MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA (SEVENTEENTH REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF, FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1937.)

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1937 Session I, A-04

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1937. NEW ZEALAND.

MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA (SEVENTEENTH REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF, FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1937.)

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Leave.

Sir, — Prime Minister's Office, Wellington, N.Z., 23rd July, 1937. I have the honour to forward herewith the Seventeenth Annual Report on the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa for the year ended 31st March, 1937. This report has been prepared by the Administrator of Western Samoa, and adopted by the New Zealand Government as its report for the purposes of Article 6 of the Mandate, and in conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. A copy has been forwarded direct to each member of the Permanent Mandates Commission, and 120 additional copies have been despatched to you under separate cover. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Frank Langstone, For Prime Minister. The Secretary-General, League of Nations, Geneva.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE I. —Introductory .. .. .. .. ~ .. .. 2 II. —Status of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 111. —Status of the Population .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 IV. —International Relations .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 V. —General Administration .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 VI. —Public Finance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Vll.—Direct Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Vlll.—lndirect Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 IX. —Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 X. —Judicial Organization .. .. .. .. .. . . 13 XI. —Police and Prisons .. .. ' .. .. .. .. 17 Xll.—Defence of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Xlll.—Arms and Ammunition .. ~ .. .. .. .. 17 XlV.—Social Condition of the Natives .. .. .. .. .. 17 XV. —Labour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 XVI. —Freedom of Conscience .. .. .. .. .. 18 XVII. —Education .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ .. 19 XVIII. —Liquor and Drugs .. .. .. .. .. ~ 21 XlX,— He'alth .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. 22 XX. —Land Tenure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 XXI. —Forests and Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 XXII. —Mines .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ .. 25 XXIII. —Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 XXlV.—Public Works .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 Appendices : Charts — Samoan Census .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 Values of Import, Export, and Total Trade of Western Samoa, 1925-36.. 29 Details of Quantities of Exports, 1922-36 .. .. .. .. .. 30 Copra Production, 1910-36 .. .. .. .. .. 31 Map— Western Samoa, with inset showing geographical position of the Territory.

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L—INTRODUCTORY. Inquiries concerning points in the 1935-36 report, made by members of the Permanent Mandat s Commission during the thirtieth session, are answered in the succeeding pages, reference to such being given in the following index : — — — i r~ ' '

Western Samoa is comprised of two large islands, Upolu and Savai'i, and the islets of Apolima, Manono, Fanuatapu, Namua, Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, and Nu'usafe'e. The geographical boundaries are latitudes 13 degrees and 15 degrees south, and longitudes 171 degrees and 173 degrees west. Upolu and Savai'i are each forty-seven miles long and separated by Apolima Strait, eight miles wide, in the centre of which is situated Apolima Islet; the remainder of the islets are found within the fringing reef surrounding Upolu. The islands of the Group, which cover an area of 1,133 square miles, are mountainous in character, rising to elevations of 6,094 ft. in Savai'i, and 3,608 ft. in Upolu. As a result the great majority of Natives live in coast villages, there being eleven inland villages only out of a total of 192 in the whole Territory. The climate is mild and equable, the average temperature during the last ten years being 79-3 degrees, and the average rainfall for the same period 120-90 in. per annum. At the 31st March, 1937, the Native population was 52,602 and the non-Native population 3,662. lI.—STATUS OP THE TERRITORY. The Territory is administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand, and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on the 17th December, 1920. A reprint of the mandate is included in a " Book of Laws " at present being prepared in the vernacular for distribution throughout the Territory. lII.—STATUS OF THE POPULATION. The Natives of Western Samoa are described in documents of travel as " British protected persons, Natives of the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa." Pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Council of the League of Nations on the 23rd April, 1923, provision for individual inhabitants of the Territory voluntarily to obtain British naturalization was enacted. These provisions are now contained in the British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1928. Since 1923, certificates of naturalization have been granted to fifteen Native Samoans and to fifteen Europeans. In the previous reports sixteen Samoans were stated to have been granted certificates of naturalization, but one has failed to complete "the necessary requirements and the certificate has been withdrawn. Applications for Samoan status under the Samoan Status Ordinance, 1934, were made by two part-Europeans in the period under review. These involved nine persons, including children, and, together with four other applications, await hearing by the Chief Judge. IV,— INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. (a) International Conventions. The General International Conventions that have been applied to Western Samoa were described in the report for 1931-32 (page 24). In addition, the International Load-line Convention, signed at London on the sth July, 1930, which came into force on the Ist July, 1936, has been applied to Western Samoa. A list of Bi lateral Agreements extended to the Territory was published in the minutes of the twenty-second session of the Permanent Mandates Commission (page 72), and further additions are given in the reports for 1934-35 (page 2) and 1935-36 (page 3).

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Minutes of Thirtieth Permanent Mandates * fOT 1986 - 37 " Subject. Commission. Page. Chapter. Page. Crime (M. van Asbeok) .. .. •• •• •• * 22 XI 17 Education (Mile. Dannevig) .. .. ■■ ,<W X ,,, J, Imports and exports (M. Maneeron) .. . • • • • • 121 ' X * Judicial organization (M. van Asbeck) .. .. .. • ■ 121 X 1<~> Labour (Mr. Weaver) .. .. •• •• ■■ 124 XV IB Liquor offences (Count de Penha Garcia).. .. .. • . 1-5 yty 99 Medical service (Count de Penha Garcia) .. . ■ • • 125 vttt i o Missions (M. Palacios) .. .. .. •• 123,124 XVI is Witchcraft (M. Palacios) .. .. ■ • • ■ ■ • 124 A

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(b) Economic Equality. Save as to the protection afforded to Native Samoans in the inalienability of Native land there are no derogation,? from the principle of economic equality as regards concessions, land-tenure or direct or indirect taxation ; the question of mining-rights does not apply. There is a preference in Customs import duties of 7J per cent, in favour of British goods, but no restrictions as regards countries of origin of goods imported, export trade, or shipping. Immigration is governed by the Samoa Immigration Order, 1930, as amended in 1935. V.—GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. The executive government of Western Samoa is vested in His Majesty the King pursuant to a mandate confirmed by the League of Nations. The Administrator is charged with the administration of the Territory, subject to the control of the Minister of External Affairs of New Zealand The laws of the Territory are made by Act of the New Zealand Parliament or regulations issued thereunder, or by Ordinance passed by the local Legislative Council, which as at present constituted consists of the Administrator, five official members, two unofficial members, elected by the taxable male adult European community and four nominated Native members, one of whom remains yet to be appointed, lhe Council met for one session during the year. The following legislative measures have been enacted since the last report: In New Zealand— The Samoa High Court Amendment Rules, 1936. In Samoa— No. 1/1936,—The Personal Tax Abolition Ordinance, 1936. No. 2/1936. —The Samoan Offenders Ordinance Repeal Ordinance, 1936. No. 3/1936,—The Revenue Amendment Ordinance, 1936. No. 4/1936. —The Ordinances Amendment Ordinance, 1936. No. 5/1936. —The Shopping Hours Amendment Ordinance, 1936. No. 6/1936. —The Samoa Health Amendment Ordinance, 1936. ™ pi f ni 1 t \ eS ? 1 m ® asures have been furnished to the Permanent Mandates Commission. Mr. A. 0. 1 urn bull. Secretary to the Administration and Deputy Administrator, has continued to occupy the position of Acting Administrator. In June 1936, the Territory welcomed the arrival of a Parliamentary Goodwill Delegation from JNew Zealand, consisting of the Hon. 1. Langstone, Minister of Lands, and Mr. J. O'Brien M.P. Further reference to the purposes of their visit will be found under Native Affairs Higher prices for copra and cocoa, coupled with increased exports of all Island produce have greatly improved the condition of the people, and the Administration finances reflect the general prosperity of the country. r J In addition to the Chamber of Commerce and Planters' Association, which have been established for some years, there have been formed the Labour Party and the United Progressive Party. The object of the former is to protect and promote the interests of local-born Europeans mostly engaged as artisans and labourers, while the latter (formed subsequent to visit of Good-will Mission) aims at conserving European planting and business interests generally. The Labour Party submitted representations to the Parliamentary Delegation regarding extension of franchise, employment of local-born Europeans, proposals for settling local lads on the land, and general matters affecting the welfare of their people. The elected European Legislative Councillors and Planters' Association also submitted representations concerning European planting and business interests. The Administration acknowledges the assistance given by the Missionary Societies and all organizations, which, while having for their object the furtherance or protection of their own particular interests, have on all occasions shown their willingness to co-operate with the Administration for the promotion of general welfare. Native Affairs. In April, 1936, announcement was made that a Ministerial Goodwill Mission from New Zealand would shortly visit the Territory, and that facilities would be afforded for the return to Samoa of Mr 0. F. Nelson, who was at that time under Court sentence of exile for breaches of the Seditious Organizations Regulations. The Ministerial delegation arrived on 23rd June, and was welcomed by all sections °u i\/r including the Mau. On the following day it was announced that the declaration of the Mau as a seditious organization, and regulations (which had been dormant) containing power for restricting movements within the Territory, would be immediately repealed. In the course of further meetings during the ensuing four weeks, between the Ministerial delegation and representatives of the Samoans, the following changes were also announced or made effective : (1) Arrears of Native personal and medical taxes owing on Ist April, 1929, when the taxes were suspended, amounting to £28,786 18s. 9d., were written off, and the Ordinances empowering the levying of such taxes were listed for repeal, which became effective on 23rd December. (2), The Samoan Offenders Ordinance, 1922, under which the Administrator was empowered to banish individuals from their villages and to cancel family names (which power had not been used since 1927) was listed for repeal, which also was effected on 23rd December. (3) The Samoan membership of the Legislative Council was increased from two to four. (4) Tuimalealiifano, a leader of the Mau and a former Fautua, resumed that office. (5) Provision was made for a Finance Committee, consisting of three representatives of the Samoan race and one of the European community, to confer with the Administrator and two officials ; for the

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Legislative Council to discuss the estimates of revenue and expenditure ; and for the same to be published in the Samoan language. (6) A re-election of the Native Advisory Council of Faipule was held, being effective from Ist October, and thirty-nine Faipule were returned, of whom thirty-three were members of the Mau. Those of the previous Faipule who were not elected agreed to retire and were paid their stipends for eighteen months, being the balance of their term of three years. (7) The appointment of a Samoan assistant or associate to sit with and advise Judges or Commissioners presiding in the High Court at Apia in all cases where Samoans are involved was approved. (8) Extension of health and education services was announced. Mr. 0. F. Nelson and three of his daughters returned to Samoa on 22nd July, enabling Mr. Nelson to participate with the Samoans in a final conference with the Ministerial delegation before its departure for New Zealand on the following day. The new Fono of Faipule met on 30th September, and continued until 4th November a much longer period than usual. A number of remits were introduced directed towards greater Native representation in the control of Administration services, appointments, and remuneration, and the Faipule sought to improve somewhat their own status, which under the Samoa Act is of an advisory nature. The majority of the remits were referred for consideration by the Mandatory Government, whose policy thereon will be announced at the next Fono to be held in May, 1937. A census of Western Samoa was taken on 4th November, with the co-operation of the whole population. Faumuina Fiame, hitherto President of the Mau, relinquished that position in order to take up an appointment as Supervisor of Native Police on the 16th December. The Mau elected Tamasese to succeed him. ) As from Ist January, 1937, the appointments of the village officials known as Pulenu u were made available for re-election by vote of the village communities, their number was increased from 127 to 156, and it was agreed that fresh elections would be held every three years. Of these changes, those which have had greatest effect upon Native affairs have been the abandonment of a repressive policy for one of political freedom of expression, and the redistribution of 195 appointments of Faipule and Pulenu'u in which the Mau have participated. The Mau is continuing as an organization, which seems partly political and partly to supply a psychological need in the present condition of Samoan life. It provides a means for the exercise of ceremonial and social precedence, and its ambitions for self-government make it attractive to the independent Samoan nature. It formulates requests for submission to the Administration or to the Mandatory, but does not now hinder or oppose the functioning of Government. Non-co-operation with the Administration has ceased. Trade. The year 1936 was the best experienced since 1930, the total trade being £430,275, as compared with the previous year's aggregate of £325,055, the increase amounting to 32-37 per cent. This was due to the continued increase in copra, cocoa, and rubber prices during the year, the first commodity being particularly buoyant. Unfortunately prices in the early part of 1937 show a falling tendency, particularly as regards copra. Exports in 1936 showed an increase over 1935 of 513 tons of copra, 489 tons of cocoa, and 26 tons of rubber. Bananas once again proved their worth to the Territory, the value exported taking second place to copra only in order of importance. Over 19,000 more cases than in 1935 were shipped, a record total for the year of 128,045 cases being reached, while the price to growers was increased to ss. per case. Finance. An examination of the year's accounts discloses an excess of revenue over expenditure of £1,296, particulars being given in Chapter VI, " Public Finance." Persons of Part Samoan Blood. The welfare of those members of the community who are of part Samoan blood constantly engages the attention of the Administration. With a view to placing suitable young men of this class in agriculture, a block of 600 acres of virgin bush land belonging to the Crown has been allotted for settlement. Of this area ten sections each of 50 acres are now being worked by young men who are receiving financial and other assistance for erection of houses, clearing, and planting. The general direction of this scheme is in the hands of a Land Settlement Board comprised of planters, representative business men, citizens, and officials, and although the scheme is in its infancy there is every prospect of success. A further block of 850 acres of good land is available, and it is hoped will be allotted for selection at an early date. Visits. The visit of the New Zealand Parliamentary Delegation is referred to on page 3. The usual annual visits were exchanged between the Governor of American Samoa and the Acting Administrator in August, 1936. Postal and Radio. With the advent in September, 1936, of a new Union Steamship Co. vessel, the Matua, which connects Apia with New Zealand at four-weekly intervals, a great improvement has been effected in the frequency of mail communications. There are now three connections with New Zealand and two with all other parts of the world each four weeks.

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rile volume of mail-matter m 1936-37 showed a decrease compared with 1935-36, but is explained by the fact that m the latter year both Jubilee and new pictorial stamps of the Territory were issued resulting m a keen demand for stamped covers by philatelists all over the world The value of money-orders paid at Apia was £4,018 4s. 7d„ as compared with £6,527 8s lOd for the previous year Deposits m the Post Office Savings-bank .exceeded withdrawals by £10 379 2s whi e he amount held on the 31st March, 1937, at the credit of 2,014 depositors was £63 597 7s 5d (including interest, £1,480 3s. 2d.). At the conclusion of the previous year the excess of over withdrawals was £9,711 2s. lid., and 1,715 depositors had a credit balance of £51,738 2s 5d (including interest, £1,330 Is. 7d.). ' ® adl ° tr a : fficdiscl o sed a further increase in the number of messages, 9,726 being handled, an advance of 1,685 over 1935 36. Receipts also were £469 more than in the previous year. Lands and Survey. owin g to pressure of work m this Department it was found necessary to appoint an additional staff surveyor from New Zealand. Among the numerous surveys carried out during the year may be mentioned that of the area set apart for settlement by local-born young men, referred to in the paragraph Public Tbust Office. ~K nE0 X P^ dlt , ure a 2 l ° U^ te i J t ° 1 £59 ? 7S '. 7d " and reVenue t0 £743 10s -> leaving a credit balance of £150 2s. 5d., being £17 ss. Id. less than m the previous period. A restoration of salaries in July 1936 more than accounts for this diminution. Funds invested total £8,880 7s. 7cl and the office tUpt-vp was increased to £900 by the transfer of £100 from the year's surplus. The remaining profit £50 2s 5d was added to the accumulated office profits, which now stand at £4,748 13s 6d ' , J h^ r |T e 7 7o e ° f ? derived mainl y from interest 011 the 'invested portion of the accumulated profits of £4,748 13s. 6d. and from commissions. Salaries of staff is the largest expenditure item The office is self-supporting, and its accounts are separate from those of the Administration • but as a matter of convenience, all expenditure is made through appropriation of the Samoan Treasury which is reimbursed at the end of each quarter. Hence the Treasury figures include Public Trust Office expenditure (which is also shown as deduction from the total) but do not show receipts which credited direct to the Public Trustee. J w " lcil are The Samoa Public Trust Office was established under the Samoa Public Trust Office Order 1921 and is separate from the New Zealand Public Trust Office. ' Port and Harbour, Service. Pilotage and harbour services, and maintenance of beacons, lights, and plant continued to function satisfactorily under contract with the Harbourmaster. No serious accident to shipping occurred " the period. A new shipping light was erected on the reef off Faleula to the west of Apia and considerable work was done m improving reef passages and beacons in Upolu and Savai'i. onsiaerable Staff. Particulars are given in the following table, as at 31st March of each year

The staff is organized on the basis of having a European official in charge of each Department with a minimum number of other Europeans, with specialist and other essential qualifications retired or the work The remainder of the staff is engaged in Samoa from Native Samoans or persons of part Samoan blood, according to the nature of the service.

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! Europeans Persons of Part Native Native Samoan Samoan Blood. Samoans District and Village Services. ' Officials. 1936. 1937. 1936. 1937. 1936. 1937. 1936. 1937. Classified departmental staffs— I Ration 4 4 6 6 95 113 Health 11 *16 3 5 69 90 Native Affairs (including Savai'i) .. 4 3 1 i n 11 n ôo , An Police and Prisons .. ..10 9 2 3 49 54 Other services .. .. 24 26 18 21 23 24 nil 53 58 30 36 247 292 163 192 Casual employees .. .. .. 6 2 18 14 21 21 Totals " • '' 59 60 48 50 268 313 163 192 * Includes Bacteriologist, Dispenser, and : Ho^l&<^t^

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Census. As already mentioned in the Native Affairs paragraph of Chapter V, a census of the population was taken on the night of 4th November, 1936, summarized results, compared with those of the census, being detailed hereunder : —

Total increase = 15,715 (39-06%). Every precaution was taken during the census to obtain an accurate record of the population, and it can safely be said that the foregoing figures are substantially correct. With regard to the Native population this statement is supported by. the results of the unofficial census taken during the yaws campaign of 1932-33, referred to in the report for 1934-35, page 23 On comparing the European total, 367, with the total at 31st March, 1936, shown m the last report (page 25) it will be observed that a difference of 229 occurs. This is explained by the fact that over the period since the 1926 census numbers of persons with a modicum of Samoan blood who have left the Territory for a time, have, on their return, been shown m the immigration returns as Europeans, thus swelling the European total. In the 1936 census these people have been placed m their correct category as persons of part Samoan blood. The question of the infiltration of Chinese blood into the Native race received careful attention during the census, and it was definitely ascertained that there were 898 inhabitants of part ChineseSamoan blood in the Territory. It is estimated that there are others with a percentage of Chinese blood, but they have merged into the Native village life to such an extent as to be indistinguishable from their pure Samoan relations. . The great increase in the Native Samoan population as disclosed by this census can be credited mainly to the health measures carried out by the Administration, resulting in a better appreciation of sanitation and hygiene by the people. Stress has always been laid on preventive measures, and with the increase in the number of Native medical practitioners it will be possible to carry out a more extensive health campaign. . Although the Native population is steadily increasing, it will be many years before the question of food-supplies becomes a problem. The available land has been cultivated on its fringes only, and there is still sufficient area of virgin land to furnish ample sustenance to a population several times larger than the present one. Detailed particulars of the 1936 Native census, together with a summary of the 1926 census, are given in an appendix to this report. VI. —PUBLIC FINANCE. The accounts of the Territory for the year ended 31st March, 1937, show a surplus of receipts over expenditure of £1,296. pionnn j- a The accumulated surplus at that date is £24,181, excluding investments totalling £12,000 set aside for replacement of assets and not available for general purposes. The total accumulated surplus is therefore £36,181, held as shown below : Cash 15 ' 75 9 Investments and advances in Samoa .. - • • • • • 1 > o^2 Investments in New Zealand £36,181 Prices for copra and cocoa were at a higher level than in recent years, particularly in the last six months of the year, resulting in increased imports and a marked increase m the total value ot the trade of the Territory, with a corresponding increase in revenue. Details of revenue and expenditure for the year, together with corresponding figures for the previous year, are shown m the following statements : —

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Category. j 1936. j 1926. Increase. Decrease. Native Samoans (including other 52,266 36,688 15,578 (42-46%) Pacific-Islanders) _ in/ . Europeans .. •• 367 446 .. 79 (17-71%) Persons of part Samoan blood .. 2,708 2,052 656 (31-97%) •' Chinese ..522 890 .. 368 (41-35%) Melanesian labourers . . • •' 83 155 • • 72 ( 46 ' 45 %> Tota l 55,946 40,231 16,234 519

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Revenue.

The main variations are explained as follows Hea tte^revSr nt ea r r enUe £M3B f ° r ° f UqU ° r ' an in ° reaSe ° f £I'OW1 ' 0W over Tll(i stamnT 6 "At i° St l ,? ld Eadi °'department revenue is due to lesser sales of new-issue stamps. A further fall is expected m the current year. The principal increases m Treasury and Customs receipts are set out below £ Export duty—Bananas .. .. .. _ 4g5 Import duty " 7 . 9|S Port and Customs service tax .. £10,163 Against these increases must be set off reductions as under £ Export duty—Copra .. .. .. _ _ lgl2 Stamp duty (sales of stamps) ..... 1 jon Shipping fees .. .. .. " ' m Personal tax (tax abolished) .. .. ~ _ 732 £4,386

Expenditure.

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Head of Revenue. 1935-36. 1936-37. , — I I. Education .. . 090 H. Health .. " '' o o qqq HI. Justice .. ;; ;; 8 'll 5 , IV. Lands and Survey .. . 260 49« v - Native .. .. .: :: m tS VI. Police and Prisons .. .. ., 2 916 9 <«0 VII. Postal and Radio .. 7'824 r'qch VIII. Public works .. ;; lf 0 t IX. Treasury, Customs, &c. .. .. 85'381 91,'192 £111,867 £117,909

Head of Expenditure. 1935-36. [ 1936-37. £ £ I. Permanent charges on public debt .. 9,727 11 331 II. Administrator and Government House .. 2'485 1'9A9 III. Education .. 4-'«77 k'aici ttt TT ii-t •• •• 4,8// 5,619 I V. Health .. .. _ __ 17,797 19 630 V. Justice, Labour, and Public Trust . . 2'554 9' 506 VI. Lands and Survey .. .. .. 552 VII. .Native .. .. . , _ c poq a sin VIII. Police and Prisons .. .. _ 8'380 «'q99 IX. Postal and Radio .. 5'39<5 X. Public Works .. .. " 2 o 222 orJSS XI. Secretariat .. .. .. ;; XII. Treasury, Customs, <fec. .. .. .. 13,'983 12'758 101,726 117,510 Less Public Trust and Labour 990 897 Departments recovered ' £100,736 £116,613

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Salaries were restored to their former level as from Ist July, 1936, with a resulting increase m expenditure for all Departments. The principal increases in expenditure apart from salaries are accounted for as set out below Permanent Charges.—k sum of £1,500 was applied in reduction of loan indebtedness in addition to the ordinary sinking-fund payment. Health Department.—lncreased purchases of stores (including liquor) and of rations for patients amounted to approximately £1,000, while there were corresponding increases m other items due to an increased number of patients receiving treatment. Lands and Survey—An additional surveyor was appointed to the staff during the year. Native— The Fono of Faipule held in October lasted for a longer period than usual, and increased allowances to the Faipule resulted in an increase of £760 in Fono expenses. Postal and Radio.—The principal items under which additional expenditure was made were— Interest to depositors, savings-bank, £150 ; and telephone replacements, £267. Public Works. —The principal items showing additional expenditure are— Maintenance of buildings Maintenance of and purchase of furniture Maintenance of roads Maintenance of sea-walls New buildings .. •• •• •• I>3®6 New bridges ■ • • • • • • • ■ ■ •' "' Roads (new work) .. 677 Sea-walls (new work) 530 Electric installations 004 Hydro-electric working-expenses • 2 24S Reduced credits-in-aid £9,174 Secretariat. —Land purchases increased by £1,265, an amount of £655 was expended on a new land-settlement scheme, and the visit of the Ministerial " goodwill' party caused an expenditure of £579. The reduction in the expenditure for the Administrator and Government House is due to the non-appointment of an Administrator since the departure of General Sir H. E. Hart in Juiy, IiMO. Treasury and Customs expenditure is less, owing to there being no expenditure on the printing of new stamps during the year. A comparative statement of revenue and expenditure each year from 1925-26 is shown below

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Revenue Expenditure Deficit Subsidy Final Surplus Year. obtained in the of the or from Territory. Territory. Surplus. New Zealand. Deficit. £ £ £ £ £ 1925-26 128,638 145,687 -17,049 21,400 4,351 1926-27 " 113 812 141,710 -27,898 20,000 - 7,898 1927-28 :: .. 106,038 143,421 -37,383 20,000 -17,383 1928-29 121,904 157,829* -35,925* 47,374* +11,449 1929-30 .. 131,416 150,728* -19,312* 39,448* +20,136 1930-31 130,385 140,288* — 9,903* 21,000 +11,097 S-3 :: ■■ MM» 128,». -19,896« .. ;1, « 1932-33 .. .. 105,920 98,166 +7,754 .. + 7,754 1933-34.. .. 90,613 89,955 + «58 .. J 1934-35.. •• 78,808 76,505 +2,303 .. 1935-36 .. •• 111,867 100,736 t }'JS 1936-37 .. 117,909 116,613 + 1,296 .. + 1,296 * Includes expenditure on extra police : £27,374 in 1928-29, £19*448 in 1929-30, £16,581 in 1930-31, and £10,412 in 1931-32.

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The following comparative table shows the total receipts each year, together with the amounts expended on certain public services :—

Loan Account. Loans to the amount of £8,270 were redeemed out of sinking fund, and a further £1,500 was redeemed by direct payment. The total public debt is now £121,940. Customs Revenue. The total amount collected on account of duties and taxation during the financial year ended 31st March, 1937, was £107,092 as compared with £98,254 for the financial year 1935-36, an increase of £8,838.

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Revenue from .. External Sources. Revenue Amounts spent on Financial Year. — from Loans and j ,, Internal Aeri- I Public Public Advance** recoverable Sources. Education ,f „ ,i T , Advances. | Q rants _ culture. Health. Works. To £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 31st March, 1921 .. .. 44,336 .. 149,027 3:176 5,405 15 840 13 796 1921--22 .. .. .. 49,229 16,000 119,569 5,237 4,444 22'690 lō'418 1922-23 20,777 16,000 115,250 6,846 3,787 25,715 12'ō49 1923-24 .. .. .. 5,658' 24,000 109,917 6,556 5,748 23 995 21191 1924-25 .. .. .. .. 19,140 111,774 7,609 3,030 24,425 24'737 1925-26 .. .. .. 5,000 21,400 128,638 9,131 3,187 25 761 26'ō55 1926-27 .. .. .. 31,000 20,000 113,812 9,688 3,760 2o'oi6 1927-28 .. .. .. 16,500 20,000 106,038 10,222 4,990 25,597 16*842 1928-29 .. .. .. 25,700 20,000 121,904 7,738 4,285 24,367 13^606 1929-30 .. .. .. .. 39,448 131,416 6,955 .. 18 016 17005 1930-31 .. .. .. .. 21,000 130,385 7,439 .. I 8) 224 lō'726 1931-32 .. .. .. 6,000 .. 109,040 6,794 .. 17,824 15J97 1932-33 .. .. .. .. .. 105,920 5,459 .. 21,819 11,908 1933-34 .. .. .. .. .. 90,613 5,097 .. 17,150 10,632 1.934-35 .. 78,808 4,910 .. 13,937 9 U1 1935-36 .. .. .. .. .. 111,867 4,877 .. 17,797 20,222 1936-37 .. 117,909 5,619 .. 19,636 28,030 £ £ Total .. .. .. 204,200 Less amount of loan subsequently treated as a gift by New Zealand Government (not in respect of any specific year) .. 25,000 Less repayment of temporary advance .. 6,000 Less repayment of principal — 1928-29 .. .. 8,000 1932-33 .. ..26,155 1933-34 .. .. 3,000 1934-35 .. .. 4,335 1936-37 .. .. 9,770* 82,260 Public debt .. .. £121,940 ~— I * Includes 1935-36 contribution of £4,038.

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Following are the receipts under the principal headings : —

Refunds of Export Duties.

Taxation and Licensing. The following amounts under the different headings were collected during the financial year 1936-37, including receipts by the Resident Commissioner, Savai'i, and District Officers : —

Personal tax was abolished during the year, and the amount collected represents arrears from previous years.

10

1935-36. i 1936-37. Increase. Decrease. ! I | , £ £ £ £ £ Import duties (including port and 33,777 .. 43,445 9,668 ! service tax) Export duties — £ Copra 21,632 18,407 .. 3,225 Cocoa 1,835 1,945 110 Rubber .. .. 353 420 67 Bananas .. .. .. 13,454 18,031 4,577 37,274 38,803 Shipping fees .. .. .. 3,809 .. 3,397 .. 412 Wharfage dues and royalties .. .. 2,567 .. 2,532 .. 35 Taxes .. .. . • •• 8,986 .. 8,071 .. 915 Miscellaneous .. .. 11,841 . 10,844 .. 997 98,254 107,092 14,422 5,584 5,584 £8,838 Net increase. Less refunds (see below) .. .. 12,873 j .. 15,900 £85,381 ! £91,192 Net increase after making refunds of export duty .. £5,811

1935-36. 1936-37. Collections. Refunds. Net Duty. Collections. Refunds. Net Duty. ££££££ Copra .. .. .. 21,632 2,618 19,014 18,407 1,205 17,202 Cocoa .. .. .. 1,835 1,835 .. 1,945 1,945 Rubber 353 353 .. 420 420 Bananas .. .. .. 13,454 8,067 5,387 18,031 12,158 5,873 Inspection fees .. .. .. .. .. 1,981 172 1,809 £37,274 £12,873 £24,401 £40,784 £15,900 £24,884

—-— I 1935-36. I 1936-37. Increase. Decrease. |_ I £ £ £ £ («) Personal tax .. .. .. .. 966 234 .. 732 (6) Lighter .. .. .. .. .. j 44 40 . . 4 (c) Boat and launch licenses .. .. .. 91 92 1 (d) Building tax .. .. .. .. 2,596 2,469 .. 127 (e) Store tax .. .. .. .. .. 2,180 2,357 177 (/) Salary tax .. .. .. .. .. 363 325 .. 38 (g) Other licenses and taxes .. .. .. 1,113 1,025 .. 88 (h) Water rates .. .. .. .. .. 1,633 1,529 .. 104 8,986 8,071 178 1,093 Less .. . . 178 Net decrease .. .. £915

A.-4.

ADMINISTRATION OF WESTERN SAMOA.—BALANCE-SHEET AS AT 31st MARCH, 1937. Liabilities. £ s. d. Assets. £ s. d. Capital Account .. .. .. .. 210,433 11 7 Land and buildings .. .. .. .. 141,202 19 9 Loans: Public Works general purposes .. 121,940 0 0 Roads and bridges .. .. .. .. 139,000 0 0 Sundry creditors: Ordinary.. .. .. 1,348 1 4 Plant and machinery .. .. .. 35,165 010 £ s. d. Launches, boats, &c. .. .. .. 2,540 1 9 Samoan currency notes .. 32,000 0 0 Buoys, beacons, moorings .. .. .. 1,233 10 0 Less unissued notes .. .. 2,000 0 0 Motor and other vehicles .. .. .. 2,998 5 4 ■ 30,000 0 0 Arms and accoutrements .. .. .. 807 3 0 Coolie Labour Account— Fire-fighting appliances .. .. .. 335 13 3 Transportation Fund .. 11,192 011 Furniture and fittings .. .. .. 10,247 7 9 Sundry creditors . . . . 0 6 0 Mechanical office appliances .. .. .. 554 13 0 Reserve for bad and doubtful Medical and technical instruments and equipment 2,133 11 6 debts .. .. .. 1,319 311 Libraries .. .. .. .. .. 687 8 9 12,511 10 10 Loose tools .. .. .. .. 679 18 8 Post Office Savings-bank: Sundry Saddlery and harness .. .. . . 102 4 5 depositors .. .. .. .. 63,604 13 7 Live-stock.. .. .. .. .. 304 17 0 Sundry deposits— Consumable stores .. .. .. .. 14,081 12 1 Held by Treasury .. .. 1,691 II 4 Goods in transit .. .. .. .. 3,100 17 1 In departmental trust accounts 2,408 211 Investments — 4,099 14 3 New Zealand Government — £ s. d. Reserve for depreciation of assets .. .. 56,128 16 1 Public Debt Sinking Fund .. 014 1 Loans Sinking Fund .. . . . . 0 14 1 Inscribed stockReserve for bad and doubtful debts .. .. 3,398 12 I Samoan currency notes .. 32,000 0 0 Reserve for writings-off in suspense .. .. 2,032 17 3 Assets replacement .. 12,000 0 0 Balance of Revenue Account .. .. .. 8,626 18 0 Ordinary revenue .. .. 7,350 0 0 Mortgage over freehold in Samoa 356 16 4 Post Office Savings-bank, Apia : Deposits .. .. .. 463 4 0 52,170 14 5 Coolie Labour Account— InvestmentsNew Zealand Government Inscribed Stock .. .. 3,150 0 0 Fixed deposit, Bank of New Zealand .. .. 2,500 0 0 Mortgage over freehold property in Samoa .. 789 7 6 6,439 7 6 Cash in Bank of New Zealand.. 3,391 7 6 Sundry debtors .. .. 2,638 7 11 Interest on investment accrued but not due .. .. 42 7 11 — 12,511 10 10 Post Office Savings-bank— Investments in New Zealand .. 58,795 0 0 Cash in Bank of New Zealand, Apia .. .. .. 4,809 13 7 63,604 13 7 Sundry debtors— Ordinary .. .. .. 7,651 15 1 Tulaele Farm : Deferred principal .. .. .. 585 1 10 — 8,236 16 II Sundry advances .. .. .. .. 715 17 3 Payments in advance .. .. . . 10 8 6 Interest on investment accrued but not due . . 272 0 11 Writings-off in suspense .. .. .. 2,032 17 3 Cash and bank balances — Cash in hand, Resident Cornmis- £ s. d. sioner, Savai'i .. .. 59 12 3 Cash in Deposits Account, New Zealand Treasury .. .. 6,425 10 1 Bank of New Zealand, Apia, £13,788 7s. 5d.; less Coolie Labour Account above, £3,391 7s. 6d. .. .. 10,396 19 11 Imprest Account, London .. 104 0 1 Deposits held in departmental trust accounts .. .. 2,408 2 11 Remittances in transit .. 10 0 —- 19,395 5 3 £514,125 9 1 £514,125 9 1

11

A.—4.

VII,— DIRECT TAXES. Under the Revenue Amendment Ordinance, 1936, the personal tax of £1 ss. payable by male adult Europeans of eighteen years of age and over was abolished, with effect from Ist April, 1936. The direct taxes now are —

In addition there are the usual motor-vehicle licenses, water-rates, and other similar fees. VIII,— INDIRECT TAXES. The principal revenue of the country is derived from Customs duties (see the annual reports on " Trade, Commerce, and Shipping "), store, copra-house, and other taxes as set out in the Revenue Ordinance, 1929, and port and shipping fees defined in the Port Control Ordinance, 1932. Stamp duties are also collected in accordance with the provisions of the Stamp Duty Ordinance, 1932. Imports in 1936 were 6344 per cent, of the value of exports, as compared with 71-72 per cent, in 1935. IX,— TRADE. The trade figures for the calendar year 1936 showed an increase of 32-37 per cent, over those of 1935. Imports increased by £31,263 and exports by £73,957, the increase in copra and cocoa prices being mainly responsible for the satisfactory position. The price of copra rose from £13 17s. 6d. per ton on the London market at the beginning of 1936 to £21 2s. 6d. at the end of the year. The total exported during 1936 was 13,014 tons, as compared with 12,501 tons for 1935. Cocoa prices displayed an upward tendency in 1936, rising from £45 per ton in January to £70 in December, and favourable weather conditions permitted an export of 1,065 tons as against the 1935 total of 576 tons. A new lecord was reached in banana shipments during the year, 128,045 cases (4,573 tons) being sent to the New Zealand market, the total value being £46,737. The price to growers was increased to ss. per case, 6d. more than in the previous year. Rubber also showed a satisfactory increase, 51 tons valued at £3,408 being shipped as compared with 25 tons (worth £1,372) in 1935. The price in London rose over the period from to 9jfd. per pound. The following return shows the principal exports, and the total value of the exports, imports, and total trade of the Territory for recent years : —

The destinations of the three main exports during 1936 were as follows^): —

(!) See minutes of the Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, page 121.

12

Received 1935-36. 1936-37. £ £ (а) Graduated salary-tax, from £1 on £200-£300 to £30 over £1,500 .. 363 325 (б) Building-tax, 1 per cent, per annum of capital value of European 2,596 2,469 buildings

Exports. Imports. Calendar Year. Copra. j Cocoa. j Bananas. Total j —j— Value. 1 Valuc - Tons. Value. | Tons. 1 Value. ! Tons. Value. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1927 .. 11,665 242,672 792 48,216 .. .. 335,978 304,369 640,347 1928 .. 15,989 319,259 959 69,507 815 11,219 422,175 326,553 748,728 1929 .. 12,941 205,330 677 46,286 1,916 24,640 293,938 288,849 582,787 1930 .. 12,285 166,221 1,007 61,294 3,424 44,259 284,515 275,355 559,870 1931 .. 11,062 109,220 620 35,284 3,044 39.022 194,447 164,950 359,397 1932 .. 10,879 108,698 825 49,712 2,383 20,016 183,028 150,902 333,930 1933 .. 11,526 101,347 899 41,813 2,928 26,999 173,837 150,856 324,693 1934 .. 8,948 60,654 1,027 29,498 3,437 35,796 128,117 92.784 220,901 1935 .. 12,501 108,695 576 19,639 3,893 38,146 189,298 135,757 325,055 1936 .. 13,014 156,873 1,065 46,607 4,573 46,737 263,255 167,020 430,275

Country. Copra. Cocoa. Bananas. Tons. Tons. Tons. United Kingdom .. .. 3,032 536 New Zealand . . • ■ ■ • • • • • 76 4,573 Australia . . . • ■ • • • ■ • 5 United States of America .. .. • • 561 166 European ports (exact destination unknown) 6,872 282 Canada . . . . •• •• 84 Holland .. .. • • • • 1 > 159 Mexico . • • • • • • • 1 > 306 Totals 13,014 1,065 4,573

A.—4,

Imports. Shown hereunder is a table of the principal countries of origin :—

The main items imported are as follows: Tobacco (8,519 lbs.), drapery, hardware, iron and steel, benzine (160,739 gallons), and kerosene (57,002 gallons), butter, preserved fish, tinned meats, rice, sugar, provisions, soap, timber (614,293 super, feet), motor-vehicle parts. In most cases it is not possible to quote the actual quantities of the individual items of importations, as for Customs purposes the values only are Further details will be found in « Trade, Commerce, and Shipping of the Territory of Western Samoa for the Calendar Year 1936." Exports. Copra, cocoa, rubber, and bananas are dealt with in the reports on Trade and Agriculture pages 4 and 24 respectively. Further details relative to trade are given in the report on " Trade, Commerce, and Shipping of the Territory of Western Samoa for the Calendar Year, 1936," and in the graphs appended to this report. Shipping.

Overseas Merchant Shipping entering Port of Apia.

Six American warships, 4 American yachts, and 1 Tongan yacht entered port during the year. X,— JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION. The Samoa Act, 1921, prescribes the judiciary for the Territory. The functions of a Chief Judge were until recently performed by a Magistrate from New Zealand, who paid periodical visits, but in March, 1937, a permanent Chief Judge was appointed, and is now carrying out his duties. The Land and Titles Commission is a separate Court of exclusive and final jurisdiction in matters relating to Native land and Samoan names and titles. It was constituted in 1903, and is required to make its decisions only in accordance with native usage and custom. During the year the Commission was occupied for fourteen sitting-days, involving an attendance of 565 natives. The number of disputes brought before the Commission fluctuates from year to year. Some 840 cases have been heard since this Court was established, which is an average of twenty-five cases per year ; on this average the number of disputes now coming forward shows a slight decline. The cases are popularly attended by all Samoans claiming to be interested, even if only distantly related to the principals involved and unlikely to be affected by the decisions. The re-establishment of the District Native Magistrates (Faamasino) was recommended by the now Fono oi Faipule, and although the remarks in last year's report ( 2 ) as to the sufficiency of the present judiciary system still apply, the Mandatory is sympathetic to this request in view of the special value of Native Judges, both as to implementing the extent of Native self-administration and in conveying an appreciation of law among their people. It is expected they will be re-established during 1937-38° Witchcraft. The three cases referred to by M. Palacios during the examination of the last report ( 3 ) occurred in Savai'i, consisting of fortune telling by cards by an Ellice Islander, and a native of Rotumah island (two offences). In each case it was found that Samoans went to the fortune tellers inquiring about lost property. These incidents are of an isolated nature and are of no special significance and! as noted above, the culprits are not members of the Samoan race. Witchcraft in its generally accepted form is not practised by the Native Samoans. In its civil jurisdiction the High Court recorded judgments in 61 cases : 30 cases were struck out. The total amount sued for amounted to £812 3s. 4d. Four divorces were granted. Particulars of criminal cases are given in the tables on the following pages.

(*) See minutes of the Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, page 121. ( 2 ) See minutes of the Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, pa«e 121 ( 3 ) 8«« minutes of the Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, page 124.

13

1934. 1935. 1936. Countries. __ Value. Percentage. Value. j Percentage. Value. Percentage. £ £ £ United Kingdom .. .. 14,457 15-6 22,855 16-84 31,165 18-66 New Zealand .. .. 33,171 35-7 51,384 37-85 53,218 31-86 Australia .. .. 20,562 22-2 22,032 16-23 27,530 16-48 United States of America .. 8,949 9-6 14,151 10-42 11,636 6-97 Ja P an •• •• 3,038 3-3 13,662 10-06 10-65 Other countries .. .. 12,607 13-6 11,673 8-60 25,690 15-38 Total8 •• •• 92,784 100-0 135,757 100-00 167,020 100-00

Financial Year ended 31st March, 1936. 31st March, 1937. British. Other. Total, j British, j Other. | Total. Number of vessels .. .. .. 72 40 112 59 22 81 Tonnage, vessels .. .. .. 93,026 35,732 128,758 84,085 26,872 110 957 Tons cargo, inwards .. .. .. 8,605f 1,975| 10,581$ 10,927 3,366 14'293 Tons cargo, outwards .. .. .. 13,729| 12,223f 25,953f 18,145f 8,814j26'960

A.—4.

Criminal Offences in the Period 1st April, 1936, to 31st March, 1937.

14

1935-86. 1936-37. I 1 : " 1 I CMfenoes ® <8 Number arrested or summoned. Convicted in High Court. Dismissed or withdrawn. t | O S CJ 1 2 <V sl si •— j 1 i I | § I 9 O £ O £ Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Misleading justice— I m. f. m. f. m. f. | m. f. m. f. m. f. m. | f. m. f. m. f. Contempt of Court .. . . . . I I 1 . . . • • • •• | 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Escape from lawful custody 3 j 14 6 ; 1 1 •• .. 6 1 1 Offences against morality — j , Adulterv .. .. .. ® i • ■ '' '' '' '' '' " '' " i '' '' '' Abduction .. .. .. 14 I 2 | 2 1 1 j U Carnal knowledge .. . . 4 j . . | .. ■ • • • • • ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ■ | • ■ 1 • • ■ • •' Rape .. . . ■ ■ ■ • - ■ 1 ■ • ■ • ■ ■ • • ■ • ; ■ • ■ ■ ■ • ■ • ■ ■ ■ | '' " ' '' '' . Incest .. .. .. ■■ 11 •' '' '' ' ' '' i Offences against the person — I | _ Assault, common . . . . .. 88 74 | 54 7 1 .. 8 2 j 51 7 1 .. / _ 3 . . .. .. 1 Assault, indecent . . ■ • 1 1 1 • ■ • • • • • • j * ■ • ' ' ' ' ' • ' ' '" Actual or grievous bodily harm .. 3 3 1 . . ■ • • • • ■ .... ■. • • • • ■ ■ • • 1 • ■ • • ■ • ■ ■ • • • • Murder .. .. . . .. • ■ 2 1 1 f Manslaughter .. .. 1 2 I -2 .. .. .. •• -• 1 Offences against the rights of property — ; Theft .. ..... 151 154 130 7 1 .. 2 .. 121 7 1 . . 2 . . 9 .... 3 Trespass 44 37 1 54 3 .. 49 .. .. .. 3 .. 5 .. 13 Wilful damage .. .. ..23 8 7 .. 1 7 ■■ 1 Unlawful entry of dwelling ■ . .. | 3 13 5 .. .. • ■ • • • • 5 Burglary .... .. . . ..14 5 3 . . .. • • • ■ • • 3 .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . • • • • • • • Breaking and entering . . .. 6 18 3 .. . . • ■ 1 • • 3 • ■ • • ■ ■ 1 ■ ■ • • • ■ • • • ■ • • • • Receiving stolen property . . .. j 1 4 3 . . 1 • • • • • • 3 . . 1 .. .. . . ■ • • • • • • • • • • • Forgery .. .. . . •• 1 3 3 .. .. •• •• 3 False pretences .. . . • • 1 1 1 • • • • • • • • • • A • • • • • ■ • • • • • • •' *' *' *' " * *' * * Unlawful conversion .. - - - • 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • * * * * * * * * * • * * • • "' *' '' "' ' * * * '' 9 Obstructing public place . . • • 2 .. .. .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • j • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • Polluting water .. . . • • 2 .. . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ■ j Police offences — j j j g Threatening behaviour .. .... 6 5 1 j • • • • • • » j • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • Riding horse without reins .. ..17 8 12 11 1 .. •• •• •• 1 •• •• •• •• -- •• •• •• Disorderly conduct 84 58 44 2 .. .. 7 .. 41 2 .. .. 7 .. 3 .. 26 Failing to clean roads • • ..74 49 40 6 3 32 6 3 8 .. .. 25 Throwing stones .. . • ■ • 8 14 12 .. . . • • - • ■ 10 ■ ■ ■ • ■ 1 • ■ - ■ • ■ • ■ ■ • ■ • • Witchcraft .. .. .. •• 3 1 1 .. •• •• •• •• 1 •- •• •• •• •• •• Cruelty to animals .. ■ • • • 4 12 12 . . .. • • • • • • li • • • ■ • ■ • • • • - • ■ ■ ■ • • ■ • | ■ j Casting offensive matter . ■ • • 1 • ■ • • ■ ■ ■ ■ • • • • • "' "" '' • ' '" "' "' ' ' ' ' ' '' '' '' Drunkenness . . ■ ■ 6 8 5 3 .. 5 2 1 . • 2 Obstructing police .. • • • • 1 1 • • ■ • ■ ■ ■ • J '' '' '' ' ' "' . Indecent act in public place .. ■■ 4;4 3 .. 1 •• o ■ ■ •• 1 .. • • ■■ ■ • • • .. .. •• Affrays 20 I 25 18 .. •• , U .. | .. 7 5 •• Breach of the peace .. .. - - 1 24 I 3 2 1 .... .. I - " • • • ...... . . .. . . ..... ..

A.- 4

15

Vagrancy .. .. .. .. I 12 18 .... I 18 , s Furiously riding horses .. .. 5 2 2 I | "n " J | "" j ** j •• •• j •• 6 Aiding and abetting offences .. .. 1 .. .. j ' ' ' '' " " '' "' | " | '' j '" ■ ■ ■ • | ■ • ■ • j ■ • • • 3 Using words to intimidate .. .. 4 .. .. .' ' ' " '' '" '' j '' '' I ' ' i -■!••;• • ■ • 1 Using threatening words .. .. 1 ' '' ' ' ' ' ' ' '' < • • • • I • ■ j • • I • • 4 Stowing away on ships .. .. l 1 1 [ " '' '' '' 'j " '' '" .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ! . .. 1 Placing rubbish in public place .. 1 1 '' j '' '' '' '' Killing fish with explosives .. .. 4 1 I .. ' j '' •• j l Wandering animals .. .. .. 44 13 10 1 2 i 10 9 ' ' 1 : '' '" ' ' '' "' 3 Obstructing Inspector of Cruelty .. .. 1 1 .7 " 1 ' " " ! " " " " "" 31 Placing stones in public places.. .. .. -4 4 | ' '' 9 '' '' I "' • • ■ ■ • • ■ • • ■ • 1 Using insulting language to an official .. .. 1 1 I . * ' ' " " " j " " ■ • • • .. 1. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Being armed with offensive weapon .. .. 1 .. 1 .. ' i '' ' i •■ ■■ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Liquor offences .. .. .. 9 13 6 j 7 g .. j .. .. .. .. .. .. _ 2 Breach of Arms Ordinance .. .. 20 6 6!.. ' g '' • • j • • .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. 4 By-law offences — j '' '' '' '' '' '' ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Driving unlicensed .. .. 23 17 7 10 7 10 Overloading public vehicles .. 31 36 14 22 ] 4 " ' • • ■ • ■ • • • • • • ■ • • ■ ■ 6 Driving without lights .. .. 9 4 1 j " 2 i 1 " " " | 9 'i " " ' ' " 1 •• 5 Using unlicensed vehicle .. .. 3 4 2 j . . 1 1 9 " '' '' t '' '' "" j •• 5 Driving without number-plates .. 2 .. j - " '' 1 • ■ ■ • ■ • ■• •• 1 Failing to stop when called upon .. 1 2 I 2 " " " 1 " " " " " '' " " 2 Negligent driving .. .. .. 1 4 1 ' '3 ' " " o '' '' '' '' '' * '' Failing to equip public vehicles .. .. 1 j ' j '' '' '' '' '' '■ • • • ■ •• ■■ •• 3 Parking outside parking-areas .. 2 4 3 . . 1 3 '' ' ' ' ' 'i '' '' " '" •• 1 • • 1 Failing to keep to right .. ..35 26 j 16 1 !! !! 6 3 14 i " " ! "Ô A 2 Driving without rear light .. .. 7 6 I 2 3 1 9 '' '' o '' '' '' 2 "" ■ • ® Carrying passengers without a license .. 6 ! 6 3 i 3 3 " " — 3 1 .. .. .. .. .. _ j Bicycles with no lights .. .. 58 I 33 16 j !! 17 " 15 jA " '' 3 Parking on wrong side .. .. 4 j 2 2 1.. 9 " '' '' '' '' '' '' ' ■ • ■ • 25 Dangerous driving .. .. .. 6 7 2 .. 3 2 2 ' q 1 '' '' *' '' '' "' 2 Parking without lights .. .. 5 .. j ' " ' '' '' • • • • 1 1 Riding on mudguards of vehicles .. .. 116 .. '5 ' g ' '' '' 'A '' '' "" | •• S Driving without brakes .. .. 2 3 " " 2 " 3 " " " 9 " •• .. 11 Dangerous riding .. .. . . 3 .. i ■ . . .. ' I ' ' ' ' '" '' "' • ■ I .. 3 Obstructing traffic .. .. . . 1 ] 1 j .. " I i ! ' ' '' •• • • • ■ • ■ ■ • • ■ .. 3 Driving so as to cause injury .. .. .. 1 1 ' '' '' 1 Allowing animals to obstruct .. . . 2 1 1 j ' j '' j ' ' ' ' '' '' • • • • • • ■ • 1 Driving omnibus on wrong route .. 1 1 .. . . i j ' ' '' '' '' '' '' '" •• • • • • 1 Failing to give way to traffic .. .. 2 2 1 .. " 1 " ' i ' " " " " Employing unlicensed drivers .. .. .. 3 2 1.. 1 " 1 ' ' ' ' ' Riding on hood of motor-vehicles .. .. 1 1 j .. ] ' ' ' '' '' '' '' •" 3 Driving while intoxicated .. .. .. 1 1 ' '' ' i ' ' '' '' '• •' • • • • 1 Furious driving . . . . .. .. g 3 '' 9 'i "A '' ' '' * •' • • ■ • • • • • • • • ■ 1 Riding bicycle without red reflector .... 1 1 J , '' '' '' " '' '• • • • • •• 1 6 Overloading motor-bicycle .. .. .. 1 j '' '' '' '' ■' • • • • • • • • • • 1 Riding bicycles on footpaths .. . . .. 2 1 1 1 ' ' I Ī '' '' '' ' ' ' • ■ ■ ■ • 1 Driving without warning-device .. .. 1.. ] ' '' '' '' 1 '" '' *' '' '' 2 Breaches of dog regulations .. ..83 20 11 9 " " " " 'o " " " " '' 1 Miscellaneous — ' ' '' j '' '' ' 1 '' '' '' "' '' " ' '' Breach of Shops Ordinance ••..11.... 1 1

A.- 4

Criminal Offences in the Period 1st April, 1936, to 31st March, 1937— continued.

16

(1935-36. 1938-37. : © £ j : •- - ... 8 I Offences 2 -d Number arrested or summoned. Convicted in High Court. Dismissed or withdrawn. £ £ 2-S 1 I a ® g g g g j r j w p o & § & Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. ! n i i [ . _ Miscellaneous —continued. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. i. Overseas Permits Ordinance .. .. 10 1 1 • • • • • • • • • • 1 * • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • * *' *" '" !. Killing protected game . . . . 1 • • • • • • • • .... .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Breach of Market Ordinance .. .. 15 8 7 1 .. .. . • • • 7 1 .. .. . . .. .. • • • • • • • • • • • • Breach of General Laws Ordinance, 1931, 2 .. • • • • .... clause 22 (2) 9 Removing dead body without permission 2 .. . . .. • • • • • • • • v ' * * * * " * "" "' '' .. • • • • • • • • • • Breach of Post and Telegraph Order .. 2 4 3 .. .. •• •• •• 3 .. .. .. • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• - Breach of Port Control Ordinance .. .. 8 1 .. .. • • 7 .. 1 .. • • .. 7 Breach of Health Regulations . . .. . • 1 • • • • • • • • • • 1 • • • • • • • • • • 1 • • • • • • * * * * ' * * * Breach of Copra Ordinance .. .. 30 2 1 .. .. •• 1 •• 1 •• •• •• 1 •• •• •• •• •* • • • • *" Using unapproved building for public .. 3 1 .. .. •• 2 .. 1 .. •• .. - entertainment Q Breach of Revenue Ordinance, 1929 . . 12 3 3 .. .. • • • • • • 3 .. .. .. . • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Burying body on land not approved by .. 2 2 .. .. .. •. . • 2 C.M.O. Breach of Quarantine Order, 1920 .. .. 3 3 .. .. .. • • • • 3 Totals .. .. .. 1,131 869 589 32 24 ,. 136 16 531 30 24 .. 122 14 58 2 .. .. 14 2 168 430

A.—4,

XI,— POLICE AND PRISONS. Establishment. The total European strength (including one clerk) was eleven on 31st March, 1937, the same number as at the end of the previous year. Native uniformed strength increased to forty, exclusive of two Native clerks and eleven messengers under the control of the Inspector of Police. During the year two police posts, one each on Upolu and Savai'i, were discontinued and their functions carried out from headquarters at Apia and Tuasivi respectively. There are now two police posts in the Teiritory, one under the control of a District Officer at Aleipata, Upolu, and the other at Tuasivi under the direct control of the Resident Commissioner of Savai'i. Pb-isons. On the Ist April, 1936, the total number of prisoners was 87. During the year 251 prisoners were admitted and 269 discharged, 69 remaining in custody on 31st March, 1937. General. Statistics for 1936-37 given in the preceding chapter show a decrease in crime in the Territory. Warrants held for execution on Ist April, 1936, were—For arrest, 1 ; for commitment, 5 ; and on 31st March, 1937, the figures were nil and 7 respectively. Adverting to M. van Asbeck's question^' 1 ) regarding the increase in crime during 1935-36, it can be said that this was due to no particular cause, and as there were no unusual circumstances prevailing during the period no further explanation can be offered to account for it. As will be seen from the 1936-37 figures, however, the position has returned to normal. The liquor offences in 1935—36 referred to by Count de Penha Garcia(") were in connection with the illegal manufacture and sale of beer. XII. —DEFENCE OF THE TERRITORY. No military forces or defensive bases are maintained in the Territory. XIII.—ARMS AND AMMUNITION. Transactions in firearms and ammunition are controlled by the Arms Ordinance, 1921. There is no suggestion of illicit traffic in Samoa, and the subject is of no special significance. Importations during 1936-37 were as follows :— Arms — Shotguns, 15. Rifles (-22 calibre), 1. Revolvers (-38 calibre), 1. Ammunition— Shot cartridges, 93,000. Rifle cartridges (-22 calibre), 5,000. Rifle cartridges (-303 calibre), 5,000. All these quantities were imported by private firms, with the exception of 5,000 rounds of -303 calibre rifle cartridges, which were imported by the Administration to replenish police supplies and issue to the Apia Rifle Club. The following table gives the total of registered firearms in the Territory as at 31st March, 1937 :—

XIV,— SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE NATIVES. Some of the material aspects of Native social life were described in the report for 1935-36, pages 4 and 17. The census taken on 4th November, 1936, showed an increase of 42J per cent, in the Native population since the preceding census of Ist January, 1926. Both of these enumerations are believed to have been fairly accurate, because particulars of every person were recorded in detail. This increase occurred notwithstanding an accumulation of epidemic sicknesses in the earlier months of 1936, which took toll of infant life. The return of material prosperity and increased prices for Native products are reflected in a happier outlook generally. It is inevitable that Native social usages which previously were enforced physically must undergo some change when confronted by Christian teachings and European law, but the transition in this territory is proceeding very gradually, due to the strong conservatism of the Samoans, as well as to their material well-being in their present mode of life.

t 1 ) See minutes of Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, page 122. ( 2 ) See minutes of Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, page 125,

3— A. 4.

17

j European. Samoan. Total. Revolvers .. .. .. 8 . . 8 Rifles .. .. .. 37 .. 37 Shotguns .. .. .. 160 347 ! 507 j 552 _ _ I

A.—4,

XV,— LABOUR. Engagements by Samoans in regular employment for wages is quite extraneous to the style of living of the bulk of the Samoan population. Plantation work, when availed of, is usually arranged by contract with the heads of the families engaged. This work is not over arduous, being mainly weeding and cutting of copra, and the total number so employed when the census of November last was taken was 447. . In addition the census disclosed the fact that 574 Samoans were engaged m other occupations, such as casual labour of all kinds, and domestic service. On the Ist April, 1936, there were 503 Chinese labourers in the Territory, of which number three died during the year, leaving a total of 500 as at the 31st March, 1937. The labourers' conduct was satisfactory, and 903 visits were paid to the Commissioner's office, as compared with 1,495 m the previous year. . . . At the Ist April, 1936, there were 93 Melanesian. labourers m Western Samoa, all being m the employ of the New Zealand Reparation Estates. One contracted leprosy and was sent to the Leper Station at Makogai Island, Fiji, in February, 1937. During the year a check of the figures revealed a discrepancy in the previous returns, there being 10 Melanesians less than previously shown, leaving a total at 31st March, 1937, of 82. . The points raised by Mr. during the examination of the 1935-36 report are dealt with Proposed Repatriation of Chinese and Melanesian Labourers. —It was the recommendation of the Goodwill Delegation that all Chinese coolies should be repatriated as early as possible. In view, however, of the various representations made to the Government to the effect that cocoa plantations cannot be operated economically if dependent wholly upon Samoan labour, the Government have now arranged for one such property belonging' to the New Zealand Reparation Estates to be staffed entirely by Natives, with a view to ascertaining the suitability of Samoans for this type of work. It is expected that the experiment to be worth while will require a period of approximately twelve months, and the Government will then make a decision as to the future of ordinary Chinese labour in the Territory. In the meantime coolies engaged as domestic servants, artisans, &c., are to be repatriated on the expiry of their present periods of service. _ Regarding Melanesian labourers, a definite undertaking has been given by the Government that they will not be repatriated. These men were brought to the Territory prior to 1914 and have been absent from New Guinea for such a long period that it would be extremely difficult to absorb them m their original villages, with which they have lost all contact. The labourers themselves do not wish to leave Western Samoa, as they now look upon this Territory as their permanent home and are very well satisfied to remain. . Unemployed Chinese Labourers. —As a result partly of improved financial conditions 111 the territory all able-bodied coolies are employed. Four labourers only were unemployed at the 31st March, 1937, two of them being convalescents, one unfitted for work in the sun, and the fourth being a suspected tuberculosis case. These are the only cases regarded as being considered eligible for relief from the Benevolent Fund. , Wages.—Labourers' wages were increased to a minimum of 2s. per diem early m 1937. Housing.—Special attention has been paid to this question, and numerous inspections were made by the Commissioner of Labour during the year. Three complaints only were made to him, and each case received prompt attention. It may be mentioned that the Commissioner s instructions to the coolies themselves concerning the cleanliness of their quarters and surroundings are not always carried out, and it is frequently necessary to remind them of their obligation to keep their quarters in good condition. XVI,— FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE. All Samoans profess Christianity. There is complete freedom of conscience, and Article sof the Mandate is observed entirely. Mission work in education is referred to in the next succeeding chapter of this report, and in health services in Chapter XIX. The following table based on figures obtained from the 1936 census gives particulars of the distribution of the Native population amongst the various Missions( 2 ), together with the number of European missionaries attached to each : —

Relations between the Missions and the Administration continue to be of a harmonious nature.

(t) See minutes of Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, page 124. (s) See minutes of Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, pages 123-124.

18

Mission. Native Adherents. jfcfllSL London Missionary Society .. .. • • • • • • 31 > 832 3 •Roman Catholic .. •• •• •• •• •• 9,566 16 Methodist .. .. •• •• •• •• ■■ 8,611 3 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints .. .. •• 1,939 10 Seventh Day Adventist .. . • • • • • • • 312 3 Totals .. • ■ • • • • • ■ • • 52,260 35

A.—4.

XVIL—EDUCATION. The general scheme of progressive education is as follows : — Grade I Schools (Village, Pastor, or Catechist Schools—Missions). London Methodist Seventh Day Latter Day Roman Mission (73) Adventist Saints " Catholic f l ™) ! (2) (28) (85) ■ \ 1 1 H1 ■ Grade II Schools (Mission and Administration). Village Administration Sisters' Scho . oU - Schools. ! (3) Training School (52) (12) I I I I Yaiponli Malifa I Intermediate I 1 I I I Avele Senior Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident I Colleges Colleges Colleges Colleges Colleges Ifi Ih (European) (8) (3) (1) (4) (12) I | Day Schools Special day (2)- schools (all grades) (3). Mission Schools. Grade I Schools (for Boys and Girls) .—Village schools taught by the village pastor, who is supplied by the mission concerned. Girls Schools (Resident J. Girls attend these schools to prepare for a higher standard of village life than is attained by the average village girl. Samoan life is benefited bv the marriage of these girls with members of their villages. Child welfare, Christian education, and handwork are among the principal subjects of the curriculum. Boys Schools (Resident). Pupils here are trained as pastors, teachers, or for artisan work in the missions. Girls' Schools (Day). —Found in the more closely populated districts. The most important subjects are religion, music, typewriting, and sewing. Marist Brothers' Boys' School (Day).—This is a very old established school, situated in Apia. It is an undenominational primary school which educates boys to the New Zealand proficiency standard, and also gives them elementary commercial training. The following table shows the attendance at purely mission schools (Grade II schools not included) : —

Table showing Number of European and Native Teachers in respective Schools.

19

j Totals. Pastors' and Catechists' Colleges, Colleges, Special Special s —, ' - ' • Schools Villages. Boys', Girls', Day Schools, Day Schools, f Grade I. Resident. Resident. Boys'. Girls'. J} j Attendances. Missions. _! I § | "ā q$ 2 ® • 1 & "d . o I Boys. Girls. Total. | 11 | J § | || | J 8 | Boys . j Glrls _ I I I 3 s I ; I J London Mission .. 170 3,705 3,830 7,535 7 243 1 150 178 3 948 3 980 Roman Catholic .. 85 883 900 1,783 2 150 10 574 1 400 5 345 103 1 433 1 819 Methodist .. 73 1,026 1,150 2,176 2 96 1 59 2 52 ..78 l'l74 ] '209 Latter Day Saints .. 28 400 210 610 2 87 2 75 32 487 285 Seventh Day Ad- 2 22 21 43 1 46 3 68 21 ventist 358 6,036 6,111 12,147 14 622 j 14 858 j 3 452 5 345 394 7,110 7,314

Pastors' and Catechists' Colleges, Colleges, Special Special Schools, Boys,' Girls,' Day Schools, Day Schools, Totals villages. Resident. Resident. Boys'. Girls'. Grade I. Missions. : — 5 C I S3 | I cj c G3 C) ' Ū a i-i Cā E5 S «8 5 <u S S S S 9 S I ! I ! I I I i t ft e I I ■ » M i « I I I. . i I, 1 ft. - g London Mission .. .. j 170 1 12 117 .. .. 2 189 Roman Catholic .. .. | 88 1 5 12 16 6 .. 8 5 27 ill Methodist .. .. .. 78 2 4 1 j 4 1 4 .. . . 4 90 Latter Day Saints .. . . 4 ; 28 3 5 3 4 .. .. . . _ 10 37 Seventh Day Adventist . . .. j 3 1 2 .... . . . . I ' 5 4 364 8 28 17 31 ! 7 4 8JT r> |.| I*»

A.—4,

General. The majority of teachers in mission schools are Samoan, but a number of Europeans belonging to the various missions are also engaged in the work, especially in resident schools. The school age varies from three to four years (ill pastors schools) to thirty years (in colleges). Grade II Schools. It has been the happy co-operation between the Administration and the Missions that has made it possible for these schools to be established in the chief villages. The school buildings (native fales) are supplied by the respective missions, while the teachers are paid, trained, and supplied by the Administration. During the last year, however, the Methodist Mission has successfully undertaken the training of its own teachers, who come to Malifa for further training before going out to their schools. All teachers are Samoan, and instruction is given in that language, only a limited amount of English being taught. All these schools are under the direction and close supervision of the Superintendent of Schools, helped by Native Inspectors. At the conclusion of each school-year, these teachers are brought to Apia for a refresher course. There are now 64 of these schools, having total roll numbers at 31st March, 1937, of 6,300. The Samoan teaching staff numbers 113, of whom 55 have passed the New Zealand Proficiency Examination. Administration Schools. Avele (Resident) .—This school is ably managed by a Samoan staff supervised by the European Superintendent. The Standard "VI proficiency standard is aimed at, and many pupils subsequently find employment in the Government Departments. Malifa and Vaipouli (Resident).—Here the boys.are educated to Standard IY and then proceed to Avele for further training. These schools are also managed by Native teachers supervised by the European Superintendent. As is also the case with Avele, agriculture is an important subject, and. the three resident schools are self-supporting as far as food-supplies are concerned. Training-school. —This is a day school for both sexes, and is functioning well under a Native staff. Ifi Ifi School (European).—Children are educated to the Standard VI proficiency standard, and good work is being done. The roll number is on the increase, and many children await admission. As from the beginning of 1937, payment of school fees at this school was abolished, the principle of free education at Government European Schools being established. Particulars of average attendance and teaching staffs are given in the following table

The following results were obtained in the New Zealand Proficiency Examination in December, 1936 :—

The policy of the Administration is to encourage the Samoans to participate in their own government, and in no direction has this policy been more successful than in education and in medicine • During the school year 1936 visits were paid by an Organizing Mistress arid the Chief Inspector of Native Schools from. New Zealand. Much valuable work was done. The Parliamentary Goodwill Mission also visited the schools, and the members of the party were favourably impressed. . The Superintendent of Schools, after a term of eighteen years m the service of the Administration, retired on superannuation at the end of 1936, and a new Superintendent, who was until recently Education Officer in the Cook Islands, has now reached the Territory and assumed his duties.

20

Ifl Ifi ! Malifa Training y aip ouli Avele TntJll , Date - j (Boys and Girls). j and GMs)!' (Boys only) ' (Boys only) " 31st March, 1936 .. . • 268 861 89 86 1,304 30th June, 1936 .. .. 259 885 100 86 1,330 30tli September, 1936 .. 265 892 100 82 , ??? 31st December, 1936.. .. 285 608 103 96 1,092 31st March, 1937 .. .. 286 638 106 75 1,105 Teachers —European.. • • 10 • ■ • ■ • • 10 Samoan .... .. 22 5 4 31 (including 10 trainees)

! , , j -p. n c • Certificates of School. | Candidates presented. Pass Irohciency. Competency. Ifilfi 16 •„ Marist Brothers' 16 * Marist Sisters' ...... 3 I Avele 19 6 3

A.—4.

Answers to questions asked by Mile. Dannevig(') are given below : — (1) With regard to the small decrease in education expenditure in 1935-36 it is explained that the increase in staff applied to low-salaried Native teachers only, and this extra remuneration was more than offset by internal adjustments in the working of the Education Department without affecting its efficiency in the slightest. (2) Education revenue is derived from school fees payable by the parents of students, the rates for Natives being as follows :— Vaipouli and Malifa Resident Schools (Junior), £1 per annum per pupil. Avele Resident School (Senior), £1 10s. per annum per pupil. The fees payable by European school-children at the only Government School (Ifi Ifi) were at the rate of £3 per annum per pupil, with a reduction where two or more members of the same family attended the school. As already mentioned on page 20 these fees were cancelled as from Ist January, 1937. y (3) The purely mission schools (Grade I) are inspected by the heads of the respective missions. XVIII,— LIQUOR AND DRUGS. (Information in the form recommended by the Permanent Mandates Commission in the Report of its Twenty-first Session.) A. There were no changes in legislation or regulations issued during the year. B. The judicial statistics in Chapter X show thirteen persons arrested or summoned during 1936-37 for breaches of the laws and regulations relating to liquor. Eleven were convicted and two dismissed. Figures for preceding years were — Arrested or „ ■ , , summoned. Convicted. 1935-36' .. .. .. .. .. ..9 8 1934-35 .. .. .. .. .. ..6 6 1933-34 10 10 C. Spirits and alcoholic beverages imported during the financial year 1936-37 :—

For sacramental purposes, 268 gallons of wine ; rectified spirits of wine for industrial purposes, 120 gallons. D. Production within the Territory is prohibited by law. E. Revenue derived from duties on importation, 1936-37 :— Medicinal liquor (import duty 17f per cent., or 25 per cent., and Port and Customs £ s. d. service tax 5 per cent.) .. . . .. .. . . _ _ 039 q q Industrial liquor (import duty 17| per cent., or 25 per cent., and Port and Customs service tax 5 per cent.) . . . . . . . . . . ~ Sacramental liquor (free of import duty ; Port and Customs service tax 5 per cent.) 3 7 0 These duties are the ordinary ad valorem rates applying to all goods not subject to specific rates of duty ; there is no authorization for higher specific rates of duty 011 liquor, for the rate of duty is immaterial, having regard to the fact that all liquor is sold by and for the Administration at prices approximating current retail prices in New Zealand. F. In view of the position explained in E, there are no other duties, license fees, or taxes.

(!) See Minutes of Thirtieth Session of Permanent Mandates Commission, pp. 124-5.

21

Quantities issued under Average Approxi- Quantity Medical Permits. mate Percentage of imported, Countries of Oriain Alcohol by Weight.* 1936-37. j | Spirituous liquors— ' Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Whisky .. 38-5 to 51'0 720 558f 684§ United Kingdom. Brandy .. .. 38-5 to 49-3 30 30| 31 France and Australia. Gin - •• 40-6 190 187 223f United Kingdom and Holland. Alcoholic beverages— Port, sherry, and 12-0 to 17-8 164 103| 125f Australia, Spain, and burgundy Prance. Vermouth .. 5-5 to 10-0 30 14§ 22 Prance and Italy. Stout .. .. 5-5 78 731|- United Kingdom. * The approximate percentages of alcohol by weight given above are those accepted bv the Customs Department ill New Zealand. Analyses have been made of samples of all brands of ale imported, with results showing percentages of alcohol by weight ranging from 1-51 to only 2-39. The ales imported into Western Samoa, therefore, although subject to regulations under the Samoa Act, 1921, do not come within the definition of " intoxicating beverages" as accepted by the Permanent Mandates Commission (minutes of the tenth session, page 182), and have accordingly been omitted from the return.

A.—4.

G. There is no Native beverage containing alcohol. The Native drink " kava," if allowed to stand, does not ferment, and after a few hours becomes stale and unpalatable. It is not consumed in Western Samoa in sufficient strength or quantity to have toxic effects. H. General information with regard to liquor, in addition to the above, was given in the Eighth Report, 1928. During 1936-37 there were no offences reported under the Samoa Dangerous Drugs Order, 1930. XIX,— HEALTH. The staff consists of three European medical officers, ten Native medical practitioners, and bacteriological and nursing staff, the complete health service comprising fifteen Europeans, seventy-nine Native Samoans, and two Chinese dressers. The appointments of a further Native medical practitioner and additional Samoan nurses largely account for the increase over the staff total for the previous year. Reorganization of the medical referred to in the previous report (page 21) consisted mainly of improving and extending the original services, the fundamental principles on which they were based remaining unaltered. More attention is given to inspection of meat and other local foodstuffs intended for public consumption ; an increased number of Samoan nurses is receiving training in child-welfare and pre-natal maternity work; women's committees have been formed in the majority of villages, while others are in process of formation in the remainder. Native medical practitioners and nurses make frequent and regular visits to each village in the Territory for the purpose of giving instructions to the women's committees ; water-supplies and sanitation generally have been improved ; additional classes have been formed at Apia Hospital to implement the present methods of instructing Native medical cadets and nurses in medical and nursing practice and the English language. From the point of view of epidemics the year just ended was the worst for a considerable period. During April. 1936, whooping-cough made its appearance and became prevalent throughout the Territory ; shortly afterwards measles broke out, and despite strenuous attempts to confine it to a few areas it "had spread to all villages by October, after which there was a decline in the number of cases, and the outbreak was finally stamped out before the end of December. It is estimated that whoopingcough accounted for approximately four hundred and measles sixty deaths among the Native children, the latter fatalities being due principally to broncho-pneumonia complications. The effect of these epidemics is shown in the infantile-mortality rates, particulars being given later in this chapter, see page 23. Hospitals and Dispensaries. Admissions to hospitals : — Apia Hospital — 1 935 - 1936 - Europeans . . . • • • • • ■ ■ ■ • 183 370 Samoans .. • • • • • • • • ■ • 889 1,082 Chinese .. •• •• •• •• •• 411 274 Melanesians .. ■ ■ • ■ • • ■ • 25 17 1,508 1,743 Tuasivi Hospital .. . ■ • • • • • • 182 177 Aleipata .. .. • • ■ • • • • • 148 125 Total admissions .. .. .. • • • • 1,838 2,045 Out-patients: All hospitals and dispensaries .. .. 16,297 15,647 Grand total .. .. .. •• •• 18,135 17,692 Deaths in hospitals .. .. .. • • • • 39 84 Main Diseases. Yaws. —Owing to the epidemics, it was not possible to carry out as many injections as usual, but many cases of yaws in the secondary and tertiary stages offered themselves for such treatment. The number who were injected for the year was 12,081. Enteric. There were more cases than usual in Apia Hospital. Where a case is found all members of the family are now inoculated. The number of cases during the year was 189. Tuberculosis.—Owe hundred and twenty-three cases of tuberculosis (pulmonary and glandular) were notified during the year. With regard to Count de Penha Garcia's as to the increase in tuberculosis in the Apia district, it is probable that cases are more numerous in that area because of closer settlement and the greater tendency of the Samoans to adopt European style of living and attire than in other districts. Trachoma. —There were eight cases during the year. Beri Beri. —Four cases were treated in Apia Hospital during the year. Conjunctivitis. —Seven cases were notified in the Territory. Pneumonia. —This shows an increase due to the epidemics of measles and whooping-cough, and bronchial catarrh. The number treated was ninety-seven. Venereal Disease. —Fifteen cases of gonorrhoea were treated in hospital during the year. Leprosy. —Six cases were isolated in Apia Hospital and later transferred to Makogai. There are at present eight Native mental cases in custody in Vaimea Prison.

(!) See Minutes of Thirtieth Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, p. 125.

22

A.—4.

Native Medical Practitioners. For the greater part of the year under review the Native medical practitioners were so occupied m coping with measles and whooping-cough that they were not able to pay as many regular visits to the villages for ordinary health instruction as desirable. However, 15,000 native fales (houses) were visited during 1,800 village inspections, while many sick were treated in their own homes. Ihe Native medical practitioners responded splendidly to the extra strain thrown upon them, and gave admirable service to their own people. There are at present seven students attending the Suva Medical School, and one Native medical practitioner undergoing a refresher course. Women's Committees. At the 31st March, 1937, there were women's committees in 122 villages, and they have all rendered excellent service, particularly during the outbreaks of whooping-cough and measles. In this connection it was observed that the death rate was higher in those villages which did not possess women's committees.

Infant Mortality. Deaths (Samoans) at Different Ages.

Tie infant-mortality rates per 1,000 registered births have been as follow : — year. Year. Year. Year 1925 •• 186 1928 .. 58 1931 .. 11] 1934 104-8 .. 106 1929 .. 70 1932 .. 121 1935 97"0 1927 101 1930 .. 61 1933 .. 114 1936 .! 291-77 Participation by Missions in Medical Work. All missions purchase stocks of drugs and dressings at the Apia Hospital Dispensary from time to time, and use them in their schools.

Meteorological.

23

Number of Deaths. Percentage of Total Deaths. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1934. 1935. ! 1936. L ! Under 1 week.. .. .. .. 32 27 26 7-24 5-75 1-87 From 1 week to 1 month .. .. 17 17 24 3-85 3-63 1-72 From 1 month to 3 months .. .. 17 17 66 3-85 3-63 4-76 From 3 months to 6 months .. .. 20 20 120 4-53 4-26 8-65 From 6 months to 12 months .. .. 65 86 239 14-70 18-34 17-22 From 1 year to 2 years .. .. 42 35 271 9-50 7-46 19-53 From 2 years to 3 years .. .. 12 26 122 2-72 5-55 8-79 From 3 years to 4 years .. .. I I 15 70 2-48 3-20 5-04 From 4 years to 5 years .. .. 5 7 45 1-13 1-49 3-24 From 5 years to 10 years .. .. 14 22 74 3-17 4-69 5-33 Over 10 years .. .. .. .. 207 197 331 46-83 42-00 23-85 Totals •• •• 442 | 469 1,388 100-00 100-00 100-00 I [

(Readings taken at Apia Observatory, Mulinu'u Point, at Sea-level.) M °nth. ! Pressure, Temperature. Rainfall. Humidity. Sunshine. ! Wind. I i T~ " Per Cent. Miles per l 936. In. °F. In. (9 a.m.) Hours Hour. January .. .. 29-719 80-1 14-78 82 i 164-1 6-1 February .. .. j 29-743 80-3 11-72 81 166-7 5-3 March .. .. j 29-805 79-7 10-92 79 201-7 3-9 April .. .. ! 29-805 80-4 8-70 79 197-8 5-6 May •• .. j 29-823 79-8 7-21 79 223-7 5-1 June .. . ! 29-878 78-4 4-10 75 218-9 7-9 Ju ly •• •• 29-882 78-4 3-15 79 234-1 9-6 August .. .. j 29-844 77-2 7-64 75 234-7 8-8 September .. .. I 29-884 78-3 4-72 74 242-9 9-4 October .. .. j 29-857 79-2 12-97 79 185-7 9-5 November .. .. 29-778 78-7 7-85 77 i 222-8 5-3 December .. .. 29-752 79-5 11-38 79 ' 181-7 6-7 Total .. .. | .. .. 105-14 .. 2,474-8 Mean .. .. 29-814 79-2 .. 78 .. 6-9

A.—4,

Notes on Storms, 1936-37. April 1936. —A cyclone crossed the Cook Islands on the 10th April. November, 1936.—A series of cyclonic disturbances associated with a trough of low pressure affected conditions over the South Pacific region during the first week of November. January 1937. —A cyclonic disturbance appeared near Norfolk Island on the I.2th January ancl moved towards northern New Zealand. Another intense cyclone developed north of the New Hebrides on the 19th and travelled slowly southward. _ February 1937.—An intense depression developed near Santo, New Hebrides, on the Bth February and moved slowly southward. A cyclone, which developed near Nukualofa on the 20th, was associated with strong winds in Tonga and later m Fiji. _ March, 1937. —Towards the end of the third week m March a cyclone developed near Santo. After moving slowly at first this disturbance deepened, and then travelled rapidly southward. XX,— LAND TENURE. Under the Samoa Act, 1921, all land is legally— (a) Crown land, vested in the Crown free from Native title or any estate m fee-simple, of which there are (including New Zealand Reparation Estates) 103,630 a,cres ; or (b) European land, being land held from the Crown for an estate in fee-simple, of which there are 40,000 acres ; or i (c) Native land, being land vested in the Crown but held by Samoans by Native title, ana not by grant from the Crown, of which there are 581,370 acres. " Native title " means title to land in accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race. • x i Titles to Crown land, European land, and European interests in Native land (leases) are registered, by the Administration. Titles to Native land, when in dispute, are adjudicated upon by the Land ancl Titles Commission, referred to in Chapter X of this report, and determined m accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race. . . r Usurious contracts with Natives are unenforceable at law, and Native land is incapable ot being taken in execution for the payments of the debts of a Samoan on his decease or insolvency. Generally, alienation of Native land is prohibited, save an alienation or disposition in favour of the Crown Provision has been made for sale of Native land in the Apia town area, and His Majesty mav grant' a lease of Native land for a period not exceeding forty years, but in each instance the grant is made only if the Administration is satisfied that the transaction is m accordance with the desires and in the interests of the Native owners and in conformity with the public interests. Although large areas in the interior of each of the two main islands are incapable ot cultivation, there is more than ample Native land available for all requirements of the indigenous population. XXI.'—FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE. Forests. The mountainous interior, comprising by far the greater portion of the area of both principal islands is completely covered with virgin native forest. The Territory has been visited on occasion >y representatives of milling interests, who have formed the opinion that the indigenous forest has insufficient millable trees to the acre to be profitable, whilst afforestation with exotic species is rather discouraged by the steep and ravine-cleft nature of the country. On European plantations teak is planted m a small way, but quite successfully, for general utility. Agriculture. The circumstances of the Territory do not warrant the maintenance of a separate Administration Department of Agriculture, but there is inspection of all produce exported. Copra is the staple product of the Territory : it is produced approximately 75 per cent, by Natives, and the output of the New Zealand Reparation Estates accounts for roughly two-thirds ot the balance. Exports for the three years 1934-36 averaged 11,488 tons. There is considerable fluctuation in local stocks held between shipments, and for this reason records are kept of JNative production as distinct from export, as indicated in the following : Exported. Native Production. Year. Tons. Tons. 1934 8,948 7,907 1935 12,501 10,500 1936 " ' 13,014 9,230 Cocoa is produced in Western Samoa principally by Europeans, and is of very high quality, being a standardized hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, but with the Criollo predominating Samoan cocoa has been classified by the Imperial Economic Conference on Cocoa as being amongsu the woivl s finest of quality, and it is used mainly for blending. Export during the three years 1934-36 averaged 889 Bananas continue to be of considerable assistance to the Territory, and a record number of 128,04-5 cases was shipped during the calendar year 1936. Further information regarding this product will be found in the report on Trade, Chapter IX.

24

A.—4.

reaoWwT taTh, fS*' i 8 "» ~™ «««t, ,„d export „( , g„„d- q „,lit y emoted sheet readied 167 tons m 1928. Owing to low prices production ceased entirely in 1933, and no rubber was veA PPe( f ? fokV Sllcce ® dln B J ear - In 1935 > however, production was recommenced and in that year a total of 25 tons was shipped from the Territory, while 51 tons was exported in 1936. XXII,— MINES. There are no mines or any known mineral deposits of value in the Territory. XXIII,— POPULATION. tabled—' iStiCS for tte Peri ° d 4tt NoVember ' 1936 ' t0 31st 1937, are given in the following

Figures showing alteration in population since April, 1921, the date of the first census taken by the New Zealand Administration, are given hereunder :

XXIV,—PUBLIC WORKS. nffi A i ST/ programme of works was carried out in the period under review. The majority of official buildings and residences received necessary attention, while a new house for a medical officer Treasury. ' Additions ™ *> the European slot Two miles of road were sealed with bitumen, and a further three miles formed and metalled In addition a great deal of maintenance and repairs was carried out on practically all main roads in Upolu. ne three-span remforced-concrete bridge and a suspension bridge in hardwood were completed Fourteen bridges m Upolu and seven in Savai'i were reconstructed and repaired during the year Repairs to the sea-wall at Apia were effected, and 464 ft. of new wall constructed, thus completing the remaining gap existing along the main beach front. Farther away from the town, at Moata'a village, the mam coast road was protected from erosion by a new sea-wall, 420 ft in length now been installed. o^llo fUnoti ° ned Wlth its USUaI sm °°thness, and the new stand-by plant has Other works carried out included upkeep of parks and reserves, wharves, and water-supplies.

4—A. 4.

25

4th NOVem- t,. ,, _ , ber, 1936. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. 31st March, Grand 1937. Totals. ™ M> F * M< F - M - F. M. F. M F M Europeans .. 255 112 2 8 1 1 30 18 q'o 91 oka Persons of part 1,403 1,305 8 9,1 1 7 is 91 07 , , l n 370 Samoan blood 18 21 37 1,396 1,294 2,690 Chinese labourers 25,798 357 335 16 | 145 62 59 97 73 26,628 25,974 52,602 Other Chinese .. 17 3 .. _ _ ®00 .. 500 Melanesian labourers 82 1 ••■■•... 17 -3 20 1 81 1 82 28,727 27,219 367 352 166 Ju7 JS9 I 95 [wīTīāī Totals .. 7 ¥ ' "282 ' ' '

Designation. As at 17th April, 1921. As at 31st March, 1937. Total In crease or Decrease. Europeans and persons of part Samoan 2,066 3 060 4 QQ/t blood ' y4 Native Samoans 33,336 52 602 Chinese labourers 1 ;29 0 500 - 790 ivieianesian labourers .. . 4fi5 00 ', * Other Chinese .. .. , g ~ M +20 37,157 56,264 -f 19.107 * Formerly included under heading " Europeans and Persons of part Samoan Blood."

A.—4.

APPENDICES.

SAMOAN CENSUS, 1926.

26

- ■ ~~ Nationalities. Classes. — 1 — r— f —\ I „• . g i . « - I ~ 1?. S. I . ! | . I f i § I 3 1 f' I it t I fit J> If 1 I '$ ā i £ !. ! ! ] I i I ! ! i g „1 -t% i* Is 3 lis ss S® i s s § ! .s ! | « ; % ! | a a g | 15 ss ! |3 ! s| 5 g** Jfja IS Si 5 1 I I t £ § S ā I i & | I I ° 5 53 i C8 cq csi S 00 H S eg 3 a ! 3 S «. & i B ' i<§ % I .2° His i -sn 13 S s > -g s S "3 ! g, I §5 H gg 1«, ,g I H6 SH g ! rt I I £ t j I || r I I i ; • — - ■■!«!«!« a raasl'-sasls ■is ass sss •? 'iJlJilJJL-iJ-l?

A.—4,

SAMOAN CENSUS, 1936.] Taken on 4th November, 1936. inoM„"gL;! a t Ssastssfctt-** loBal " M ™ " s — <bnt 1. Age Groups. Matai (heads of families ranking as chiefs or orators, usually over thirty-five years 0 a £ e ) • • .. .. .. # # .. 3 100 Taulele a (untitled men, of any age over fourteen years) .. 10 149 Tamaiti (boys, two to fourteen years) .... 11 Tama meamea (infant boys, under two years) .... j Total, males .. .. 26,468 Fafine (all women who have been married, and all other women over twentv-five years of age) 11 273 Teine muli (unmarried females, fifteen to twenty-five years) .. 9 707 Teineiti (girls, two to fourteen years) .. .. __ 10'457 Teine meamea (infant girls, under two years) .. .. .. j ' 36 2 Total, females .. .. .. . _ _ _ ~2g 7gg Total of Samoan population, 4th November, 1936 .. .. . 52~266 2. Distribution of Population. Before compilation of these figures particulars of all apparent visitors at the place of enumeration were transferred to the place or district of usual residence enumeration Districts of Upolu :— _ , Vaimauga Faleata Sagaga ;; Leauva'a Aana North .. .. __ _ " "" Falelatai and Samatau .. .. _ " I 'ifio Lefaga and Sale'aula .. .. " " " , ' Tuamasaga South .. .. " " " " Falealili i" Lotofaga .. .. .. .. " " Lepa Aleipata .. .. .. .. _ ' " J* Vaa-o-Fonoti .. .. .. " " 'jf: Anoama'a .. .. .. .. ' " " 3 ' Aiga-i-le-tai (partly on Upolu, but principally on Manono and Apolima, q.v.) ' 525 Total, Island of Upolu .. .. .. _ _ 34^657 District of Aiga-i-le-tai (see also Upolu) Island of Manono Island of Apolima .. .. .. _ '' '' " . • • 107 Districts of Savai'i:— Faasaleleaga .. .. ~ _ _ Graga'emauga .. .. ~ " , ' Gagaifomauga .. .. .. ' " " " ' „ Vaisigano .. .. .. .. Falealupo .. .. .. . _ '' " 'ki q Alataua i Sisifo .. ••••.. Salega " " " " " J67 Palauli West .. " Satupaitea .. .. " J '^ Palauli East .. .. " " , zz 1,1 o7 Total, Island of Savai'i .. .. .. _ 16~575 Visitors from American Samoa .. .. .. _

27

A. —4.

3. Race Groups.

4. Religious Denominations and Education.

5. Employment and Extra-village Domicile. sentatives styled as part-time officials) :—

elCnd i« t»l»8 *»»» *» d <*»'« properties : doe, not ,noted, ™Mut,o„ such as schools, prisons, or hospitals) :

28

(In the case of mixed Polynesian parentage, the race shown is that oi the father.) „„„ Age Groups of Persons of Mixed Chinese-Samoan 50 'f 8 Blood. Niueans .. : • • • • • • „ * Tongans . . • • ■ • ' ' Males. Females. Pijians .. ■ • • • ■ • 0 - 5 years .. 136 122 Tokelau .. • • • • • • Wallis Islanders .. ■ • ■ ■ g _ 1Q rg 115 93 Rotuma . . • • • • • • • • • ■ • • n _ 15 .. 89 77 Ellice Islanders . • • • • • Gilbert Islanders .. • • • • ]6 _ 2Q 39 55 Melanesians • • • • • • Part Samoan-Chinese .. "» 0 ver 20 years .. 19 33 Other islanders . • • • • • " •' 398 380 Totals •• •• .. 52,2bb

. • >. . 4H iS ¥ b § .§ -g Q 13 -O Z i I = <3 O £ P ! '-§ <D £ 'O 'i 0 j ®-S -g § I Sd a 3l.il § I 1® ēs êi*® m « j 1 1 ■ 09 94-1 7 57s 4 205 1,320 307 6 12,532 Upolu, Manouo, and Apolima .. »jg J.g» «;» >,19 5 .. 5,672 bavai i • ■ ■ • • • ' 99 a a . . .. 6 Visitors from American Samoa .. 0 Totals .. .. 8,611 1,939 312 6 18,210

j Males. j Females. I Totals. On European or New Zealand Reparation Estates plantations 314 133 447 Other employment for remuneration .. • ■ • • Totals _ 765 256 X ' 021

Males. Females. I Totals. ! ,. . . , 283 345 628 Vaimauga district .. ■ • • ■ • • 7^4 Faleata district .. •• " 149 243 385 Other districts of Upolu, Manono, and Apolima .. • • Savai'i .. •• •• •• " " Til ..881 1,168 2,049 Totals

A.—4.

Values of Imports, Exports, and Total Trade of Western Samoa, 1925-36.

29

A.—4.

Details of Quantities of Exports, 1922-36.

30

A—4.

Copra Production, 1910-36.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (1,194 copies, including map and graphs) £55.

By Authority; G. H. Lohey, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 937 Price Is. 6d.]

31

A-4-. a

WESTERN SAMOA