 1940, Amendment No. 15 .. 10th February 1944/14 The Employment Restriction Order No. 4 .. .. .. .. . . 20th March .. 1944/44