UNEMPLOYMENT BOARD (REPORT OF).

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1935 Session I, H-35

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1935. NEW ZEALAND.

UNEMPLOYMENT BOARD (REPORT OF).

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Leave.

REPORT.

INTRODUCTORY. The period covered by this, the Fifth Annual Report of the Unemployment Board, has been one of steady but sure progress in the general improvement m trade and business activity. We have in New Zealand no surer indicator of improvement m economic conditions than the measure of revenue received from the emergency unemployment taxation. Despite a reduction of 2d in the pound in the rate of this special tax, which affected the revenue for the second half of the last financial year, coupled with the introduction of a much wider range of exemptions, the annual revenue received during the year exceeded that of the previous year by £183,000 Although there has been, corresponding in some degree with this general improvement a substantial decrease m the total number requiring assistance directly or indirectly from the Unemployment Fund the number in receipt of part-time relief (Scheme 5 employment or sustenance) really representing those who are wholly unemployed, was a slightly higher figure at the end of July last than for the corresponding period last year. This the Board ascribes in part to a substantial increase m the number of Natives who have registered for relief, whilst the wider application of sustenance payments without work being performed appears to have induced men to register who previously refrained from registering. The Board feels impelled to draw attention to the fact that within the number of those registered as wholly unemployed (approximately 40,000 at the end of July last) are some thousands of men who under normal industrial conditions, would be regarded as unemployable In the majority of these cases unemployability arises not from any lack of willingness to work but from physical or mental disability. It is clear that were these men ruled as ineligible for unemployment relief they would immediately become a charge on the Hospital Boards. During the year the Board has pressed forward with its pojjcy of organizing for full-time employment in lieu of intermittent relief work or sustenance. The major difficulty encountered has been to find local bodies or Government Departments willing to undertake work at the present time even with a subsidy slightly greater than the cost to the fund of paying unemployment relief. This difficulty, coupled with the general acceptance by the Government that employment is the only cure for unemployment promoted the investigation carried on by an Interdepartmental Committee, upon which the Board was represented by the Deputy-Chairman and the Commissioner. It was soon discovered by assembling the jobs classed as suitable for employment of labour, net required m ordinary industry that few offered sufficient return to warrant any recommendation to the Government for the use of loan-moneys to the full extent of the difference between the cost of relief and the cost of the job. lo overcome this difficulty the Board agreed, in respect of the works recommended by the Committee, to

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provide from the Unemployment Fund the difference between the economic value of the job and the total cost. In many instances this will involve providing the full labour cost from the Unemployment Fund. It is being insisted that loan-moneys be used to the full extent that can be covered by additional revenue created by the prosecution of the work. Simultaneous with this more determined investigation into the question of suitable full-time employment, the Board has been carrying out closer investigation into the question of available men physically fit to undertake the work contemplated. It is these investigations that have provided fairly reliable data enabling the Board to estimate that there are at the present time between 10,000 and 15,000 of the unemployed who are unfitted for employment of any kind under normal industrial conditions. A further estimate of the number of those capable of engaging in ordinary industrial employment, but not considered capable of earning the standard rate of pay on public works carried out on the co-operative contract basis, is approximately 10,000. There are thus between 15,000 and 20,000 of the men now on relief who are assumed to be incapable of making a success of the heavy manual employment involved in the works now being organized through the Public Works Department. A percentage of these are, of course, quite suitable for full-time work in the industries to which they have been formerly accustomed, or even able to carry out successfully such undertakings as the eradication of noxious weeds, tree planting, sand-dune reclamation, and such other forms of landdevelopment work. Another major difficulty in providing alternative employment through the institution of public works is the reluctance on the part of the unemployed to accept work located in the country and involving their having to leave their homes. Prior to the introduction of the unemployment legislation providing for relief to the unemployed, no difficulty appears to have been experienced in manning public works, even when it involved separation from home during the currency of the work. To some extent the present attitude of the workers in resisting employment in the country is understandable. While on Scheme sor sustenance a man receives a fixed sum of money each week. This relief pay is supplemented by relief in kind such as free boots, blankets, food, clothing, and also by what he can earn from casual employment, and a cross-section taken in one of the main Employment Bureaux recently disclosed the fact that approximately 50 per cent, of the registered unemployed supplemented their relief earnings by casual earnings. On the other hand, the acceptance of employment in the country, until recently on the co-operative contract basis of 10s. 6d. per day for married men, incurs all the financial responsibility of a worker in ordinary industry, including payment of wages-tax and, in all probability after a lengthy spell of unemployment relief, the liquidation of debts contracted whilst on relief. The recent decision, however, of the Government to increase the daily rates payable on public works standard jobs to 12s. per day for married men and 9s. per day for single men will undoubtedly remove one of the major objections to acceptance of these works, and the Board is not anticipating the same difficulty in manning the works now being arranged as was experienced in the past year. The year has been marked, too, with a general improvement in the relief payments provided. In this report is set out a full list of improvements that have been effected during the period under review. A very determined agitation was made during the year for an all-round increase in the rates of relief pay by 10s. per week. If the Board resisted granting this in full it was not because of any lack of appreciation of the difficulties being experienced by" the unemployed but because it realized that relief at best was only a cure for intermittent unemployment and not a cure for the major problem, which can only be cured by the provision of normal employment at standard rates of pay. Had the Board succumbed to the agitation it would have been impossible for the present arrangement of providing full-time employment for some 7,000 or 8,000 additional workers to be given effect to without involving borrowing in excess of the anticipated return. The effect of employing 7,000 or 8,000 additional men at standard wages will be cumulative and will provide employment for many others in the ordinary industrial avenues. This principle of providing from the Unemployment Fund subsidies to bridge the gap between total costs and economic value is not new to the Board. No better example of the application of this principle is to be found than in the land-development schemes being carried out, mainly in the King-country districts. With the development costs above the economic loading being financed from this fund as relief work, many have been satisfactorily settled on the land. Better by far than attempting any comparison of this scheme which is carried out in co-operation between the Small Farms Board and the Unemployment Board with other schemes for land-settlement is to relate the position as affecting the individual settler. The area might be anything between 50 acres and 120 acres according to productive value. All development work, including fencing and grassing, is carried out by "the camp workers. A house and milking-shed are erected, stock is provided, and the settler, selected from the unemployed workers engaged in the development work, is placed in possession without having to provide one penny in cash. The loading maximum of £1,200 is arranged to enable him to make a modest living, meeting all his liabilities when butterfat is not less than 9d. per lb. Although public works are of the utmost importance in providing employment, inasmuch as they materially increase production with consequential labour absorption, they constitute only one avenue of employment. It is therefore necessary to explore the whole field to provide work which possesses a definite degree of permanency, such as land-development—the Dominion's staple industry--and secondary industry in general. The Board has afforded considerable assistance to this end, and, as as will be seen elsewhere in this report, has met with encouraging results. It will, however, unremittingly continue its efforts to cause expansion of industry and so enable a maximum absorption of labour.

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PERSONNEL OF BOAKD. Since the presentation of the Unemployment Board's last preceding annual report, the Hon. Sir Alexander Young, Minister of Health, who had temporarily held the position of Chairman for some eight months, was obliged to relinquish that office because of the effect of particularly onerous duties upon his health. The Hon. S." G. Smith became charged with the administration of the Unemployment Act, 1930, as from Ist April, 1935, and thus automatically assumed the chairmanship of the Board. The Hon. Mr. Smith, who was Chairman of the original Board in 1930-31 and also of the Board as at present constituted until September, 1931, resumed duty as Chairman and presided at his first meeting of the Board on 2nd April, 1935. On 31st May, 1935, Mr. G. C. Godfrey relinquished the office of Commissioner of Unemployment, this position being filled as from Ist June, 1935, by the appointment of Mr. J. S. Hunter, formerly Commissioner of Transport. The Board placed on record its appreciation of the services rendered by Mr. Godfrey during his term of office. The remaining members of the Board, Messrs. Walter Bromley (Deputy-Chairman), G. A. Pascoe, and P. R. Climie completed the statutory period of their membership on 31st July, 1935, and were reappointed by the Governor-General for a further term of two years. AMENDMENTS TO UNEMPLOYMENT LEGISLATION. During the 1934 session of Parliament an Unemployment Amendment Act was passed, and became law on the 7th November, 1934. This Amendment Act provided for certain changes in the incidence of the emergency unemployment charge, and also included various machinery enactments to facilitate the administration of the principal Act. The most important amendments affecting the emergency unemployment charge are briefly as follows : — Total exemption from payment of the emergency charge on salary or wages (commonly referred to as the " wages-tax ") is provided for all persons aged sixteen years and under twenty years. A further amendment to section 12 of the Unemployment Amendment Act, 1931, as amended by section 9 of the Unemployment Amendment Act, 1932, which dealt generally with the incidence of the wages-tax, clarifies the position regarding exemption of certain classes of relief workers from payment of the wages-tax where they are employed by Departments of State, local authorities, or public bodies pursuant to a scheme whereby the whole amount of their wages is refunded to the employer from the Unemployment Fund. Power is also given the Board to extend this exemption to certain relief workers employed under the same conditions where only a portion of their wages may be refunded from the Unemployment Fund. Exemption from the emergency unemployment charge on income other than salary or wages is provided in the case of women aged sixty years and over and in the case of men aged sixty-five years and over whose income does not exceed £104 per annum. Exemption is also provided in the case of persons unable, through permanent physical or mental disability, to follow any regular employment, with a similar proviso regarding their total income. These two classes of exemptions became operative from and including the instalment of the charge due on Ist February, 1935. Under this Amendment Act the Board is given power to make an assessment of a person's income and of the charge payable on such income in cases of default in furnishing the necessary declaration. Provision is made for exemption from the emergency unemployment charge on " other income " in the case of all women who are liable to pay this charge to the extent of the first £50 of such income. Previously the amount of exemption was only £20. Native women who were not liable for payment of the charge on other income prior to the passing of this Amendment Act have now the same liability as other women. Exemption is also provided for women under the age of twenty years and women in receipt of certain pensions. Males in a similar position have always been exempt from the charge on " other income " by reason of their exemption from payment of the general unemployment levy so that this amendment corrects an obvious anomaly. Male Natives aged twenty years or over are also brought within the provisions of the Act in regard to liability for the charge on " other income." They were previously exempt by reason of their total exemption from payment of the general unemployment levy unless they had secured the Unemployment Board's permission to become contributors. Other sections of the Unemployment Amendment Act, 1934, deal with matters of a general nature. Section 7 repeals a previous enactment (which fixed Board members' salaries at a specified figure) and makes provision for the remuneration of members (other than the Minister and the Commissioner) to be appropriated from time to time by Parliament. Section 9 removes certain restrictions imposed in the principal Act regarding the conditions under which sustenance is payable.

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THE UNEMPLOYMENT FUND. Accompanying this report is an audited statement of the receipts and payments of the Unemployment Fund for the year ended 31st March, 1935. Summarized, this statement shows the following position, the corresponding figures for previous years being shown for the purpose of comparison : —

Revenue, 1934-35. The actual revenue received into the Unemployment Fund during the year exceeded that of the previous year by £183,227. Included in the receipts for last year, however, is the sum of £38,225, being revenue received in advance and £14,500 being an internal adjustment between accounts in connection with the general unemployment levy. The actual net receipts into the Fund are therefore greater by £130,502 than those of the previous year. When it is remembered that taxation was reduced to lOd. in the pound from Ist October, 1934, and that certain other exemptions were granted that had the effect of reducing the Board's revenue, it is very encouraging to find that the receipts into the Fund have exceeded those of the previous year. This increased revenue represents a very material improvement in economic and industrial conditions in the Dominion. Expenditure 1934-35. During the year payments under various headings were as follows : — £ Farming schemes .. .. .. .. .. . . 232,377 Building schemes .. .. .. .. .. .. 183,193 Gold-prospecting schemes .. .. .. . . .. 187,689 Camp schemes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 178,175 Distribution of food, clothing, &c. .. .. .. .. 74,285 Sustenance payments .. .. . . . . . . .. 239,983 Scheme No. 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,481,951 Relief of unemployment among Maoris . . . . .. . . 39,843 Loans under section 17 .. .. , . .. .. . . 8,000 Payments under section 17 .. .. .. .. .. 39,362 Loans under section 18 .. .. . . . . . . . . 14,403 Miscellaneous grants, &c. . . . . .. . . . . 93,871 Administration expenses.. .. .. .. .. .. 139,000 £3,912,132

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a q T . Year ended Year ended Year ended Year ended '' M , 31stMareh, 31stMarcb, 31stMarch, 31stMarch, 1931* ' 1932 " 1933 ' 1934 " 1935 ' £ £ £ £ £ Cash in Fund at beginning of year .. .. .. 69,115 184,967 424,426 621,518 Receipts. Levy .. .. .. .. ..229,000 538,503 429,004 428,550 433;665 Wages-tax .. ,. .. .. .. .. 490,0532,471,0282,891,7152,821,824 Tax on income other than salary or wages .. .. 220,245 1,120,4041,106,6021,349,230 Subsidy from Consolidated Fund .. .. 159,247 1,118,753 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 9 2,530 7,563 13,466 18,841 Total .. .. .. .. 388,256 2,439,1994,212,9664,864,759j5,245, 078 Payments. Grants under section 18, Unemployment Act, 1930 313,209 2,200,545 3,594,637 3,972,186;3,397,099 Loans under section 18, Unemployment Act, 1930 .. 16,340 21,633 20,919 14,403 Payments under section 17, Unemployment Act, .. .. .. .. 39,362 1930 Loans under section 17, Unemployment Act, 1930 .. .. . . .. 8,000 Sustenance under section 20, Unemployment Act, .. .. 12,960 33,302 239,983 1930 Purchases of food, &c., under section 14, Unemploy- .. .. 58,667 104,278 73,885 ment Amendment Act, 1932 Grants to persons entitled to sustenance under .. .. .. .. 400 section 14, Unemployment Amendment Act, 1932 Administration expenses .. .. .. 5,932 37,347 100,643 112,556 139,000 319,141 2,254,232 3,788,540 4,243,2413,912,132 Cash in hand at end of year .. .. .. 69,115 184,967 424,426 621,5181,332,946 Total .. .. .. .. 388,256 2,439,1994,212,9664,864,7595,245,078 * Period 11th October, 1930, to 31st March, 1931.

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As compared with the previous year, the payments show a reduction of £331,109. This is principally due to a decrease in the number of persons who were compelled to seek relief from the Fund during the year. Revenue, 1935-36. After allowing for the reduction in taxation to Bd. in the pound for half the year, and certain exemptions which did not take full effect until the current year, it is estimated that the Board's revenue will be : — £ Levy 410,000 Wages-tax .. .. .. •• •• •• •• 2,358,000 Other income .. .. .. •• •• •• •• 1,053,000 Total £3,821,000 The cash balance in the Fund at 31st March, 1935, amounted to £1,332,946. After allowing for accounts due and unpaid at 31st March, 1935, estimated at approximately £294,000, there will be available for unemployment relief during the year the sum of £4,859,946. While this amount is £947,814 more than the actual payments out of the Fund for the year ended 31st March, 1935, it is anticipated that, with the extra relief granted this year in the form of increased Scheme 5 and sustenance rates, and the provision of supplementary relief in the form of blankets, boots, rations, &c., the expenditure during the current year will be greater than that for the year 1934-35. The policy of the Board to find full-time employment for a greater number of men at standard rates of pay will also have the effect of considerably increasing the expenditure out of the Fund during the current year. Administration Expenses. It will be noted that the payments in respect of administration expenses totalled £139,000. This sum represents 3-55 per cent, of the total payments of £3,912,132 from the Fund. The percentage of administration payments to total payments in the year 1933—34 was 2 - 65 per cent. The total payments d.o not, however, provide a satisfactory basis for comparing the cost of administration year by year, since the payments for a particular year include items of expenditure actually incurred in a previous year, while the whole year's expenditure will not be shown in the payments, since at the end of the year there will be commitments due and unpaid. The actual expenditure on administration when unpaid accounts at the end of each year are included was —1931-32, £55,015 ;■ 1932-33, £95,165 ; 1933-34, £117,335 ; 1934-35, £133,030 (approximately). The latter figures, representing actual expenditure, form a more satisfactory basis for comparing costs of administration. Percentage costs extracted on this basis show the comparative position for the years 1931-32, 1932-33, 1933-34, and 1934-35 as follows : — 1931-32. 1932-33. 1933-34. 1934-35.* (1) Total expenditure, including un- £ £ £ £ paid creditors, at 31st March 2,268,197 3,839,807 4,311,360 3,963,336 Plus cost of collection of levy retained by Post Office .. 4,000 6,500 t t £2,272,197 £3,846,307 £4,311,360 £3,963,336 (2) Amount of administration expenses included in total cost shown above .. .. £55,015 £95,165 £117,335 £133,030 (3) Administration expenses as per- Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. centage of total cost .. 2-42 2-47 2-72 3-36 Having regard to the thousands of men in receipt of relief, and the necessity of investigating their circumstances and eligibility, and considering the multiplicity and variety of schemes under which they are engaged, the administrative costs are exceedingly low.

* Final figures for the year 1934-35 are not yet available ; the figures quoted may be subject to slight alteration, but not sufficient to make any material difference in the percentage of administration expenses to total expenditure. f Cost of collection of levy for the years 1933-34 and 1934-35 was appropriated and is therefore included in total expenditure.

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UNEMPLOYMENT FUND. Receipts and Payments Account tor the Year ended 31st March, 1935. Bteeipls. Payments. To Balance at beginning of By Annual appropriation, Vote, year— £ s. d. £ s. d. " Unemployment exCash .. .. .. 552,911 1 2 penses£ g. d. £ s. d. Imprests outstanding .. 68,606 10 6 Salaries .. .. 58,433 2 3 621,517 11 8 Advertising .. .. 280 9 4 Unemployment Act, 1930: Board members' fees, Receipts under the salaries, and expenses 2,064 17 8 Act — Ex gratia payments to Unemployment levy .. .. .. 433,665 5 1 relief workers who Emergency unemploy- suffer permanent disment charge — ability as the result of Tax on salary or wages an accident whilst enpaid in cash .. 1,461,200 14 10 gaged on relief work.. 715 0 4 Tax on salary or wages Fitting up labour bureaux 498 0 1 paid by sale of" Un- Law-costs .. .. 75 19 9 employment Relief" Motor-vehicles-stamps .. .. 1,360,623 9 5 Purchase of .. 843 0 8 Maintenance and re--2,821,824 4 3 pairs to .. .. 612 7 11 Tax on income other Office equipment .. 2,310 12 5 than salary or wages 1,349,229 18 10 Office expenses .. 850 10 2 4,171,054 3 1 Overtime and meal allowFines .. .. .. 207 11 6 ances .. .. 1,783 4 7 Interest on investments .. 10,754 1 9 Postages, telegrams, and Interest on loans under rent of letter-boxes .. 4,689 16 1 section 18, Unemploy- Printing and stationery 6,436 5 7 ment Act, 1930 .. 1,287 11 3 Printing unemployment Repayment of loans under relief stamps .. 343 12 3 section 18, Unemploy- Rent, heating, and lightment Act, 1930 .. 6,241 13 0 ing .. .. 2,910 5 8 Recoveries on account of Services rendered by expenditure of previous other Departments .. 49,543 13 7 years .. .. 121 10 0 Special Advisory CornMiscellaneous .. .. 228 18 4 mittee, fees, expenses, 18,841 5 10 &c., of .. .. 25 18 10 Telephone services .. 1,774 15 7 Transfer and removal expenses .. .. 45 11 3 Travelling allowances and expenses .. .. 4,374 15 9 Typewriters and mechanical office appliances— Purchase of .. 306 2 6 Maintenance, and repairs to .. .. 72 19 6 Contingencies (including unforeseen expenditure incidental to the other items of the Vote) .. 8 14 5 138,999 IS 2 Grants under section 18, Unemployment Act, 1930 — Scheme No. 4a .. 81,833 19 2 Scheme No. 4b .. 113,236 11 8 Scheme No. 4c .. 476 7 4 Scheme No. 4d .. 9,618 15 11 Scheme No. 5 (revised) 2,481,951 9 0 Scheme No. 6a .. 18,416 9 10 Scheme No. 6b .. 5,022 7 1 Scheme No. 6c .. 154,736 4 2 Scheme No. 7.. .. 343 15 1 Scheme No. 8a and other assistance to subsidized gold-prospectors .. 184,519 13 1 Scheme No. 8b .. 3,169 3 0 Scheme No. 10 .. 144,648 12 9 Scheme No. 11 .. 8,836 13 1 Scheme No. 12 .'. 38,544 4 4 Small Farm Plan .. 18,030 17 11 Assistance to flax industry .. .. 18,886 11 9 Assistance to steel industry .. .. 525 0 0 Assistance to timber industry .. .. 1,570 2 6 Relief of unemployment among Maoris .. 39,842 10 11 Relief of unemployment among women .. 10,497 0 0 Relief of unemployment among boys .. 2,250 0 0 Payments on account of insurance of relief workers .. .. 9,119 14 3 Miscellaneous grantg and subsidies .. .. 51,022 14 7 3,397,098 17 5 Carried forward .. .. .. 5,245,078 5 8 Carried forward .. .. 3,536,098 13 7

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UNEMPLOYMENT FUND—continued. Recipts and Payments Account for the Year ended 31st March, 1.935 —continued. Receipts—continued. Payments—continued. £ s. d. £ s. d. Brought forward .. .. .. 5,245,078 5 8 Brought forward .. .. .. 3,536,098 13 7 Loans under section 18, Unemployment Act, 1930.. .. .. .. .. 14,403 4 4 Loans under section 17, Unemployment Act, 1930.. .. .. '.. .. 8,000 0 0 Payments under section 17, Unemployment Act, 1930 .. .. .. .. 39,362 2 1 Sustenance payments under section 20, Unemployment Act, 1930 .. .. 239,983 0 8 Purchase of food, clothing, &c., section 14, Unemployment Amendment Act, 1932— Purchase of foodstuffs by £ s. d. rationing system .. 38,640 17 10 Purchase of footwear .. 34,551 4 11 Purchase of blankets .. 317 12 6 Miscellaneous .. 375 12 4 73,885 7 7 Grants to persons entitled to sustenance .. .. .. 400 1 10 Balance at end of year — Cash .. .. 1,332,169 12 8 Imprests outstanding .. 776 2 11 1,332,945 15 7 £5,245,078 5 8 £5,245,078 5 8 J. S. Hunter, Commissioner of Unemployment. H. L. Bockett, A.R.A.N.Z., Accountant. I hereby certify that the Statement of Receipts and Payments has been duly examined and compared with the relative books and documents submitted for audit, and correctly states the position as disclosed thereby.— J. H. Fowler, Deputy Controller and Auditor-General. REGISTRATION UNDER THE ACT. At 31st March, 1935, there were some 505,121 males on the register kept by the Post and Telegraph Department in accordance with section 10 of the Unemployment Act, 1930. This figure represents an increase of approximately 12,100 registrations during the year, and includes all males aged twenty years or over ordinarily resident in New Zealand at the time the Act came into force, together with those males who have attained the age of twenty years since December, 1930, and males aged twenty years or over who subsequently arrived in the Dominion with the intention of becoming permanently resident. Excluded from this figure are those males who have died or have left the Dominion permanently after registration under the Act. In order words, the register is a fairly accurate record of all males aged twenty years or over (including Maoris) permanently domiciled in New Zealand at the date mentioned. It is used mainly as a basis for collection of special unemployment-relief taxation. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FUND. About 91 per cent, of the males on the register mentioned in the preceding section are contributors to the Unemployment Fund by way of the general unemployment levy of £1 per annum. The actual number of individual instalments of the levy as received by the Post and Telegraph Department up to the 31st March, 1934, is shown in the following table : —

The apparent drop in number of contributors in respect of the February, 1935, instalment is a usual feature of these statistics. There is always a considerable number who do not effect payment of instalments within one month of the due date,

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Instalment Date. Amount of Instalment. . _ . , . . - . _ _ , s. d. December, 1930-June, 1931 (inclusive) .. .. 7 6 426,288* August, 1931-November, 1931 (inclusive) .. 5 0 427,027* February, 1932-November, 1932 (inclusive) .. 5 0 430,847* February, 1933-November, 1933 (inclusive) .. 5 0 435,899* February, 1934 .. .. .. .. 5 0 437,242 May, 1934 .. .. .. .. 5 0 435,680 August, 1934 .. .. .. .. .. 5 0 429,946 November, 1934 .. .. .. .. 5 0 413,954 February, 1935 .. .. .. .. 5 0 381,936 * Average number of contributors.

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Largely as a result of investigation by the Post and Telegraph Department, which collects the levy, and action by the Board in cases of default, the number of individual instalments from December, 1930, to February, 1934, recorded as paid up to 31st March, 1935, is in every case greater than that recorded a year previously. Very few of those liable for payment now escape their obligations in this respect. Some 13,000 Natives have elected to become contributors to the Unemployment Fund under the provisions of section 9 (1) (c) of the Unemployment Amendment Act, 1931, which amended the original Act. Natives within the meaning of the Native Land Act, 1931, are exempt from the levy unless they obtain the Board's permission to become contributors. The total male adult Maori population is approximately 17,700. Every person in receipt of salary or wages and of income from other sources (with certain statutory exemptions) contributes to the Fund by way of the emergency unemployment charge, to which reference is made in another section of the report. EXEMPTIONS AND POSTPONEMENTS. (a) General Unemployment Levy. Exemptions from payment of instalments of the levy, as provided for in the Act and Regulations and recorded up to 31st March, 1935, are as follows : — Total exemptions (including Maoris, old-age pensioners, and other aged males with small means, persons suffering from permanent physical and mental incapacity, &c.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 35,943

Partial Exemptions.

The value of instalments not collected because of partial exemptions, as indicated above, represents a sum of approximately £56,750. In lieu of granting exemption from payment of the levy on the grounds of hardship, the Board has exercised its power in postponing the date of payment, without penalty, in 3,01.1 cases. (b) Emergency Unemployment Charge. Apart from the statutory exemptions from payment of the charge, over 4,000 applications for exemption from, or postponement of the date of, payment of the charge on the grounds of hardship have been dealt with by the Board since the last report. In 2,500 cases exemption from payment of one or more instalments was granted, whilst in 1,329 cases the due date or dates were postponed in order to give the applicants time to effect payment without incurring the penalties provided by the Act. COLLECTION OF EMEBGENCY UNEMPLOYMENT CHARGE. Cash payments of the wages-tax are made to permanent post-offices, which also are responsible for the sale of stamps. Out of a total of £2,821,824 received into the Unemployment Fund during the year 1934-35 from the charge on salary or wages, £1,461,201 was paid in cash and £1,360,623 accounted for by the sale of special relief-tax stamps. The tax collected on income other than salary or wages amounted to £1,349,230. Early in the year a pamphlet was forwarded to all business houses drawing attention to the incidence of the legislation as far as the unemployment-relief tax is concerned, and this has had the effect of securing a more general compliance with statutory requirements. The appointment of Unemployment Tax Inspectors to carry out, wages-tax and tax on " other income " investigations has been fully justified. During the year 16,910 inspections were made, resulting in the recovery of £35,867 additional tax.

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■g ō «5 Inmates of Inmates m .-§ J -5 Instalments. Mental of S &'§ a S Students. Jp °f Hardship. Totals. Hospitals. Prisons, &c. f £ J « -2 M December, 1930 .. .. 3,344 1,090 1,110 922 4,496 2,547 13,509 March, 1931 .. .. 3,578 1,155 718 1,000 3,666 3,476 13,593 June, 1931 .. .. 3,613 1,228 895 1,231 3,381 3,952 14,300 August, 1931 .. .. 3,668 1,486 555 822 3,018 4,162 13,711 November, 1931 .. 3,682 1,410 508 825 3,011 4,684 14,120 February, 1932 .. .. 3,734 1,151 620 691 2,887 4,080 13,563 May, 1932 .. .. 3,738 1,158 496 938 2,791 3,565 12,686 August, 1932 .. .. 3,738 1,179 439 913 2,774 2,972 12,015 November, 1932 .. 3,790 1,200 409 838 2,521 2,618 11,376 February, 1933 .. .. 3,844 1,082 431 706 2,622 2,597 11,282 May, 1933 .. .. 3,943 1,026 442 938 2,206 2,395 10,950 August, 1933 .. .. 3,984 1,012 480 928 2,486 2,688 11,578 November, 1933 .. 4,013 1,102 364 930 2,302 2,051 10,762 February, 1934- .. .. 4,035 1,070 360 612 2,185 1,815 10,077 May, 1934 .. .. 4,039 980 492 625 2,006 1,457 9,599 August, 1934 .. .. 4,082 973 345 812 1,802 973 8,987 November, 1934 .. 1 4,131 j 928 349 779 1,333 411 8,231 February, 1935 .. .. 4,160 ! 902 121 259 455 94 5,991

H.—35.

MAORIS. Unemployment among members of the Maori race is still a problem requiring special consideration. Out of a total adult male Maori population of just over 17,000 (including half-castes) it is estimated that between 5,000 and 7,000 were registered during the year as unemployed and received assistance from the Unemployment Fund. During the year the Board spent an amount of £155,735 on the direct relief of unemployment amongst Natives under its various schemes. Probably the greater proportion of Natives who obtained such employment under Schemes 5, 4a, camp schemes, &c., were living in European fashion. Wherever possible, Natives living in the communal Maori pa have been transferred to Native development schemes under the control of the Native Land Settlement Board, such schemes being financed by grants from the Unemployment Fund. Reference to these grants and to administrative co-operation between the two Boards was made in the last preceding annual report. The Native Land Settlement Board reports that it has approved development schemes and private contracts involving a total commitment of £107,768 during the financial year (including portion of grants carried forward from the previous year). Actual expenditure, however, by the Native .Land Settlement Board amounted to only £53,918, the difference being accounted for by contracts approved and not commenced at 31st March, 1935,' or contracts still in course of completion. Due to the fact that all of this expenditure was not paid out from the Unemployment Fund during the financial year, the payments by the Unemployment Board were only £39,843. _ Under all schemes the Board's expenditure for relief of unemployment of Natives during the year 1934-35 was as follows :—- Amount. Scheme. £ Scheme No. 5 .. .. •• •• •• •• •• Scheme No. 4a •• •• 6,7 8 County camps .. .. •• •• •• •• •• ° Public Works Department and Forestry Department camps .. .. 31,93Z Other schemes .. .. • ■ • - • • • • .. 22,607 Total 155,735 Through grants to Native Land Settlement Board .. .. •• 39,843 Grand total .. •• •• •• •• •• £195,578 Grants from the Unemployment Board to the Native Land. Settlement Board are utilized to give relief to unemployed Natives, the amount of individual relief being determined according to family responsibilities, degree of necessity, &c., and based generally on existing Scheme 5 rates. The Natives are employed on such work as bush-felling, sowing, top-dressing, fencing, scrub-cutting, drainage, roading, ploughing and general cultivation, planting trees and shelter belts, building drains, and laying water-supply, buildings, river-protection works, and generally effecting improvements to Native lands. Broadly speaking, the general policy of the Native Land Settlement Board is to meet the immediate need of relief by expending the unemployment grant on the development of Native-owned lands m order to assist the Natives in becoming self-supporting settlers. EXPENDITURE ON UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF IN RECENT YEARS. The cost to the State for the provision of unemployment relief measures in recent years is shown by the following figures : —

Expenditure by " Other Departments " shows a further increase during the financial year 1934-35. Settlement of unemployed workers on the land under the control of the Lands and Survey Department (Small Farms Board) accounted for the greater proportion of expenditure under this heading, approximately £220,000,

2—H. 35.

9

Other Department 8 State Forest Subsidies to Unemployment Tota]s _ Year. (including Main Service. N ( ew Zealand Local Bodies. Fund. Highways). | Railways). £ | £ £ £ £ £ 1926-27 •• 130,000 14,240 .. •• •• 0 1927-28 379,565 ! 27,550 .. 75,106 .. 482,221 1928-29 .. 680,393 50,250 3,500 68,566 .. ®J2,709 1929-30 •• 914,109 185,400 204,464 111,728 .. 1,415,701 1930-31 ■■ 1,249,446 82,000 21,933 116,768 313,209 1,783,356 1931-3 9 886,953 74,000 14,684 11,478 2,216,886 3,204,001 IqS J« " 484 554 | 12,088 216 3,687,897 4,184,755 1933 34 2,000 185,906 .. 4,130,686 4,674,283 ISti :: ; 2; 820 270,833 3,773,132 4,449,397 Totals .. 5,483,323 ! 438,260 713,408 383,862 14,121,810 |21, 140,663

H.—35.

NUMBERS OF UNEMPLOYED. Commencing with the date of presentation of this report, the Unemployment Board proposes to present its periodical returns, showing the numbers of unemployed, on a different basis. In the past it has been the practice to treat as " unemployed " not only those men who are receiving part-time relief work or sustenance, but also those men engaged upon full-time work (much of which is in normal industrial undertakings) because of the fact that the earnings of such men were found in whole or in part from the Unemployment Fund. The inclusion of the latter class of men in unemployment figures can be defended on the grounds that a considerable proportion of the expenditure from the fund is absorbed in subsidizing such full-time employment. On the other hand, the imagination has to be severely stretched to classify such men as genuinely unemployed wageearners. Many of them would, under normal conditions, be employed by the Public Works Department, State Forest Service, and other employing authorities from funds found wholly by the General Government from the Consolidated Fund, or possibly from loan-moneys, and from local-body revenue or loan-moneys. The economic depression of the last few years resulted in an almost complete cessation of public works (both general and local), and as full-time employment at standard rates of pay, or even full-time employment at less than standard rates, where the recipient is engaged on some class of work that is creating assets either for himself (as in the case of gold-prospecting) or for the community in general (as in the case of land-development) is much preferable than rationed relief work, the Board has been fully justified in encouraging full-time work of this nature. The figures quoted in this report, and in the Appendix thereto, show that the number in full-time subsidized employment during the last twelve months has varied from 16,000 to as high as 24,000. The tables published in the Appendix to this report have been compiled upon the same lines as last year, mainly for comparative purposes, but the Board desires to draw attention to the fact that the true unemployment position is more properly depicted by a number of unemployed representing men in receipt of part-time relief work, or on sustenance, approximating 38,000. This is the number recorded at the beginning of August, 1934, and also in July, 1935, although a considerable decrease was recorded during the summer months when the figure dropped below 32,000 in February, 1935. By this time it has become fixed in the minds of the general public that New Zealand has between 50,000 and 60,000 " unemployed," whereas the true figure, excluding those full-time workers referred to above, should be between 30,000 and 40,000. In the past, also, it has been the practice to refer to the numbers of " registered unemployed." This term, while no doubt of certain value for statistical purposes, is really a misnomer in that nearly 8,000 men at present registered as unemployed, and in receipt of some form of unemployment relief, are really engaged full-time at standard rates of pay with various local bodies, prospecting and mining for gold as a full-time occupation, &c. Such men are retained on the register simply for purposes of convenience in effecting payment of subsidy, but there is no real difference between the conditions of their employment and those of full-time subsidized workers placed with the Public Works Department or under the farm-subsidy schemes, &c., where the workers are taken off the register. There are really four definite classes of men who are wholly, or partly, a charge upon the Unemployment Fund, and these classes are set out below :— (1) Relief under Scheme 5 on a rationed basis includes — (a) All Scheme 5 workers receiving ordinary ration of relief. (b) Scheme 5 workers on rationed basis where daily rate supplemented by employing authority or extra work provided, but not up to full-time work. (c) Aerodrome-workers employed for rationed periods but on task work based on special rates. (d) Any other variation of Scheme 5 where men working less than five days per week. (2) Sustenance includes all men on " permanent " sustenance without work. (3) Fidl-time Employment at Relief Rates includes — (a) Schemes 4a, 4c, 7, 11, farm camp and small farm sustenance recipients. (b) Scheme 6a camps (Public Works —single men). (c) Scheme 6b camps (local bodies, &c.—single men). (d) Scheme 6c, camp-workers on land-development work undertaken by Public Works Department, local bodies, &c., also State Forest tree planting. (e) Scheme 5 (subsidized gold-prospectors). (/) Scheme 8a (subsidized gold-prospectors). (g) Scheme 5, workers under special arrangements (such as preparatory work connected with gold-mining activities, restoration of flood damage, &c., where men employed at least five days per week, but receiving less than existing Public Works standard rates). (h) Special subsidized workers, such as those employed in Defence Department activities in certain Territorial camps. (i) Intermittent workers. (4) Full-time Employment at Standard or Award Rates includes — (a) Scheme 10 workers (building subsidy on wages basis). (b) Road metalling and land-development subsidized workers under control of Public Works Department and a few local bodies. (c) Gold-mining supervisors, special prospecting parties, and Scheme 8b employees. (d) Scheme 4b and similar farm contract workers. (e) Men on full-time employment at standard rates of pay provided by local employing authorities, &c., with a subsidy from the Unemployment Fund. (/) Men employed on miscellaneous special jobs—e.g., Humphrey's water-race construction, Hobsonville air-base development, Napier Harbour reclamation, &c., where full labour cost is met from the Unemployment Fund.

10

H.—3o.

Classes (1) and (2) represent the real unemployed in receipt of unemployment relief. Classes (3) and (4) denote those men who will not, in future, be classed as "unemployed," except as an indication of the numbers assisted financially by subsidies to industrial undertakings, &c. The graph which accompanied the last annual report has been brought up to date and is reproduced in the Appendix again for purposes of comparison. The middle line of this graph represents the total of classes (1) and (2) mentioned above, and the bottom line the total of classes (3) and (4). A new table (No. IV) shows for the period August, 1934, to July, 1935, the fluctuations m numbers according to these four classes. One of the most noticeable features of this table is the increase in the numbers of men in receipt of sustenance without working. The reasons for this are dealt with m another section of the report. It will be noticed that the numbers in full-time subsidized employment at "relief" rates have fallen steadily, while, although an actual decrease is also recorded m the numbers of men employed full-time at standard rates of pay under various subsidy schemes, the fall m this case is more gradual and is more in line with the general decline in the total number of men receiving assistance from the Fund. UNEMPLOYED CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONS. Table VIII in the Appendix shows an occupational classification of the " registered " unemployed for each month from January, 1935, to July, 1935. Statistics on this basis have been collected monthly from Government employment bureaux since January, 1935, m an effort to secure reliable data showing.the fluctuation caused by seasonal unemployment and that resulting from other movements in the employment market. The figures refer only to those on the "live register irrespective of whether or not the men are actually in receipt of unemployment relief (see the preceding section on "Numbers of Unemployed," also Table V m the Appendix). Those removed from the register, although still assisted from the Unemployment Fund through full-time subsidy schemes are excluded because of the difficulty which would be experienc ed m obtaining data from various employing authorities. However, the figures actually obtained and published herein provide a good representative sample of the occupations of those obliged to seek unemployment re lief. Ihe occupations are those given when registration is effected at the employment bureaux, and relate to the e fi gures a t the end of January and July, 1935, for occupations which showed figures of 1,000 or over in July

The above figures demonstrate two important points—firstly, that just over 40 per cent of the unemployed are general labourers, and, secondly, that over 60 per cent, of the unemployed follow the eight occupations shown above, indicating, m so far as occupation is concerned, a fairly mar e decree of localization. The relatively low figure for farm labourers is indicative of a fairly low percentage of unemployment in the farming industry. Unfortunately, details of the numbers employed under each occupation are not available, and it is therefore impossible to even estimate the comparative severitv of unemployment for each occupation. _ The comparisons between January and July are of interest. They indicate that the seasonal contraction of business activity in the winter months throws some thousands of workers into the ranks of the unemployed The decrease recorded in the number of carpenters, although small, is significant for the reason that it is a prima facie indication of improvement in the building industry. The decrease of some 209 or 17 per cent., in the number of coal-mmers on the register is also significant, but in the reverse'way Winter is the busy time for coal-mining, and the existence of just over 1,000 unemployed coal-miners in July is further evidence of the shrinking avenues for employment m the coal-mining industry. UNEMPLOYED CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRIES. A classification of the unemployed according to industries is of much greater importance than the narrower classification according to occupations. It sheds light on the relative prosperity of the different industries, and by pointing out industrial maladjustments enables remedial measures to be applied not only where they appear to be called for, but as part of a whole national attack on unemployment whose front extends across the whole industrial and commercial structure.

11

31st 31st Increase, Occupation. fno?' July ovei January. 1935. ly^o. Number. Number. Number. Per Cent. SSSSST :: :: :: " £ j arm labourers .. _ 13g 0 Lorry, bus, and taxi drivers .. Mnl 139 13 :: :: :: :: i:SS 1:S 1 1 General cierfcs .. gg g0 __ 2Q9 17 Coal-miners •• •• •• ■ > ' „ q0 1Q Seamen, stokers, 918 1,006 W 1U Totals 26,269 31,011 4,742 18 Grand totals 43,128 50,590 7,462 17 — Indicates decrease.

H.-35.

The following figures have been prepared from those given in Table VIII in the Appendix

Number of Unemployed.

The figures classified by industrial groups lose a great deal of their value by reason of the fact that there are no recent figures available relating to employment under the different headings. This means that the comparative severity of unemployment can, at the best, be only estimated. The outstanding fact is that approximately 40 per cent, of the unemployed are general labourers. The next point of importance is that the building and associated trades account for 16 per cent, of the total. Taking these points , together, the conclusion emerges that between 50 per cent, and 60 per cent, of unemployment has originated directly in the constructional industries. Secondary industries represent 10 per cent., and are just ahead of commercial pursuits and the agricultural and pastoral industries, which represent approximately 8 per cent. each. The comparative smallness of the proportions of unemployed for the transport industry (water 2-87 per cent, and land 4-97 per cent.) and the professional class (1 per cent.) are particularly significant for the reason that they appear to indicate that the expansion which is taking place in the productive industries will gradually albsorb these men. The fact that the unemployed who gave their occupations as being connected with the agricultural and pastoral industries numbered only 3,497, or 8 per cent, of the total, and were actually less than those engaged in secondary industries or in commercial pursuits is of especial interest and demonstrates that expanding production in these industries has kept up the level of employment, notwithstanding the advances of science and machinery. The broad conclusion emerges from the figures that the bulk of the unemployed have come from the Constructional industries and that the spearhead of any attack on the unemployment problem should be directed to the revival of these industries (which will spread to the distributive branches) or their replacement by expansion in either the primary or secondary industries. This is a far-reaching decision to make, but it must be made if the Dominion is to rid itself of unemployment. ASSISTANCE TO SECONDARY INDUSTRIES. Existing secondary industries have made steady progress during the year, and the benefits of the building-subsidy and other schemes introduced by the Board have spread far beyond the confines of the trades immediately affected. Manufacturers have stated that their employment rolls have been greatly augmented, and the Board is reliably informed that the number of persons employed in secondary industries has increased by approximately 9,000 during the last twelve months. There is no doubt that the activities of the Board have been instrumental in stimulating a considerable volume of employment under normal conditions of hours and wages. While several important projects are at present under review, it has been a disappointment that there has been no considerable move by private enterprise to establish new industries and take advantage in the early stages of the Board's assistance by grants or loans, in order to hasten .their successful establishment and the maximum quantity of employment therein. It does not appear conceivable that, having regard to the successful operation of many existing industries under -present conditions of population, protection, and labour, there is no additional scope for private capital and enterprise to play a further part, both having a common duty and responsibility towards the elimination of a large proportion of the people now being retained in an unemployed and unproductive state. However, there have been a few exceptions in which it has been possible to encourage and assist in the promotion of new enterprises as well as giving assistance to long-established industries and others of recent birth. With encouragement and assistance from the Board, the manufacture of basic slag is being pommenced in the North Island, and this product should prove of great benefit to farmers on those lands for which this fertilizer is suitable.

12

31st January, 1935. 31st July, 1935. Increase July over J> January. Industrial Group. i " Number. p er Number, Number. Percent. Agricultural and jjastoral .. .. .. .. 3,497 8-11 4,415 8-72 918 26-25 Meat-freezing, butter and cheese, fishing, and trapping .. 1,047 2-43 1,685 3-33 638 60-93 Flax and kauri-gum .. .. .. .. .. 210 0-49 225 0-45 15 7-14 Secondary industries .. .. .. .. .. 4,380 10-16 4,800 9-49 420 9-58 Building and associated trades .. .. .. .. 6,918 16-04 6,636 13-12 —282 -4-08 Mining .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,892 4-37 1,915 3-79 23 1-22 Waterside and shipping .. .. .. .. 1,235 2-87 1,482 2-93 247 20-00 Land transport .. .. .. .. .. 2,145 4-97 2,515 4-97 370 17-24 Professional .. .. .. .. .. .. 430 1-00 482 0-95 52 12-09 Commercial .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,808 8-83 4,209 8-32 401 10-53 Sports and personal service .. .. .. .. 1,138 2-64 1,331 2-63 193 16-95 Miscellaneous (mostly general labourers) .. .. 16,428 38-09 20,895 41-30 4,467 27-19 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 43,128 100-00 50,590 100-00 7,462 17-30 — Indicates decrease.

5.—35.

One of the earliest industries to be established in the Dominion was the preparation of fibre from Phormium tenax. Commonly called the flax industry, it assumed very considerable proportions, but of late years competitive fibres, coupled with low prices, have seriously reduced production; consequently, many mills were forced to close their doors and the workers were thrown on to relief work. The Board's export subsidy upon fibre has prevented many mills from closing down, and its effects have steadily increased employment in "this old and valuable industry. In 1932, 340 persons were employed in twenty-three flax-mills and rope and twine factories. In 1934, twenty-nine factories in the same class were in operation, and the number of persons employed had increased to 486. With the continuance of the export subsidy for a further period, more mills are being put into operation, and growth in employment is steady. The Board has not rested content with one form of assistance to this industry, but has actively co-operated in the determined efforts which are being made to improve the quality and range of fibre produced from flax. There appear to be reasonable prospects of success not only in improving the quality of fibre for cordage purposes but also in the production of a finer and softer fibre which will be used for the purpose of spinning, and which will open up a demand at remunerative prices in an entirely new field, with the result that employment should be considerably stimulated in its production. The Flax Woolpack Co., which recently commenced operations at Foxton, has made steady progress in the quality of wool-packs produced, and employment in this factory is steadily increasing. The Board has been able to assist this company over a difficult period, which must be expected in the initial stages of a new venture of this type, and, when production reaches the volume originally contemplated, the employment given directly and indirectly will be of considerable importance. Through a small measure of assistance, which was supplemented by the manufacturers themselves, the Board has been able to keep many men employed throughout the winter in a number of sawmills and factories engaged in the manufacture of export apple cases. The continuity of employment, which was the result of this action, must have greatly benefited many homes during the most expensive period of the year. Several small industries which are in their incipient stage have been assisted in that manner most desirable to promote their growth and successful establishment. Included in these is the manufacture of industrial cutlery. The Board is giving financial. assistance over a period to thoroughly test the possibility of exporting tobacco-leaf. Apart from the benefits which will accrue to the growers of leaf, a considerable amount of direct employment will be created in the treatment of the leaf for export if the quality is suitable for manufacture and the price a remunerative one. The production of pig iron at Onakaka has been assisted during the year, with the result that a large number of men from this district, as well as coal-miners and transport workers, have been given employment for normal hours and wages. The Board maintains close contact with the various Departments of State which deal in industrial matters through the Development of Industries Committee, and the problems of many industries, such as flax, are under qontinuous review with the definite objective of stimulating employment wherever possible. It has been found that there are many men on relief who, prior to the depression, were skilled in some trade. Many of these men have lost their confidence and require patient and sympathetic treatment in order that they may regain their skill. To assist this class of worker the Board is prepared to subsidize their wages for a short period in order that employers will not suffer financially while these men are regaining confidence and skill. The Board trusts that many employers, as they require more men, will give their former workmen an opportunity to re-establish themselves in industry, and make use of the assistance offered by the Board. FARM SUBSIDY SCHEMES. During the financial year ended the 31st March, 1935, the Unemployment Board expended an amount of £81,834 under Scheme No. 4a. The number of men employed on farms under this and other subsidy schemes at the end of each four weeks during the period under review will be found in Table II in the Appendix. During the early part of the dairying season in 1934 it became apparent that there was either an improvement in that industry or that seasonal workers were not as readily obtainable as in the past, and in order that applications for farm labour might be met it was decided that no further placements be made under the scheme. The period of suspension operated until the end of May, 1935, when the scheme was reopened on a restricted basis and labour placed for purfefy development-work which would not be undertaken without assistance. The decline in operations under the scheme may therefore be attributed to these restrictions, but the advantages offered generally by Scheme No. 4b also have had a distinct bearing on the matter. During the financial year 3,197 single men and 2,508 married men were employed for varying periods. The Farm Camp Scheme, a modification of Scheme No. 4a, is designed to place workers with farmers who have development-work to do, but who cannot afford to meet the cost of feeding the men employed. A small camp of at least four single men is set up on a property, and the Board, in addition to paying the men the rate of subsidy of 10s. per week, pays the farmer an allowance towards the foodcosts. At the 30th June, 1935, 3,650 men had been employed on this basis, and the number of men in farm camps on that date was 127. During the year more searching investigations than hitherto have been made regarding the ability of the employers to engage labour under Schemes Nos. 4a or 4b, and, as a result, a considerable amount of labour has been diverted to these schemes or placed under the Farm Camp Scheme at a reduced rate of ration allowance. The amount expended under the scheme for the financial year ended 31st March, 1935, was £9,619.

13

H.—35.

The activities under Scheme No. 4b, where the Board meets one-half of the labour-cost of contracts for development-work on farms, show a further decided increase. From the inception of the scheme to the 30th June, 1935, 9,633 contracts have been completed and 20,990 men paid off, while 1,136 contracts employing 2,247 men are at present in operation and a further 239 contracts to employ 391 men have been approved but not yet commenced. The grand total of placements under the scheme since its inception is therefore 23,237 men, with a further 391 placements pending, while the total subsidies expended to 31st March, 1935, is £232,415, of which £113,236 was expended during the financial year 1934-35. The works carried out under the scheme are of a definitely developmental nature calculated to increase the primary production—and thus the national wealth —of the Dominion, as will be seen from the following statement of operations carried out, or to be carried out, under contracts which have been approved : — Acres. Scrubcutting .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 564,133 Bushfelling .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56,489 Stumping .. .. .. .. .. .. 37,230 G-rubbing .. .. .. .. .. .. 18,933 Sowing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,313 Ploughing and harrowing .. .. .. .. ... .. 5,257 Top-dressing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,086 Chains. Fencing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58,620 Drainage ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 137,026 Roading .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,878 Splitting— Number. Posts and strainers .. .. .. .. .. .. 283,437 Battens .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 399,758 It is estimated that, as a result of the works itemized above, the land concerned will carry an additional 668,366 sheep, 97,060 cattle, and 490 pigs. Scheme No. 11, for rabbit-destruction, was closed from May to September, 1934, in view of the high prices obtaining for rabbit-skins consequent upon the cold winter. The scheme was reopened at about the end of September and continued in operation until the middle of June, 1935, when it was decided to permit of contracts only with the voluntary local Rabbit Committees who are using poisoning and/or fumigating processes, with the result that the workers engaged are in receipt of insufficient returns from the skins to expect them to continue on this work without assistance. The number of workers who have been employed for varying periods under this scheme is 4,324, and the amount expended during the financial year 1934-35 was £8,837. SMALL FARM PLAN, The Small Farm Plan is administered by the Small Farms Board, but the Unemployment Board continues to assist in its operation by providing sustenance allowances for occupiers where it is established that they are not yet self-supporting. The maximum rate of sustenance allowance is £1 per week, and the term thereof is limited to thirteen weeks, except in certain cases, where the position may be reviewed. Assistance" from the Unemployment Fund in this direction during the financial year 1933-34 amounted to £18,300. Administrative co-operation between the two Boards is maintained through the appointment to the Small Farms Board of Mr. W. Bromley, Deputy-Chairman of the Unemployment Board. CAMP SCHEMES. A considerable amount of valuable improvement and development work has been carried out by the placement of unemployed labour (both married and single men) in relief camps established by various State Departments and local bodies. The Department or local body controlling the work is required to meet the establishment costs of the camps and provide supervision, tools, &c., the Unemployment Board providing a contribution on a man-week basis towards the running-costs of the camps. In certain approved cases the Unemployment Board has undertaken to meet the full cost of the work carried out, including establishment costs, labour, &c. The following will give a general idea of the class of work which has been and is still being carried out under relief camp schemes : — Improvement of existing roads and main highways, land drainage, and development of Crown land generally, afforestation, and land-clearing and improvement work on private property in various parts of the Dominion. A condition to the placement of relief labour on privately-owned property is that the property-owner is required to contribute towards the cost, the contribution usually being fixed at 50 per cent, of the estimated cost of the work to be carried out. Work on private property is arranged on the co-operative contract system at unit rates estimated to return to an average worker a specified weekly amount, although the average earnings of a good group of workers would possibly exceed the weekly figure on which contract rates are fixed. The principal State Departments under whose control relief camps have been established are the Public Works Department, Main Highways Board, Lands and Survey Department, and State Forest Service. Up till December of last year the Main Highways Board had been employing a number of single men under the camp scheme in effecting improvements on Main Highways, but it was decided that as the works in hand were completed most of these camps should be closed down. Where the Highways Board wished to retain camps of single men for the completion of certain works, it was arranged that the men would be employed under normal conditions —i.e., full-time employment at standard rates of pay.

14

H.—35.

The number of men engaged under camp schemes at the end of each four weeks during the period now under review will be found in Table II in the Appendix. The numbers shown in the table referred to above do not indicate the actual number of relief workers who are required to camp on the jobs on which they are placed as many local bodies have been employing relief labour in camps established and supervised at the expense of the local body or farmer whose land is being improved. These men are employed full time at specially approved rates, but as the allocation of funds in their case is arranged through Scheme No. 5 the number so employed is included under that scheme. Also the majority of men in receipt of subsidy under the Board's gold-prospecting scheme are required to live in tents or huts. GOLD MINING AND PROSPECTING. The number of men prospecting for gold on a subsidized basis under the Unemployment Board's schemes is not as high now as formerly. Whereas at the end of October, 1933, there were some 4,000 so engaged, this number has dropped to an average of 3,300 for the year ended 30th June, 1935. While this decrease is in line with the general decline in numbers assisted under all schemes it is indicative also of the success of the gold-mining schemes in making a fair proportion of men independent of unemployment relief. Another factor is the elimination of men who, while prepared to give this arduous work a trial, have found that they are really unfitted for gold mining and prospecting. With the appointment of further mining engineers, and improvement in administration following such appointments, the Board's plan of progress is following well-defined lines. On the Hauraki goldfields the Board has authorized special reef-prospecting operations with the object of discovering potential new mines. In Marlborough and Central Otago percussion drills, loaned by the Mines Department, are being used to test likely areas on a more economical basis than has hitherto been possible. Special development work on the West Coast, involving extensive shaft-sinking and tunnelling operations and systematic prospecting of more or less virgin areas, is holding out some concrete promise of success. A typical example of the arduous nature of the work, and difficulties prospectors encounter, is that of the Mosquito Creek development area in Grey County. Here the men live about 1,800 ft. above sea-level and are engaged in tunnelling distances up to 1,000 ft., or in shaft-sinking to depths of over 200 ft. This work is being carried out on elevated pakihi lands, which render the work very wet and trying. On the Mosquito area, and on quite a number of other special-development areas, three shifts per day are worked, sometimes four, depending on the nature of the work. Many of these men do not leave their place of work more than once in the year. Apart from the Christmas holiday period they work for months on end, and their enjoyment of social amenities is limited to what amusement they can make for themselves in these remote areas. As pointed out in the last preceding report, the co-operation of the Mines Department and the Public Works Department with the Unemployment Board is being maintained. The Public Works Department has now well under way the reconditioning and construction of water-races at Humphrey's Gully, Westland, and already on this work 190-odd men are employed full-time at standard rates of pay. It is expected that the whole of the Board's outlay in connection with this scheme will be more than recouped through the permanent employment that will eventually be given to a considerable number of selected men settled on claims in this part of Westland County. The activities of various geophysical survey parties, whose work has been made possible by the grant of £5,000 to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (referred to in last year's report), are producing interesting results. Surveys have been made in the Otago and Southland fields, Reefton, Hauraki, and the West Coast. Valuable data have been secured throwing light on the structural and mining features of the various fields. In connection with several projects recommended by the Unemployment Board's engineers, and also with certain undertakings for which financial help has been solicited by private interests, geophysical surveys have enabled the proposed operations to be modified with consequent saving in expenditure. Geophysical methods are also being employed to facilitate the working of blacksand leads by small subsidized parties. As a commentary on the success of the gold-prospecting schemes it should be mentioned that of the total quantity of gold exported from New Zealand during the financial year ended 31st March last (approximately 157,800 oz.) subsidized prospectors produced 8,370 oz., or 5-3 per cent. At first sight this contribution appears small, but it must be remembered that the Board keeps a record of production only while the men are on subsidy. One party alone sold 300 oz. of gold shortly after going ofi subsidy early in 1935. Other men have been successful in disposing of their claims to companies or syndicates, whose gold-production really ought to be credited to the Board's activities. When allowance is made for the production of the Waihi Mines (63,335 oz. of gold during the year 1934) and of other large companies it will be seen that the addition to the national wealth, as a result of these schemes, is not inconsiderable. Although there are fewer men engaged under the scheme than there were, say, two years ago, gold-production during the last twelve months or so by men actually on subsidy is not far short of the amount produced in the previous two years. Up to the end of June, 1935, over 20,000 oz. of gold has been won by subsidized men since the inception of the scheme. This may be valued, roughly, at over £120,000. Reference has been made in previous reports to the fact that the Board's gold-prospecting subsidy schemes (aided by the continued high price of gold) are encouraging a new generation of gold-miners in New Zealand. Evidence in favour of this contention is found in the recently collected figures referring to occupations of the registered unemployed. Out of a total of over 50,000 remaining on the register at the end of July, 1935 (including some 3,000 subsidized prospectors), only 762 showed their previous occupation as "gold-miner."

15

H.—35.

The net expenditure by the Board for the financial year 1934-35 in fostering gold mining and prospecting amongst unemployed amounted to £187,689. Of this sum, £3,169 was expended in subsidizing the wages of men taken on by companies and syndicates and employed full time. It should be pointed out here that the total payments under Scheme No. Bb—the scheme for subsidizing the wages of men taken on by gold-mining companies and syndicates—was £4,215. Of this outlay, however, £1,046 has been refunded by companies whose operations have been successful, making the net expenditure under this scheme only £3,169. FULL-TIME WORK AT STANDARD RATES OF PAY. The Board continues to subsidize the employment of men removed from the register of unemployed and placed in full-time employment at ruling or award rates of pay. This form of assistance, previously limited mainly to land-development and road-improvement work under the control of the Public Works Department and the Main Highways Board, and to gold-mining syndicates or companies under Scheme No. Bb, was later extended to certain secondary industries and to local employing authorities. Numbers of local bodies have already received, or are still receiving, a subsidy on the wages of registered and eligible unemployed placed in full-time employment on such new works as street and footpath improvement, water-supply schemes, and similar standard works. Nearly one-half of those in full-time subsidized employment during the year on schemes assisted by the Unemployment Board were engaged at standard or award rates of pay. According to the latest returns collected by the Board, there were at the 6th July, 1935, some 8,330 men in full-time subsidized employment. These were distributed amongst various schemes approximately as follows : —- Number Scheme 5 special arrangements (local bodies) : Urban works, 1,370; rural of Men. works, 630 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,000 State Public Works.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,150 Farm contracts (subsidies to individual employers) .. .. 2,500 Building Subsidy Scheme No. 10 (balance of approved jobs not yet completed) 350 Gold prospecting and mining .. .. . . .. .. 200 Miscellaneous (including certain secondary industries) .. .. .. 130 Total .. .. .. .. ... .. 8,330 It should be noted that the numbers of men working in full-time subsidized industrial undertakings are recorded only where some definite arrangement exists for relating the subsidy to actual wages paid. There is no satisfactory method of recording the numbers absorbed by certain secondary industries which have been granted assistance by way of loans or grants, while the latest buildingsubsidy schemes are of such a nature that it is impossible to ascertain the number of men working on building-subsidy jobs at any particular date. SCHEME No. 5 : PART-TIME RELIEF EMPLOYMENT. For the past four years Scheme No. 5 has provided one of the main avenues for the extension of relief assistance to unemployed persons capable of performing the work available under this scheme. One of the main drawbacks to the scheme, however, is that it provides part-time employment only. — that is to say, the men are allotted a ration of work according to their conjugal classification. Furthermore, local bodies have been experiencing increasing difficulty in arranging sufficient suitable work for the absorption of all eligible unemployed, and this is particularly so in the cities and larger towns. This lack of suitable work has necessitated the introduction of sustenance in certain centres (see the next succeeding section of the report). Men placed under Scheme No. 5 are required to work their allotted time ration, for which they receive payment on the basis of 10s. 6d. per day. As from the Ist July, 1935, Scheme No. 5 workers, in addition to payment for time worked, received a special bonus of 2s. per week, plus an additional Is. per week for one adult dependant. This is a special allowance for which the performance of work is not required. Almost from the commencement of operations until quite recently the Board's funds have been scarcely adequate to meet the heavy demands arising from the large number of applicants seeking relief, and in order to keep its expenditure within the available income the Board found it expedient to reduce allocations slightly in the larger towns and to make more severe reductions in the smaller country towns where the circumstances of the applicants were not quite so acute. With the Fund now in a more stable condition and a general improvement in the unemployment position it has been possible to review the allocations and the general basis of relief. Under the amended system there are only four varying rates of allocations throughout the Dominion. Generally speaking, the highest scale (A) applies to the four main cities and adjoining boroughs ; the second scale (B) to the secondary cities and larger towns ; and the third scale (C) to the smaller towns and country areas. Quoting the highest scale first, that applicable to the four main centres, the weekly relief payable to the applicant where work is provided under Scheme sis 17s. This is supplemented in the case of a married man or a widower who is maintaining a home by 10s. in respect of one adult dependant, and by 4s. in respect of each of the first three dependent children, and by 2s. in respect of additional dependent children up to a total of seven, making the maximum weekly amount payable £2 7s. The family allowance, granted under another Act, provides 2s. for each child beginning with the third, but the Board does not reduce the amount of its relief in respect of the third child, as many families do not apply for the family allowance until the fourth child is born.

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In all cases the increases in respect of the first three children are 45., being the maximum permissible under the Unemployment Act, and the fourth and up to the seventh child 2s. in respect of each, which when added to the family allowance granted under the Family Allowances Act, maintains the same maximum for each child as is prescribed in the original Unemployment Act of 1930. The following table shows the maximum relief assistance payable weekly under the existing Scheme No. 5 scale of relief : —-

In determining the measure of relief assistance which might justifiably be extended under the Board's schemes consideration is given to the amount of private earnings or income received by the applicant. The Board's policy in this respect is that the ration of relief which may be granted to an eligible unemployed worker shall not be adversely affected by private earnings or income unless the total income into the household (from all sources, including relief, but subject to the following exceptions) exceeds a figure calculated according to the following scale : — Per Week. s. Single applicant .. .. .. • • • • .. 40 Married applicant .. .. .. . • • • .. 25 Wife or housekeeper . . .. .. .. . • .. 20 Each bona fide dependant .. .. . ■ • • .. 4 Where the above scale is exceeded it is usual to reduce the ordinary ration of relief by the amount of the excess. The following classes of income are entirely ignored in determining the measure of relief assistance to be granted : — (а) Earnings of children under sixteen years of age. (б) The first 17s. 6d. per week of any war disability pension. (e) Family allowance. SUSTENANCE PAYMENTS WITHOUT WORK. For nearly three years after the constitution of the first Unemployment Board, applicants for relief from the Unemployment Fund were obliged to perform some kind of work in return for their relief pay. Towards the end of 1933 it became evident that local employing authorities, particularly in the main urban areas where over 50 per cent, of relief workers on a rationed basis are domiciled, were reaching the end of their resources both from a financial point of view in meeting supervision and other costs and by reason of difficulty in finding suitable work. One of the main difficulties arose in the continued provision of suitable light work for those of the unemployed who were unfit for heavy manual labour. Many local bodies also were faced with the position that all their useful works of a nature applicable to the absorption of relief labour under the Board's rules were rapidly nearing completion. From this state of affairs it was only a short step to the employment of relief workers on essential jobs in the nature of ordinary maintenance. There was only one alternative, and, in order to meet the position which arose, the Board was forced to review its stated policy that sustenance without work would not be granted. For obvious reasons, sustenance payments could not be granted on the same scale as relief pay, and those workers whom it was impossible to place on approved relief works were therefore granted sustenance in proportion to the ration of relief they would have been eligible for, but on a slightly lower scale. Every effort was made to rotate work and sustenance so that the men should not be penalized by circumstances over which they had no control. In other words, the available work was distributed as evenly as possible amongst the eligible and most deserving applicants for relief. Later on it became evident that the position was still not being met satisfactorily, mainly because of the high proportion of men who were not fitted by age, physique, or previous experience for the class of work offering.

3—H. 35.

17

Scale A. Scale B. Scale C. I S. S. 8. Class A (single men) .. .. .. • • • • 17 14 12 Class B (married men with wife only) .. .. • ■ 27 24 21 Class C (one child) . . .. • ■ • • • • 31 28 25 Class D (two children) .. .. ■ • • • 35 32 29 Class E (three children) .. .. • • • • 39 36 33 Class F (four children) .. .. • • • • 41 38 35 Class G (five children) . . . • • • • • 43 40 37 Class H (six children) .. . . • • • • 45 42 39 Class I (seven or more children) .. .. . • 47 44 41

H.—35.

The situation was most acute in Auckland and Wellington, the two largest centres of population, and the Board found it necessary to make provision for sustenance upon a more or less permanent basis. At the beginning of August, 1934, the Board gave lengthy consideration to the general question of sustenance, as a result of which it was decided that the time had arrived for the application of the principle upon a revised and more permanent basis. This decision was impelled by increasing difficulties in the larger centres of population where the provision of suitable and useful work under Scheme No. 5 was becoming a real problem. A new scale of sustenance payments ranging from 10s. per week to £1 16s. per week in the four main centres, and from 7s. 6d. per week to £1 10s. per week in secondary centres was instituted as a trial for a period of three months, and it was stated as a matter of policy that no worker placed on sustenance should receive more as a sustenance payment than he would ordinarily be eligible for as a relief worker. With the general revision of relief rates in January, 1935, the scale of sustenance payments was increased all round ; also, provision was made for a third division applicable to smaller centres where the introduction of sustenance was considered desirable. A further general increase in sustenance payments took effect from Ist July, 1935, when the Board announced a bonus of 2s. per week for single men and 3s. per week for married men to relieve distress during the winter. The weekly sustenance rates payable at the present time are as follows : —

Sustenance according to the above scale is now being paid in nine secondary cities and towns and in approximately twenty-five smaller centres. During the last twelve months the number of men on sustenance has increased from 4,974 to 12,842, representing an increase from 13 per cent, of the total receiving part-time relief in August, 1934, to 34 per cent, of the total in July, 1935. The numbers of men on sustenance at four-weekly intervals from August, 1934, to date, will be found in Table IV of the Appendix. An increase of 158 per cent, in the numbers receiving sustenance during the twelve months under review requires some explanation. This increase is, of course, balanced by a corresponding decrease in the numbers on part-time relief work under Scheme No. 5. A large proportion of -those now on sustenance are men who, by reason of age or physical disability, are really unfitted for manual labour. Most of these have no doubt been glad of the opportunity to receive sustenance without work. In fact, the Board has on record many applications from relief workers for sustenance payments in preference to continued employment under Scheme No. 5. On the other hand the Board has been forced to introduce sustenance in some centres as an alternative to permitting local bodies to perpetuate a system of " relief " employment on ordinary maintenance-work which rightly should be done wholly out of local-body funds. All indications point to a further increase in numbers of men on sustenance. Many local employing authorities, with no further suitable " relief " works in view, are submitting proposals for full-time standard works on which to absorb a proportion of their local unemployed. Scheme No. 5 (rationed relief work) is gradually dying out, and those men who cannot be placed on standard works must perforce go on to sustenance until they can be absorbed into other and normal channels of employment. Sustenance men are required to report in person once each week to make formal application, and again later in the week to uplift their pay. This is a necessary safeguard to ensure that men in ordinary employment do not attempt to draw sustenance pay. Each man is required to furnish a weekly statement of his income (if any) from sources other than unemployment relief, and such income is assessed in determining his eligibility for sustenance according to the Board's rules governing the relationship of private earnings or income to relief payments, as described on page 16. The Board is watching closely the effect, in certain centres, of the withdrawal of relief labour from works not approved under the rules governing Scheme No. 5. The consequent placement of men on sustenance should result in the creation of more casual employment on the part of local employing authorities, and results in this direction are awaited with interest.

18

CMtafe. oSZK, £j£ £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Single man .. .. .. .. .. 0 14 0 0 12 0 096 Married man with wife only .. .. .. .. 140 110 0 18 0 Married man with wife and one child .. .. .. 180 150 120 Married man with wife and two children .. .. .. 1120 190 160 Married man with wife and three children . . . . .. 1 16 0 1 13 0 1 10 0 Married man with wife and four children .. .. 1 180 1 15 0 1 120 Married man with wife and five children .. .. .. 200 1170 1140 Married man with wife and six children .. .. .. 220 1 190 1160 Married man with wife and seven or more children .. .. 240 210 1 180

H.—35.

EXTRA BENEFITS CONFERRED ON AND CONCESSIONS GRANTED TO RELIEF WORKERS DURING THE PERIOD Ist AUGUST, 1934, TO 31st JULY, 1935. During the period reviewed in this report, the Board has found it possible, through the general relaxation in the strain upon the Unemployment Fund, to grant a considerable number of benefits to relief workers in the way of extra payments, the provision of supplementary relief in kind, &c., and has also, wherever possible, eased the conditions under which the men have been required to work in the past. A summary of these benefits and concessions is listed hereunder : — Ist August, 1934 : As from this date the general unemployment levy payable by all relief workers employed on a part-time basis, certain camp workers, subsidized goldprospectors, &c., was reduced from ss. per quarter to Is. per quarter. Practically all relief workers, except those employed full-time at standard rates of pay with a subsidy from the Unemployment Fund, participate in this concession. Certain conditions must be complied with in regard to eligibility for the concession. The Order in Council providing for this exemption was published in The New Zealand Gazette, No. 57, of the 26th July, 1934. August, 1934 : Definition of dependent children extended to include relief workers' children over the age of sixteen years where such children are in full-time instruction in day schools or maintained by the applicant for relief because of physical or mental infirmity. September, 1934 : One of the conditions attaching to the first two issues of working-boots to relief workers was that the recipient should perform a day's work in return therefor. This condition now waived, and future issues of boots granted without having to be worked for. Ist October, 1934 : All relief workers in certain camps who were provided with food and accommodation and a weekly remuneration, approximately 10s., received an increase in pay of ss. per week. At the same time the daily rate of pay for full-time workers at standard rates of pay in Public Works camps, &c. (subsidized from the Unemployment Fund) was increased from 10s. to 10s. 6d. 15th October, 1934 : As from this date the condition that subsidized gold-prospectors refund to the Board 10 per cent, of the value of any gold won during the currency of their subsidy was abolished. December, 1934 : In addition to the usual two weeks' relief pay without work arranged over the Christmas and New Year period, primarily to suit the convenience of local employing authorities, the Board on this occasion made a special grant of an extra week's relief pay to all Scheme 5 part-time workers, sustenance recipients, subsidized gold prospectors, and others not employed full-time at standard rates. January, 1935 : In the past, compensation payments to relief workers injured during the course of their relief employment was based on the Workers' Compensation Act, which specifies payments amounting to two-thirds of the workers' normal earnings over a period. To obviate distress to injured relief workers or their dependants, the Board arrived at a decision to make ex gratia payments in such cases, on the following basis : — (a) In the case of temporary incapacitation the Board will pay the difference between compensation legally payable and the sustenance rate applicable to the worker in the district in which he resides. (b) In the case of permanent disability the ex gratia payment will amount to the difference between actual compensation based on the provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act and an assumed compensation based on hypothetical earnings of £2 per week. January, 1935 : As from the 28th January, 1935, the daily rates of pay for Scheme 5 relief workers was increased from 10s. for married men and 7s. 6d. for single men to 10s. 6d. and Bs. 4d. per day respectively. From this date also a new and more equitable scale of relief allocations came into force. This scale, which represented a general increase in the amounts of relief pay granted to individuals, abolished the old system of one scale of relief in the four main centres of population and another in the rest of the Dominion, and in its place four different classifications were adopted as follows : — (a) Main urban areas ; (b) Secondary cities and larger towns ; (e) Smaller towns ; (d) Rural areas. In each of these classes the rationed scale of relief was amplified to provide progressively greater remuneration according to the degree of family responsibility, with a maximum payment for married men with seven or more children. Examples of the incidence of this revised scale of relief will be found in other sections of the report. April, 1935 : Formerly time lost through wet weather was paid for in the week in which time was lost, but such time had to be made up subsequently. Provided the worker actually commences work or reports on the job, he is not now required to make up such time. April, 1935 : As a measure of extra relief to meet distress during the winter, the fourth scale of relief applicable to rural areas, as referred to above, was abolished and such districts placed on the same basis as smaller towns. The separate scale for Natives not living in European fashion, which is applicable to the whole Dominion, was also increased.

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H.—35.

April, 1935 : Definition of dependent children further widened to include relief workers' children between the ages of sixteen a,nd twenty years who are unemployed and residing with and maintained by the relief applicant. Such children are treated as dependants only if they themselves are not in receipt of relief under one of the Board's schemes. April, 1935 : Prior to this date relief workers who secured private employment were in many cases required to stand-down for a period not exceeding fourteen days before again receiving relief. This condition, which could be waived altogether in special cases, applied only if a person re-registering had been of! the register for more than two weeks. This rale was amended in April, 1935, by waiving th§ stand-down period altogether unless the period of private employment extends to a period of three months or over. Even then this condition may be waived in special cases. This concession also applies to men obtaining relief employment under Scheme No. 4b, and also, in certain instances, under Scheme No. 4a. May, 1935 : King's Jubilee Celebrations. All relief workers received a holiday on 6th May, 1935, on full pay, and practically all relief recipients participated in a special bonus granted in commemoration of His Majesty's jubilee. This bonus took the form of a grant equivalent to one-half of the weekly relief pay for which the men were eligible during the week ended 27th April, 1935, unless such relief pay exceeded £2 10s. per week in the case of married men and £1 17s. 6d. in the case of single men. May, 1935 : As a further measure of winter relief the Board authorized the issue, to married men receiving assistance under its schemes, of a pair of double grey blankets ; the conditions of eligibility for this grant being much the same as in the case of the boot issue. May, 1935 : Previously men in receipt of sustenance were required to report twice a week to the bureau and again a third time to uplift their sustenance payments. In order to give these men more time in which to look for private work and yet preserve necessary safeguards against abuse, the Board varied this rule to allow the men to report once only to make application for sustenance and once to receive payment. May, 1935 : A new and improved scale of relief payments granted to certain workers under Scheme No. 4a employed on their own properties. May, 1935 : Por some considerable time provision has been made by the Board for the issue of supplementary relief in the form of orders for milk, groceries, &c., in the four main urban areas. This supplementary relief is intended primarily to alleviate extra distress caused by sickness of the relief worker or his bona fide dependants. In connection with its proposals for affording additional relief wherever possible during the winter months this system has been extended by the Board to include about eighteen of the larger centres of population. This form of relief is absolutely additional to the scale of relief pay for which the men are eligible according to their conjugal classification. June, 1935 : Also to afford extra relief during the winter, a third issue of working-boots was approved upon similar terms to those governing the previous issues. June, 1935 : The special rules applicable to intermittent workers (i.e., watersiders, coalminers, &c.) were abolished and such men brought into line with other relief applicants as regards their eligibility for relief in relation to private earnings. Later this concession was also extended to seasonal workers such as freezing-works' employees, shearers, &c., who in the past were required, if their earnings had been substantial during the season, to stand-down for varying periods after making application for relief assistance. June, 1935 : Unemployed returned soldiers with overseas service and over forty-five years of age, also those who were discharged from the Forces as unfit for further military service, exempted from the condition requiring men to accept employment in country camps when such employment is available. June, 1935 : To assist subsidized gold-prospectors in the difficult conditions under which the majority of them work, the Board arranged to issue such men with knee gumboots in lieu of leather working-boots where preference for such gumboots was indicated by the men. In cases where the men require thigh gumboots, these may be supplied if the comparatively small difference in price over and above the cost of ordinary working-boots is met by the men themselves. Ist July, 1935 : As from this date, in response to a general request for increased payments to relief workers, the Board found it possible to grant a bonus to all part-time relief workers under Scheme No. 5 and men in receipt of sustenance. This bonus represents an additional weekly payment of 2s. to the man himself, and if responsible for maintaining an adult a further Is. in respect of such adult dependant ; or if a married man a further Is. in respect of his wife or other adult dependant. This bonus was granted as part of the Board's proposals for giving extra winter relief and the amounts involved do not have to be worked for. July, 1935 : Blanket issue extended to single unemployed men where necessity for such is definitely established. In this case one pair of single grey blankets is issued.

20

H. —35.

July, 1935 : One of the previous concessions to relief workers losing time on account, of sickness was that the Unemployment Board would pay the usual ration of relief during the first week of such sickness, although, strictly speaking, the Board has no responsibility for relieving distress except amongst those willing and able to work. Such lost time was required to be made up within three weeks of a man resuming relief work, but from July, 1935, this condition was waived, and time lost through sickness, as in the case of wet weather, is not now required to be made up. July, 1935 : In the Auckland Province there are a number of camps controlled by County Councils where relief workers are employed full-time at special rates of pay under a variation of Scheme 5, " Over the Fence." During this month the Board arranged to increase the rates of pay to married men, who comprised the personnel of the majority of these camps, by ss. per week. July, 1935 : In the past,' relief workers on a part-time basis were required, generally speaking, to work the full number of hours represented by their ration of relief pay according to the daily rate for the time being in force. As from this date, the Board intimated to local bodies and other employing authorities that such men need work only to the nearest half day below the number of hours represented by their approved ration of work in cases where odd hours above a full day or half day are involved. July, 1935 : Single men who have been employed in a relief camp (except those-working full-time at standard rates of pay) for a continuous period of at least twelve months are now permitted to return to town and to be placed on relief in town, principally to give them an opportunity of seeking for permanent private work. After the man has been in town for one month and during that time has been unsuccessful in obtaining private work, he may be required to return to camp in the event of there being any vacancies. The same concession applies to any married man who has been m a relief camp for twelve months or more, providing he has not received full-time work at standard rates of pay. Those men who leave the camps under these conditions have their fares paid from camp to town by the Unemployment Board. SUPPLEMENTARY RELIEF. (a) Issue of Boots and Blankets. To ensure that men in receipt of unemployment relief would continue to have suitable footwear, particularly during the winter months, the Unemployment Board granted a further issue of workingboots during the year. Up to 31st March, 1935, 110,000 pairs had been actually distributed to the men through the first and second issues authorized by the Board. The Board also continued its distribution of single-size blankets to single men in camp and extended this concession to subsidized gold-prospectors on condition that repayment for the blankets were made from the proceeds of any gold sold. As an additonal measure of winter relief the Board decided to issue a pair of double-size grey blankets to each married man receiving assistance under its schemes. Certain conditions of eligibility must be complied with, as in the case of boots, and, in general, the issue does not apply to married men workino- in subsidized employment where they receive more than £2 10s. per week. In°accordance with the policy of the Board to supply articles of good quality, a standard was set and manufacturers were invited to submit tenders. Orders have been placed with ten woollen mills for the supply of some 30,000 pairs of double-size blankets, and deliveries should be completed by the end of August. The Board also purchased a supply of single-size blankets for issue to single men m necessitous circumstances employed under Schemes Nos. 5, 4c, and 4d, and to single men m receipt of sustenance. To meet this demand, and to further provide for men in camps and gold prospectors, orders have been placed with manufacturers for the supply of 3,500 pairs of single blankets.^ Orders have also been placed for 22,500 pairs of working-boots, and these are being distributed to the men as soon as they come to hand. It is pleasing to report that under the rigid system of examination of footwear and blankets very few complaints have been received regarding the boots distributed and these have almost without exception proved to be unfounded, whilst favourable comments have been made on the excellent quality of the blankets supplied. (b) Issue of Food Rations. For some three years relief payments in the four main centres have been supplemented in specially necessitous cases by the issue of food ration orders. Where, owing to sickness amongst members of the family or in the ease of a man with a large number of dependants, some additional relief was undoubtedly warranted, the relief recipient was given orders to a certain value, enabling him to obtain groceries, milk, &c., these orders being redeemed by local tradesmen on application to the Certifying With the introduction of an amended scale of relief payments in January, 1935, such scale being more flexible in that provision is made for transferring men to a higher class m certain special circumstances there is not now the same necessity for ration orders in the four main centres. This form of supplementary relief is therefore limited generally to the issue of milk orders m an effort to combat malnutrition,'to the provision.of special " Karitane " products before and after the confinement of a relief worker's wife, and to other special assistance to meet individual needs.

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On the approach of the 1935 winter the Board decided to extend the system of ration orders to some fourteen secondary centres, with the object of facilitating the relief of distress caused by unemployment during the winter period. The cost of foodstuffs distributed through the rationing system over the last three years is as follows, — Financial Year Cost. ended £ 31st March, 1933 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38,023 31st March, 1934 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49,669 31st March, 1935 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38,641 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. £126,333 (c) General. Additional to the items of supplementary relief in kind, as mentioned above, the Board, prior to 1935, purchased supplies of mutton and beef at very satisfactory prices. This meat was stored at various freezing-works and sold at half cost price or less to voluntary relief organizations, which in their turn retailed the meat to registered and eligible unemployed at a nominal charge, and in some instances distributed the meat gratis. After these stocks of meat were "exhausted the Board decided not to make any more purchases, but instead to subsidize at the rate of l|d. per pound meat distributed by approved relief organizations. Upon satisfactory evidence that meat has been given or sold to registered and eligible unemployed or their bona fide dependants the. Board's subsidy may be claimed by the relief committee or organization concerned. In some of the larger centres encouragement is given towards the growing of vegetables in community plots. A certain number of relief workers are detailed to tend these plots and the resultant produce is made available to registered unemployed. Relief labour is also provided for boot-repair depots and for relief depots generally. The Unemployment Board recognizes and appreciates the excellent work done by voluntary relief organizations and charitable institutions during the present period of large-scale unemployment. Without the help afforded in this manner, and as a complement to the Board's efforts to minimize distress as far as possible, the plight of relief applicants generally would undoubtedly have been much more serious. The total cost to the Unemployment Fund of free boots, blankets, and other relief in kind during the financial year ended 31st March, 1935, was £73,885. UNEMPLOYED WOMEN AND GIRLS. In order to safeguard the welfare of unemployed women and girls the Board has maintained its policy of subsidizing the work of the local Women's Unemployment Committees, relying for guidance on the advice of the Women's Advisory Committee, which acts as a link between the Board and the local Women's Committees. Reports indicate that the problem of unemployed women and girls is practically non-existent except in the main centres, where it is chiefly confined to women of advanced years, inefficient and untrained workers, and special problem cases. During the financial year ended 31st March, 1935, the funds of the Women's Unemployment Committees were subsidized to the extent of £10,497. A statistical summary of the registrations, &c., in the four main centres for the month of March, 1935, is as follows :— Previous Occupations. Registrations. Previous Occupations. Registrations. Office .. .. .. 14 Housemaid and waitress . . 18 Shop . . .. 20 Milliner . . .. . . 4 Factory . . .. 50 Domestic duties ' .. .. 182 Dressmaker and tailoress .. 19 Trained nurse .. .. 7 Total .. .. 329 Cook-general .. .. 15 Age Groups. Registrations. Age Groups. Registrations. Sixteen to twenty years . . 131 Thirty-one to forty years .. 44 Twenty - one to twenty - five Over forty years .. .. 76 years .. .. .. 45 Twenty-six to thirty years .. 33 Total .. .. 329 Very good service has been rendered by the local Women's Unemployment Committees in providing training, occupation, and relief assistance for unemployed women and girls, and the Unemployment Board greatly appreciates the valuable, assistance given on a voluntary basis by members of these committees.

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UNEMPLOYED YOUTHS. Voluntary organizations in most of the larger centres have continued, during the period under review, their excellent work in the placement of unemployed boys and youths in work either of a permanent or temporary nature. These Boys' Employment Committees, whose funds are in most cases subsidized by the Unemployment Board, show a record of achievement which is highly commendable. Placements of boys and youths during the year ended 31st March, 1935, totalled approximately 5,900, of which some 3,000 were permanent and 2,900 of a temporary nature. That such placements cover a wide field is evidenced by the reports received from various committees and from the Board's officers. In the cities, boys have been absorbed in mercantile, industrial, and professional pursuits by the efforts of committees in placing them in touch with prospective employers. Many such positions have doubtless been " made," and but for the interest displayed by the organizations referred to the employers concerned would probably not have provided vacancies. Through keeping in touch with schools and by various schemes of vocational training, committees have been enabled to select the right boys for different spheres of work. There is every reason to believe, therefore, that most so-called permanent placements and a fair proportion of temporary ones will eventually result in life vocations for many boys who would otherwise have spent the vital period of their adolescence in searching for employment only to qualify for relief work or sustenance payments on reaching the age of twenty years. Those boys showing some desire or aptitude for rural work have been given every encouragement in obtaining suitable employment on farms. In Auckland the committee controls a training-farm where a limited number of boys are accommodated until they are proficient enough to be placed in farming occupations. The Wellington Boys' Employment Committee arranges an annual training camp in the Wairarapa, funds for which are provided by the Unemployment Board. During the period under review the Wellington Committee held its third annual camp, a total of thirty-six boys being enlisted and given practical farm-work in all branches. Lectures on various agricultural subjects were provided by the stafi of the Department of Agriculture. The majority of these boys remained in camp from four to six weeks, and twenty-four eventually were placed in farm positions. It is significant that this committee, along with others, now finds difficulty in satisfactorily filling vacancies for the employment of youths on farms. The general consensus of opinion, as expressed in reports received from all parts of the Dominion, indicates that the position of youth unemployment is becoming less acute. Certain districts still have their peculiar difficulties in regard to the placement of boys and youths in employment of a worth-while nature. In general, however, the problem now seems confined generally to those who left school during the depth of the depression. Very little trouble seems to be experienced now in placing boys immediately they leave school, especially if they have received some secondary education. Unemployed youths from sixteen to twenty years of age may obtain employment on farms during the greater part of the year, if willing to accept such work. Under certain minor schemes, and variations of its larger schemes, the Board itself has endeavoured to relieve distress occasioned by unemployment amongst, youths. During the year, for example, further subsidies have been paid towards the training at Flock House of sons of New Zealand ex soldiers. Altogether the assistance made available during the financial year ended 31st March, 1935, to Boys' Employment Committees, and in respect of minor schemes such as Flock House, amounted to £2,250, an increase of £1,117 over the amount similarly expended in the previous financial year. Under Scheme 4a approximately 250 youths aged eighteen or nineteen years were given subsidized employment for varying periods during the year, while 115 boys aged sixteen years or over were assisted to undergo training on sheep-stations under Scheme No. 7. A further development to meet unusual conditions peculiar to the West Coast district of the South Island resulted in the extension of a special gold-mining subsidy to youths aged sixteen and under twenty years. Where, owing to real necessity and especially if the fathers themselves are on relief, the Board's Mining Executive Committees consider such action warranted, youths may be permitted to join a party of experienced prospectors and receive a subsidy of 7s. 6d. per week. Up to the present some 125 youths have been so assisted, and possibly a proportion of these may find their future vocations as gold-miners. If not, they are at least tiding themselves over a difficult period and retaining their physical fitness and the will to work. Brief mention should be made of an experimental scheme already inaugurated in the Auckland district and shortly to be tried out in Canterbury. This consists of the provision of special farmtraining facilities for a limited number of boys over a period of four or five years. Selected boys who appear to have interest and capacity above the normal will be placed with farmers willing to help them to acquire a practical insight into farming operations. Special trustees, representative of the Boys' Employment Committee and the Board, have been appointed to control this scheme, the object of which is to establish a fund sufficient to ena/ble each boy, when his period of training is finished, to be placed on a small holding or else to participate in any scheme of land-settlement which may be operative at that time. The farmer with whom the lad is placed for training will, of course, provide food and accommodation and will be expected to pay a wage commensurate with the benefit derived by him from the lad's work and sufficient at least to meet the lad's needs in pocket-money and clothing. Such remuneration has been tentatively fixed at ss. per week in the first year, increasing by ss. per week each year to a maximum of £1 ss. per week in the fifth year of training. A like amount is to be found

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by the Unemployment Board; this, however, being kept in trust and supplemented by contributions from the boy to the extent of 20 per cent, of his cash wages from the farmer. Apart from utilizing such portion of this trust-money as may be necessary for special training courses, the fund will be allowed to accumulate until the trainee is fit for establishment on his own property. It is hoped the fund will be augmented by contributions from private sources. While a scheme of this nature is purely experimental it is at least a definite attempt at vocational training in connection with the Dominion's primary industry. Mere placement of boys on farms may result in permanent employment as farm labourers ; but without the encouragement afforded by some objective such placements are unlikely to provide new farmers of a calibre able to make a success of farming under modern conditions. The same argument is applicable to other industries, and although the Unemployment Act does not specifically direct the Board to make provision for the employment of youths the Board has accepted an implied authority and has, within the scope of available finances, and with the valuable co-operation of voluntary organizations, done its very best to relieve immediate distress amongst unemployed adolescents. Generally, the present position is well typified by the following extract from a recent report of the Secretary of the Wellington Boys' Employment Committee, in which he records the decision of that Committee to continue its efforts with vocational training classes : — " . . . although the emergency aspect of juvenile unemployment is passing there is still urgent need for a vocational centre where employers may look with confidence for the juvenile assistance they require, and where boys of every type may come for vocational guidance and for placement in suitable employment. Attention would thus be given to placing a boy not merely in a job, but in a position for which he is more especially suited, and in connection with which there may be reasonable prospects for his future . . ." BUILDING SUBSIDY SCHEMES. The House-building Subsidy Scheme, the introduction of which was referred to in the previous annual report, has been very largely availed of, and the resultant increased employment in the building and related trades has been very noticeable and gratifying. Moreover, the continued steady construction of new dwellings is assisting materially to relieve the present acuteness of the general housing shortage in the Dominion. Since its inception the scope of Scheme No. 12 has been widened, and it now embraces the erection of churches, Sunday schools, public halls, libraries, and other buildings for organizations operating on a non-profit-earning basis. A subsidy of not exceeding 10 per cent, of the capital cost is available for such buildings in approved cases. Up to the 31st July, 1935, 5,776 applications had been received under Scheme No. 12, and of these, 5,210 were approved, involving the expenditure of almost £3,400,000, and the employment for varying periods of 22,000 men. At that date 191 applications were still under consideration, while 375 have been declined on the grounds that the works either did not come within the scope of the scheme or else would be proceeded with in any case. On the Ist April, 1935, the Board introduced a further Scheme, known as B 1, covering alterations and additions to, and the painting of houses, residential flats, and such other buildings as referred to in the paragraph above. This scheme was introduced with the object of giving further stimulus to the building and related trades during the winter months, a time when there is usually evident a definite slackening of activity in these trades. Under this scheme a scale rate of subsidies is applied to minor works costing under £100, and for works costing in excess of that sum a subsidy of 8 per cent, is payable. The result so far lias been very encouraging, and up to the present 1,563 applications have been received. Of these, 1,293 have been approved, and this will result in an expenditure of £113,000 and the employment for varying lengths of time of some 3,000 men. Applications totalling 231 have so far been declined, chiefly on the grounds that, in the opinion of the Board, the work would proceed in any case without assistance. Of the total cost of the works approved to date under both schemes it is estimated that £3,080,179 represents the amount that will be spent directly and indirectly in wages. Out of the applications approved, 4,341 are in respect of new dwellings, and as a result of the construction of these houses 4,641 baths, 1,151 electric ranges, and 1,229 gas-stoves, all of New Zealand manufacture, will be installed. The manufacture of these articles has been the cause of much increased activity in the industries concerned. The frequent surveys of the position in regard to unemployment in the building and related trades reveal that the numbers of such tradesmen unemployed are steadily decreasing, even in the winter months, and it is confidently expected that in the spring there will be a further increase in building operations, with consequent additional increase in employment. As a further example of its efforts to stimulate industrial activity, the Unemployment Board has found it possible to enlist the co-operation of the Executive Commission of Agriculture. As a result of this co-operation Scheme B 2 has been introduced, providing for a subsidy on the cost of the erection of new dairy factories and milking-sheds on dairy-farms supplying to manufacturing dairies, as well as on the cost of improvements to, and the alteration of, such existing buildings. Provision is also made for subsidizing the installation, or improvement, of drainage systems and water-supplies, concreting of yards, and construction of milk and cream stands for these factories and farms.

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In addition, a subsidy will be paid on the construction of approved starter-rooms and the insulation of curing-rooms in factories, and also on the purchase of new and up-to-date approved equipment of New Zealand manufacture for both factories and supplying dairies. It is confidently expected that this scheme will not only further stimulate the building and related trades, but will also result in a revival of the metal-working and engineering industries in which there are at present a considerable number of men unemployed. The Unemployment Board hopes to bring back into useful employment many of these men, and at the same time the modernizing of dairy factories and farms should have a very beneficial effect on the dairy industry, with consequent improvement in the quality of the Dominion's dairy-produce. VALUE OF RELIEF WORK. Reference to other sections of this report and to the various tables in the Appendix discloses that the Board has not relaxed its efforts to obtain the best possible results from the enforced employment of large numbers of men on so-called " relief works." It has been the Board's policy always to arrange " relief " employment on the most satisfactory terms for the men themselves and at the same time to conserve the unemployment funds within reason. Recognizing the importance to the Dominion of its primary industries, first consideration is usually given to placing unemployed in suitable work, preferably on a full-time basis at standard rates of pay, where some definite benefit will accrue to the country as a whole. Cost is not always the major consideration and very often a higher rate of subsidy from the Fund is granted for well-recommended work which will show some return to the community, in preference to arranging ordinary part-time relief employment under Scheme No. 5. For such work as irrigation, land-drainage, afforestation, access to backblocks, and to potential gold-mining localities, every encouragement has been given to registered unemployed, both from towns and from country districts, to accept employment where their labours will result in real assets. In the section dealing with farm subsidy schemes, figures are quoted to show the increased stockcarrying capacity of farm lands cleared by unemployed labour under certain schemes. It would be impossible to give a comprehensive summary of the assets created by development-work carried out under all the Board's schemes and the many variations thereof, but the statement published in the Appendix to this report (Table VII) contains some very illuminating figures showing the extent of reproductive work carried out by relief labour under the control of the Public Works Department and rural local bodies from Ist January, 1932, to 30th June, 1934, a period of two and a half years. The principal classes of " relief works " with relevant figures are as follows Formation, widening, or metalling of backblock roads (dray width), 3,478 miles ; land-drainage (excavation of drains), 1,978 miles ; river-improvement work, 330 miles ; fencing, 617 miles ; irrigation (race construction and widening), 252 miles ; track construction and repair (gold-mining areas), 172 miles ; scrubcutting, 153,445 acres ; stumping and logging, 16,022 acres ; eradication of noxious weeds, 43,117 acres ; bushfelling, 4,709 acres ; marram-grass planting, 13,984 acres ; construction of water-races, fluming, &c., for gold-mining, 8,000 chains. Evidence of the continued policy of the Board in arranging relief employment upon reproductive work to the greatest possible extent is shown by the following figures, which indicate, as at 6th July, 1935, the number of men working under schemes connected directly or indirectly with the development of the Dominion's primary industries. Number of Men employed Schemes. at 6th July, 1935. Farm subsidy schemes .. .. ■ • • • • • .. 3,522 Public Works, State Forest, and local-body camps .. .. ..2,317 Public Works full-time standard employment (subsidized) .. .. 3,157 Gold-prospecting schemes .. .. • • • • • • .. 3,362 Scheme No. 5 — Part-time .. .. .. •• •• •• 8,311 Full-time .. . • • • • • • • • • • • 2,744 Miscellaneous .. .. • • • • • • • • • • Total .. .. •• •• •• •• 23,568 It will be observed that this figure includes both full-time and part-time workers under Scheme No. 5. The total of 23,568 on reproductive work represents 55 per cent, of all males actually working on relief schemes at that date. This calculation is based on a total of 55,568 males receiving some form of assistance from the Fund, less 12,842 on sustenance without work, leaving a balance of 42,726 actually working. In the above table some 8,311 males are shown as working part-time under Scheme No. 5 on reproductive work at 6th July, 1935. This number represents 33 per cent, of all Scheme 5 workers employed for rationed periods only. Although the totals on such Scheme 5 work have decreased very considerably during the last twelve months, mainly because of the transfer of some thousands of men to sustenance, the proportion of those remaining on rationed work and engaged in developing the country's resources has been well maintained. In fact, the following table, showing the

4—H, 35.

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number of part-time workers as at the nearest date to the end of each quarter, September, 1934, to June, 1935, inclusive, reveals a slight successive increase in the proportion of reproductive workers to the total:—

Part-time Workers under Scheme No 5.

Table VI in the Appendix shows in more detail the numbers of men employed on various classes of work under Scheme No. 5 during the period under review. S. G. Smith, Chairman. W. Bromley, Deputy-Chairman. G. A. Pascoe, ") Members. P. R. Climie, J J. S. Hxjnter, Member, and Commissioner of Unemployment.

26

Employed on Repro- Employed on other ductive Work. Work. Totals. Date. : i _ 7 7 HZ 7 Percent- PercentNumber. age of Number. age of Number. | Total. ; Total. of TotaL 29th September, 1934 .. .. 10,553 32-2 22,178 67-8 32,731 100-0 22nd December, 1934 .. .. 9,142 32-3 19,161 67-7 28,303 100-0 13th April, 1935 .. .. .. 8,022 32-6 16,612 67-4 24,634 100-0 6th July, 1935 .. .. .. 8,311 32-9 16,932 67-1 25,243 100-0

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APPENDIX.

Table I. —Showing Numbers remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at end of each Week, 14th July, 1934, to 6th July, 1935.

27

co $ I Urban Areas. g "So — 7; • -MO W ! e j 'S I § S a 5 'I -2 _• 1 ■»■§' . a ' = -£ 5g Totals. ended § s S n- asgā gS f e -I Ē I ā s ! a % - 1 £a a" ' SS a °- "5 s 1 s ■§ g« Sill f J 5 I 1* 1 I ■a 0 ' .ā § S S g§ <j [ W c fqBfMPiS P « 0 HO O 0 1934. July 14 .. 10,551 463 907 968 649 540 1,278 1,146 6,417 596 5,974 750 2,510 819 33,568 15,774 49,342 „21 .. 10,600 474 906 982 657 541 1,275 1,166 6,527 586 6,029 772 2,526 789 33,830 15,891 49,721 „28 .. 10,689 472 904 979 667 543 1,262 1,169 6,561 580 6,024 780 2,531 791 33,952 15,979 49,931 Aug. 4 .. 10,697 476 937 965 677 539 1,266 1,194 6,690 609 6,113 797 2,500 795 34,255 16.035 50,290 „ 11 .. 10,819 459 928 953 679 530 1,270 1,208 6,712 614 6,117 788 2,501 781 34,359 16,068 50,427 „18 .. 10,812 463 940 960 677 534 1,253 1,210 6,739 607 6,138 808 2,495 767 34,403 16,129 50,532 „ 25 .. 10,861 463 944 977 678 534 1,264 1,211 6,746 598 6,120 821 2.485 789 34,491 16,054 50,545 Sept. 1 .. 10,905 476 953 992 689 537 1,265 1,209 6,743 621 6,160 824 2,481 781 34,636 16,075 50,711 „ 8 .. 10,809 447 953 964 679 546 1,256 1,214 6,752 629 6,155 818 2,470 765 34,457 15,992 50,449 „ 15 .. 10,814 433 93) 987 674 548 1,240 1,208 6,751 629 6,189 813 2,450 738 34,405 15,916 50,321 ,22 .. 10,820 426 930 998 647 547 1,232 1,220 6,685 617 6,212 816 2,439 743 34,332 16,121 50,453 / 29 .. 10,767 421 930 986 645 544 1,217 1,208 6,586 584 6,246 810 2,399 711 34.054 15,972 50,026 Oct. 6 .. 10,724 392 921 978 643 536 1,206 1,206 6,506 593 6,210 794 2,348 674 33,731 15,705 49,436 „ 13 .. 10,649 386 912 920 615 523 1,219 1,173 6,552 584 6,064 795 2,314 675 33,381 15,585 48,966 „20 .. 10,490 366 887 882 585 518 1,199 1,183 6,472 584 6,119 787 2,274 642 32,988 15,362 48,350 „27 .. 10,508 358 885 882 541 517 1,182 1,185 6,526 586 6,034 773 2,277 641 32,895 15,199 48,094 Nov. 3 .. 10,382 347 864 855 491 513 1,188 1,159 6,536 558 5,961 766 2,241 628 32,489 15,004 47,493 „10 .. 10,355 335 838 809 462 507 1.177 1,160 6,479 551 5,907 765, 2,213 659 32,217 14,887 47,104 „ 17 .. 10,355 332 798 781 435 493 1,128 1,159 6,400 543 5.904 760 2,203 620 31,911 14,727 46,638 „ 24 .. 10,100 379 769 769 427 495 1,109 1,144 6,364 524 5,837 737 2,153 638 31,445 14,518 45,963 Dec. 1 .. 10,116 382 749 729 433 496 1,077 1,138 6,263 521 5,886 726 2,173 639 31,328 14,216 45,544 „ 8 .. 10,058 362 690 715 433 495 1,038 1,122 6,133 512 5,952 716 2,120 625 30,971 14,043 45,014 „ 15 .. 10,017 351 679 710 439 494 1,017 1,068 6,162 508 5,887 692 2,076 580 30,680 13,703 44,383 „ 22 .. 10,021 350 668 696 433 493 994 1,068 6,189 510 5,881 687 2,074 579 30,643 13,680 44,323 1935. Jan. 12* .. .10,311 334 715 708 456 504 1,021 1,088 6,179 544 5,963 669 2,038 552 31,082 13,718 44,800 „ 19 .. 10,439 319 717 691 437 516 1,027 1,099 6,071 520 5,877 623 1,923 523 30,782 13,638 44,420 „ 26 .. 10,260 321 702 718 444 537 980 1,080 5,973 504 5,860 611 1,779 520 30,289 13,495 43,784 Feb. 2 .. 10,236 348 727 702 433 530 958 1,023 5,912 513 5,753 610 1,915 521 30,181 13,336 43,517 „ 9 .. 10,267 378 711 689 436 534 950 1,009 5,849 486 5,734 593 1,891 499 30,026 13,221 43,247 „ 16 .. 10,199 411 730 700 445 535 977 1,011 5,810 475 5,633 609 1,871 491 29.>97 13.161 43,058 „ 23 .. 10,197 418 718 690 470 538 973 1,013 5,744 466 5,650 578 1,839 489 29,783 13,123 42,906 Mar. 2 .. 10,197 411 732 707 481 537 951 1,018 5,919 457 5,620 574 1,820 483 29,898 13,391 43,289 „ 9 .. 10,240 405 737 735 488 540 980 1,038 5,915 462 5,618 554 1,834 486 30,032 13,417 43,449 „ 16 .. 10,216 400 738 737 507 548 961 1,056 5,873 450 5,637 554 1,824 517 30,018 13,416 43,434 „ 23 .. 10,216 395 751 726 505 534 964 1,061 5,892 462 5,640 548 1,836 515 30,045 13,400 43,445 „ 30 .. 10,185 398 765 730 493 528 1,001 1,065 6,016 456 5,620 556 1,850 504 30,167 13,487 43,654 April 6 .. 10,185 408 785 759 524 538 997 1,059 5,959 461 5,640 562 1,865 510 30,252 13,689 43,941 „ 13 .. 10,196 413 794 759 547 548 1,008 1,045 6,159 487 5,678 574 1,881 491 30,580 13,676 44,256 „ 20 .. 10,209 388 780 760 566 530 1,043 1,069 5,815 496 5,744 583 1,900 492 30,375 13,857 44,232 „ 27 .. 10,248 388 796 769 580 533 1,063 1,066 5,971 500 5,759 597 1,918 495 30,683 13,989 44,672 May 4 .. 10,158 389 821 774 622 535 1,106 1,065 6,154 526 5,843 611 1,959 512 31,075 14,025 45,100 „ 11 .. 10,138 379 844 794 626 528 1,115 1,080 6,247 513 5,880 611 1,973 505 31,233 14,168 45,401 „ 18 .. 10,123 408 861 809 639 541 1,150 1,092 6,195 538 5,952 637 2,002 509 31,456 14,279! 45,735 „ 25 .. 10,196 405 879 806 642 569 1,182 1,104 6,357 532 6,082 659 2,057 511 31,981 14,560 46,551 June 1 .. 10,199 402 908 808 620 571 1,211 1,099 6,257 521 6,151 671 2,062 541 32,021 14,6411 46,662 „8 .. 10,194 422 913 801 615 572 1,223 1,103 6,190 532 6,212 686 2,094 550 32,107 14,744 46,951 „ 15 .. 10,190 423 929 811 619 582 1,241 1,106 6,288 541 6,256 705 2,085 598 32,374 15,248 47,622 „ 22 .. 10,305 425 951 820 622 585 1,267 1,123 6,227 532 6,397 708 2,163 626 32,751 15,454' 48,205 „ 29 .. 10,335 424 955 778 612 594 1,306 1,145 6,189 541 6,517 753 2,227 637 33,013 15,628 48,641 July 6 .. 10,398 426 995 796 628 597 1,338 1,163 6,294 517 6,642 80l| 2,248 672 33,515 15,878 | 49,393 * Beturns were not furnished for the weeks ended 29th December, 1934, and 5th January, 1935. Note. —The above figures include all men receiving relief under Scheme No. 5 (both part-time and full-time) and men in receipt of sustenance without work, but do not include those men transferred from the Registers to farm subsidy and other relief schemes. See Table II, and letterpress under heading " Numbers of Unemployed " at page 10.

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Table II.—Registered Unemployed and other Males either wholly or partly a Charge on the Unemployment Fund at the End of Successive Four-weekly Periods.

28

Period ended : 4th Aug., 1st Sept., 29th Sept., 27th Oct., I24tli Nov., 22nd Dec., 19th Jan., 16th Feb., 'l6th Mar., j 13th April, 11th May, 8th June, 6th July, 1934. 1934. 1934. 1934. I 1934. 1934. 1938. 1935. 1935. 1935. 1935. 1935. 1935. (a) Men remaining on -Registers of Government Employment Bureaux and unplaced or ineligible for relief for various reasons 3,840 3,504 3,272 2,735 2,910 2,131 3,280 3,187 3,153 3,292 2,847 3,025 3,414 (b) Men remaining on Registers and receiving part-time relief during period — Employed on rationed wort under Scheme 5 .. .. .. 33,320 33,167 32,731 30,572 28,976 28,303 26,775 24,936 24,204 24,634 25,379 25,043 25,243 In receipt of sustenance without work .. .. .. .. 4,974 5,748 5,569 6,431 6,063 5,923 6,136 6,948 8,211 8,866 9,874 11,262 12,842 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 38,294 38,915 38,300 37,003 35,039 34,226 32,911 31,884 32,415 33,500 35,253 36,305 38,085 (c) Workers engaged in industrial undertakings whose earnings were subsidized. from Unemployment Fund — Intermittent workers (i.e., waterside workers, coal-miners, &e.) remaining 238 259 285 303 251 259 443 189 137 111 128. 145 225 on registers and granted supplementary assistance under Scheme No. 5 Men remaining on registers and employed under Scheme No. 5 whose 4,343 4,500 4,631 4,597 4,378 4,456 4,509 4,646 4,522 4,147 3,917 4,217 4,388 relief wages were supplemented for full-time work Farm workers — Scheme No. 4a .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,369 3,274 2,919 2,593 2,068 1,493 678 198 210 225 234 330 495 Scheme No. 4b .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,538 3,673 3,483 3,149 3,206 2,827 2,573 2,309 2,212 2,112 2,085 2,198 2,254 Other farm schemes .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,201 1,260 1,149 1,360 1,313 1,368 1,176 1,237 1,157 1,076 925 759 773 Building tradesmen and builders'labourers under Scheme No. 10 .. 1,476 1,499 1,390 1,245 1,121 1,005 948 756 685 524 485 395 357 Workers in Public Works Department, State Forest, and local- body camps under Scheme No. 6 (principally single men) — Land-deyelopment .. .* .. .. .. .. 1,599 1,602 1,536 1,458 1,259 1,285 1,212 1,186 1,261 1,153 1,235 1,197 1,145 Highways and backblocks roads .. .. .. .. 769 825 731 678 649 633 566 412 310 282 274 216 215 Afforestation .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 843 824 731 661 655 656 603 589 678 708 703 797 957 Workers employed by Public Works Department at standard rates of pay (principally married men) — Land-development .. .. .. .. .. .. 970 984 863 778 1,092 1,110 1,147 1,138 998 978 991 1,042 988 Roads .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,841 1,506 1,528 1,557 1.583 1,674 1,603 1,865 2,016 2,137 1,984 1,802 1,845 General .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 128 80 133 180. 146 138 121 255 271 307 313 340 324 Gold miners and prospectors — Subsidized men, supervisors, &c., remaining on registers under 3,575- 3,533 3,538 3,456 3,385 3,251 3,277 3,152 3,207 3,206 3,256 3,259 3,281 Scheme No. 5 Subsidized men in parties under Scheme No. 8a .. .. 87 93 87 84 76 75 73 68 65 67 64 66 66 Employed by companies and svndicates under Scheme No. 8b .. 49 51 46 48 51 78 84 91 38 32 32 17 15 Miscellaneous .. .. " .. .. .. . . . . 131 134 139 177 167 173 162 159 163 178 182 156 155 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 24,157 24,097 23,189 22,324 21,400 20,481 19,175 18,250 17,930 17,243 16,808 16,936 17,483 (d) Total number of males who were wholly or partly a charge on the Unemployment I 62,451 63,012 61,489 59,327 56,439 54,707 52,086 50,134 50,345 50,743 52,061 53,241 55,568 Fund ] Note. —Maoris employed on development schemes under the control of the Native Department, also men employed by certain industries assisted by grants or loans from the Unemployment Fund, are excluded from this table.

H.—35.

Table III.—Numbers and Proportions of Males receiving Relief from the Unemployment Fund, 30th June, 1931, to 6th July, 1935.

29

jMen working Full Time in Industry M . Receipt of Part-time Tot lrtw'f " W ' th Fund Kelief Work 01 8™ten«.oe. ISnd Date. F J ' | I Per T C 0 e tl' 01 Number. Number. *»°g£ of 1931 June 30 .'. •• 6,400 14-4 38,000 85-6 44,400 100-0 September 30 .. .. 3,990 8-5 43,000 91-5 46,990 100*0 December 31 .. .. 7,985 16-9 39,300 83-1 47,285 100-0 1932 March 31 .. 10,520 22-1 37,000 77-9 47,520 100-0 June 30 .. .. 17,350 28-3 43,850 71-7 61,200 100-0 September 30 .. •• 22,010 32-8 45,100 67-2 67,110 100-0 October 29 .. .. 21,732 33-0 44,033 67-0 65,765 100-0 November 26 .. 21,155 33-0 42,808 67-0 63,963 100*0 December 24 .. .. 20,976 32-7 43,106 67-3 64,082 100-0 1933. January 21 .. .. 19,581 31-8 42,012 68-2 61,593 100-0 February 18 .. 20,510 33-9 39,963 66-1 60,473 100-0 March 18 .. .. 21,193 34-7 39,874 65-3 61,067 100-0 April 15 .. .. 21,997 34-9 40,946 65-1 62,943 100-0 May 13 . .. 22,117 34-2 42,585 65-8 64,702 100-0 June 10 .. .. 23,279 34-7 43,837 65-3 67,116 100-0 July 8 . 24,219 34-8 45,304 65-2 69,523 100-0 August 5 .. .. 27,217 37-3 45,749 62-7 72,966 100-0 September 2 .. .. 28,411 38-3 45,699 61-7 74,110 100-0 September 30 .. .. 30,391 40-4 44,743 59-6 75,134 100-0 October 28 .. .. 31,641 42-1 43,605 57-9 75,246 100-0 November 25 .. .. 32,384 44-8 39,922 55-2 72,306 100-0 December 23 .. .. 29,870 44-1 37,870 55-9 67,740 100-0 1934. January 20 .. .. 27,836 42-9 37,020 57-1 64,856 100-0 February 17 .. .. 29,191 45-6 34,789 54-4 63,980 100-0 March 17 .. .. 27,766 44-7 34,348 55-3 62,114 100-0 April 14 .. .. 27,583 44-6 34,219 55-4 61,802 100-0 May 12 .. .. 26,921 43-5 34,963 56-5 61,884 100-0 June 9 .. .. 23,386 39-5 35,844 60-5 59,230 100-0 July 7 .. .. 23,482 38-7 37,151 61-3 60,633 100-0 August 4 .. .. 24,157 38-7 38,294 61-3 62,451 100-0 September 1 .. .. 24,097 38-2 38,915 61-8 63,012 100-0 September 29 .. .. 23,189 37-7 38,300 62-3 61,489 100-0 October 27 .. .. 22,324 37-6 37,003 62-4 59,327 100-0 November 24 .. 21,400 37-9 35,039 62-1 56,439 100*0 December 22 .. .. 20,481 37*4 34,226 62*6 54,707 100*0 1935. Januarv 19 .. .. 19,175 36*8 32,911 63*2 52,086 100*0 February 16 .. 18,250 36*4 31,884 63*6 50,134 100*0 March 16 .. .. 17,930 35*6 32,415 64*4 50,345 100*0 April 13 .. .. 17,243 34*0 33,500 66*0 50,743 100*0 May 11 .. .. 16,808 32*3 35,253 67*7 52,061 100*0 June 8 .. .. 16,936 31*8 36,305 68*2 53,241 100*0 July 6 .. .. 17,483 31*5 38,085 68*5 55,568 100*0

H.—35.

Table IV. —Numbers of Males wholly or partly a Charge on the Unemployment Fund at Successive Four-weekly Periods, according to Nature of Relief and Conditions of Employment.

Table V.—Numbers remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at End of Successive Four-weekly Periods according to Eligibility for Relief under Scheme No. 5 or for Sustenance.

30

Part-time Relief. Full-time Subsidized Employment. Date. Scheme No. 5 Q . ' Grand t, ?? a . without'*' Total At aelief At Standard T . TotaIa - Rationed ™r™ Bates - 1 » 3 - xJasis. 1934. 4th August .. .. .. 33,320 4,974 38,294 13,546 10,611 24,157 62,451 1st September .. .. 33,167 5,748 38,915 13,659 10,438 24,097 63,012 29th September .. .. 32,731 5,569 38,300 13,119 10,070 23,189 61,489 27th October .. .. .. 30,572 6,431 37,003 12,651 9,673 22,324 59 327 1 November .. .. 28,976 6,063 35,039 11,517 9,883 21,400 56,439 22nd December .. .. 28,303 5,923 34,226 10,759 9,722 20,481 54,707 1935. 19th January 26,775 6,136 32,911 10,092 9,083 19,175 52,086 16th February .. .. 24,936 6,948 31,884 9,186 9,064 18 250 50 134 16th March 24,204 8,211 32,415 9,099 8,831 17,930 50*345 13th April .. .. .. 24,634 8,866 33,500 8,622 8,621 17 243 50 743 "tj 1 May 25,379 9,874 35,253 8,720 8,088 16,808 52*061 25,043 11,262 36,305 8,916 8,020 16,936 53.241 6th July .. .. .. 25,243 12,842 38,085 9,153 8,330 17,483 55,568 I

Classification. Period ended Eligible Men who Registered less j became Definitely Total were recemng than Fourteen | °e°g™ e not Registered Ee ' ie£ - Days. , Eligibility. Eligible. Unemployed. Numbers of Men. 1934. August 4 .. .. .. 46,450 2,201 1,072 567 50 290 September 1 j 47,207 1,872 1,071 561 50,711 September 29 .. .. ..I 46,754 1,828 923 521 50 026 October 27 .. .. .. .. 45,359 1,285 992 458 48'o94 November 24 43,053 1,408 1,069 433 45,963 December 22 .. .. .. 42,192 1,099 647 i 385 44,323 1935. January 19.. .. .. .. 41,140 1,809 1,056 415* 44 420 February 16 .. .. .. 39,871 1,783 990 414 43 058 March 16 .. .. .. .. 40,281 1,892 920 341 43'434 A P nl 13 •• •• •• 40,964 2,088 881 323 44'256 May 11 42,554 1,812 842 193 45^401 June 8 •• •• •• 43,926 1,830 1,038 157 46,951 Jul y 6 •• •• •• 45,979 2,222 1,051 141 49,393 Percentage of Totals. 1934. August 4 .. .. .. .. 92-4 4-4 2-1 1-1 100-0 September 1 .. .. .. 93-1 3.7 2 -l 1-1 100-0 September 29 .. .. .. 93-5 3-7 1-8 1-0 100-0 October 27 .. .. .. .. 94-3 2-7 2-1 0-9 100-0 November 24 93-7 3-1 2-3 0-9 100-0 December 22 .. .. .. 95-2 2-5 1-4 0-9 100-0 1935. January 19.. .. .. .. 92-6 4-1 2-4 0-9 100-0 February 16 .. .. 92-6 4-1 2-3 1-0 100-0 March 16 .. .. .. 92-7 4-4 2-1 0-8 100-0 AprilJS 92-6 4-7 2-0 0-7 100-0 May XI 93-7 4-0 1-9 0-4 100-0 8 ■■ 93-6 3-9 2-2 0-3 100-0 July 6 .. .. .. .. 93-1 4.5 2-1 0-3 100-0

H.—35

Table VI.—Numbers of Men remaining on Registers at End of Successive Four-weekly Periods and employed on various Classes of Work under Scheme No. 5, showing separately those on Part-time and Full-time Work.

31

(Note. —This table excludes those receiving sustenance without work.) 4th August, 1934. 1st September, 1934. 29th September, 1934. 27th October, 1934. 24th November, 1934. 22nd December, 1934. 19th January, 1935. Classes of Work Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Part Full Tn+fli Part Full Tntni Part Full TntnI Part i Full Total Part Full Tot ji 1 Part Full Total Part Full Total Time. | Time. lotaL Time, j Time. iota1 ' Time. Time. lotal - Time. Time. lotal - Time. Time. iotaI - Time. Time. 10ta '- Time. Time. 10KU ' Reproductive Work. -General land-development (inelud- 2,147 922 3,069 1,976 940 2,916 2,215 1,006 3,221 1,902 978 2,880 1,962 997 2,959 2,016 998 3,014 1,571 1,265 2,836 ing vegetable-growing) Land-drainage .. .. 1,171 288 1,459 1,358 246 1,604 1,135 233 1,368 1,132 292 1,424 1,026 221 1,247 956 213 1,169 955 165 1,120 Improvement of backblock roads.. 3,660 1,294 4,954 3,831 1,221 5,052 3,628 1,259 4,887 3,451 1,221 4,672 3,090 1,151 4,241 3,061 1,153 4,214 2,874 1,008 3,882 Protection against river and sea 1,782 210 1,992 1,894 273 2,167 1,923 270 2,193 1,948 216 2,164 1,747 181 1,928 1,634 215 1,849 1,427 345 1,772 erosion Afforestation .. .. .. 1,029 73 1,102 971 54 1,025 863 62 925 973 5 978 890 9 899 769 34 803 703 8 711 Reclamation (including prevention 748 , 59 807 755 57 812 779 70 849 795 25 820 716 44 760 655 31 686 620 16 636 of sand-drifts) Gold - prospecting under Scheme No. 5— On ordinary subsidy .. .. 3,141 3,141 .. 3,081 3,081 .. 3,091 3,091 .. 3,010 3,010 .. 2,891 2,891 .. 2,750 2,750 .. 2,727 2,727 Special preparatory or other work .. 352 352 .. 367 367 .. 362 362 .. 360 360 .. 413 413 .. 382 382 .. 406 406 Supervisors and engineers .. 82 82 .. 85 85 .. 85 85 .. 86 86 .. 81 81 .. 81 81 .. 80 80 Youths at reduced rate of subsidy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. •• .. .. .. 38 38 .. 64 64 Other reproductive work .. 26 55 81 31 72 103 10 18 28 6 18 24 17 18 35 51 63 114 44 60 104 Total men on reproductive 10,563 6,476 17,039 10,816 6,396 17,212 10,553 6,456 17,009 10,207 6,211 16,418 9,448 6,006 15,454 9,142 5,958 15,100 8,194 6,144 14,338 work i i Other Work. Formation and improvement of 12,074 470 12,544 11,587 526 12,113 11,201 489 11,690 9,963 626 10,589 9,654 514 10,168 9,745 628 10,373 9,482 722 10,204 streets, roads, &c. Improvement of domains, parks, 5,333 35 5,368 5,462 50 5,512 5,663 162 5,825 5,223 96 5,319 5,312 74 5,3S6 5,098 49 5,147 4,981 132 5,113 and reserves Improvement of school and hospital 2,371 26 2,397 2,224 30 2,254 2,338 39 2,377 2,242 87 2,329 2,006 70 2,076 2,115 38 2,153 1,895 24 1,919 grounds Sewerage and water-supply .. 572 425 997 578 398 976 633 424 1,057 591 435 1,026 471 476 947 354 428 782 354 399 753 Miscellaneous .. ..' .. 2,407 724 3,131 2,500 892 3,392 2,343 884 3,227 2,346 901 3,247 2,085 874 2,959 1,849 865 2,714 1,869 808 2,677 Total men on other classes of 22,757 1,680 24,437 22,351 1,896 ! 24,247 22,178 1,998 24,176 20,365 2,145 22,510 19,528 2,008 21,536 19,161 2,008 21,169 18,581 2,085 20,666 work , Grand totals .. .. 33,320 8,156 41,476 33,167 8,292 41,459 32,731 8,454 41,185 30,572 8,356 38,928 28,976 8,014 36,990 28,303 7,966 36,269 126,775 8,229 35,004 . ' • I

H.—35.

Table VI.—Numbers of Men remaining on Registers at end of Successive Four-weekly Periods and employed on various Classes of Work under Scheme No. 5, showing separately those on Part-time and Full-time Work— continued.

32

(Note. —This table excludes those receiving sustenance without work.) 16th February, 1935. 16th March, 1935. 13th April, 1935. 11th May, 1935. 8th June, 1935. 6th July, 1935. Classes of Work Numher of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Number of Men. Part Full Total Part j Full Total Part Full Tf] Part Full Tt] Part Full Total Par t Full Tf1 Time. Time. 10tal ' Time. ! Time. Aotal * Time. Time. I 10taJ ' Time. Time. lomi ' Time. Time. ■ Lotai - Time. Time. 10tah - ; . Reproductive Work. General land-development (including vegetable -growing) .. 1,435 1,166 2,601 1,246 1,242 2,488 1,196 1,044 2,240 1,307 1,049 2,356 1,439 1,023 2,462 1,605 1,127 2,732 Land-drainage .. .. .. .. 837 184 1,021 898 211 1,109 1,115 219 1,334 1,061 234 1,295 1,103 328 1,431 983 204 1,187 Improvement of backblock roads .. .. .. 2,752 891 3,643 2,808 881 3,689 2,617 967 3,584 3,097 959 4,056. 2,926 923 3,849 2,667 1,144 3,811 Protection against river and sea erosion .. .. 1,332 338 1,670 1,343 357 1,700 1,527 205 1,732 1,477 175 1,652 1,401 171 1,572 1,525 160 1,685 Afforestation .. .. .. .. .. 757 6 763 1,000 16 1,016 920 8 928 962 8 970 799 5 804 843 31 874 Reclamation (including prevention of sand-drifts) .. 597 26 623 591 16 607 609 15 624 700 3 703 552 3 555 656 11 667 Gold-prospecting under Scheme No. 5— On ordinary subsidy .. .. .. .. . . 2,656 2,656 .. 2,673 2,673 .. 2,650 2,650 .. 2,678 2,678 .. 2,699 2,699 .. 2,700 2,700 Special preparatory or other work .. .. . . .. 345 345 .. 379 379 .. 374 374 .. 383 383 .. 361 361 . . 376 376 Supervisors and engineers .. .. .. .. .. 78 78 .. 78 78 .. 78 78 .. 79 79 .. 79 79 .. 80 80 Youths at reduced rates of subsidy .. .. . . .. 73 73 . . 77 77 . . 104 104 .. 116 116 .. 120 120 .. 125 125 Other reproductive work .. .. .. .. 43 59 102 32 60 92 38 57 95 40 73 113 67 79 146 32 67 99 Total men on reproductive work .. .. 7,753 |5,822 13,575 7,918 5,990 13,908 8,022 5,721 13,743 8,644 5,757 14,401 8,287 5,791 14,078 8,311 6,025 14,336 Other or fa Formation and improvement of streets, roads, &c. .. 8,894 575 9,469 8,816 430 9,246 8,922 439 9,361 9,253 485 9,738 9,097 506 9,603 9,072 532 9,604 Improvement of domains, parks, and reserves .. .. 4,245 247 4,492 3,703 39 3,742 3,590 100 3,690 3,451 103 3,554 3,645 64 3,709 3,768 45 3,813 Improvement of school and hospital grounds .. .. 1,716 67 1,783 1,641 24 1,665 1,582 19 1,60.1 1,403 14 1,417 1,369 46 1,415 1,328 26 1,354 Sewerage and water-supply .. .. .. . . 343 406 749 295 471 766 314 406 720 313 419 732 261 418 679 258 412 670 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. ... 1,985 870 2,855 1,831 912 2,743 2,204 779 2,983 2,315 523 2,838 2,384 796 3,180 2,506 854 3,360 Total men on other classes of work .. 17,183 2,165 19,348 16,286 1,876 18,162 16,612 1,743 18,355 16,735 1,544 18,279 |l6,756 1,830 18,586 16,932 1,869 18,801 Grand totals .. .. .. .. 24,936 7,987 32,923 24,204 7,866 32,070 24,634 7,464 32,098 25,379 7,301 32,680 [25,043 7,621 32,664 25,243 7,894 33,137

5—H. 35.

H.—35.

Table VII.—Work done through Public Works Department and Rural Local Bodies by Relief Labour with Assistance from the Unemployment Fund between 1st January, 1932, and 30th June, 1934.

33

Carried out by I - Total Amount Class of Work. j puWic Worka Rural Local of Work. I Department. Bodies. I Backblock roads (dray width) — Mil ™- Miles " Formation .. •• 218 iôô bOi Widening 266 099 1,365 Metalling 884 1,462 Totals .. ■ • •• i' 368 2 > 110 3 ' 478 Bridle tracks (formed, repaired, and metalled) .. • • • • 60 50 Land-drainage : Excavation of drains .. .. ■ • 272 1,706 1 ,978 River-control works — Willow clearing 98 U ° 238 Stop-banking .. • ■ • ■ • • • • Totals I! 3 " 217 Fencing 99 518 617 Hawthorn-hedge cutting (fireblight protection) .. .. 103 13 116 Track construction and repair preparatory to gold mining . - 172 172 and prospecting Irrigation works: Race construction and widening .. 30 222 252 General land improvement — Acres ' Scrub-cutting 30,895 122,550 15, ,445 Clearing noxious weeds .. •• t'coo 7'q7q Stumping and logging (heavy) 3 >351 4,628 7,979 Stumping and logging (light) 2,219 5,82 Bushfelling 532 4,177 4,709 Clearing boulders 2 'J 33 ' Land levelling .. .. 167 4aU Totals 47,943 172,902 220,845 Sand-dune reclamation: Marram-grass planting .. .. 13,659 325 13,984 Tree-planting 250 ~ 1,373 1,623 Cubic Yards. Cubic Yards. Cubic Yards. River-control: Channel-excavation .. •• •• 320,547 359,451 679,998 Irrigation works : Dams for reservoirs— Rock excavated .. •• •• 7,70J 'V 00 'coo Rock quarried 200 f 33 633 Concrete placed 510 186 696^ Totals M10 2,652 11,062 Chains. Chains. Chains. Gold-prospecting : Construction of water-races, fluming, &c. 331 7,969 8,000 Number. I Number. Cutting and splitting posts and battens .. •• •• 12,592 J 12,592 Construction of concrete pipes .. • • • • • • 3 > 3,575 Miscellaneous works — Lm ! ar o ™ 0t ' Sewerage pipes laid «■««» «•««» •• ■ :: :: :: :: t:SS f:SS Bridges X " " 257 _ Totals 8 . 949 8 . M9

H.—35.

Table VIII. —Occupations of Unemployed remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at the End of each Month—January, 1935, to July, 1935.

34

January. February. March. April. May. June. July. Agricultural and pastoral— Farmer, agricultural .. .. .. 85 55 80 100 84 69 97 Ploughman .. .. .. .. 23 20 25 29 25 28 28 Gardener, market gardener, nurseryman .. 719 702 733 731 761 791 801 Total .. .. .. .. 827 777 838 860 870 888 926 Farmer, dairy .. .. .. .. 264 306 319 331 373 388 395 Share milker .. .. .. .. 4 8 6 8 12 17 8 Herd-tester .. .. .. .. 1 1 2.. 2 2 2 Dairyman, milk-roundsman, &c. .. .. 24 22 20 34 40 44 49 Total .. .. .. .. 293 337 347 373 427 451 454 Farmer — Fruit .. .. .. .. .. 45 39 42 41 49 54 69 Mixed .. .. .. .. .. 276 258 270 305 331 396 406 Sheep .. .. .. .. .. 30 33 29 35 40 28 23 Shepherd, drover .. .. .. .. 102 81 104 111 118 152 160 Total .. .. .. .. 132 114 133 146 158 180 183 Apiarist .. .. .. .. .. 2 6 4 4 4 8 7 Farmer, poultry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 14 Miscellaneous — Farm-manager .. .. .. .. 47 39 41 39 36 50 44 Farm labourer .. .. .. .. 1,829 1,981 1,915 1,964 2,057 2,205 2,256 Fencer .. .. .. .. .. 46 46 41 45 49 47 56 Total .. .. .. .. 1,922 2,066 1,997 2,048 2,142 2,302 2,356 Total, agricultural and pastoral .. 3,497 3,596 3,631 3,777 3,981 4,290 4,415 Meat-freezing and preparation — Slaughterman .. .. .. .. 128 119 163 161 190 222 259 Meat-grader .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 1 ] Freezing-works employee, undefined .. .. 142 165 190 226 261 349 418 Butcher .. .. .. .. .. 463 425 473 485 482 523 560 Total .. .. .. .. 734 709 827 873 933 1,095 1,238 Butter, cheese, &c., manufacture: Dairy-factory 107 110 124 119 164 189 228 worker Fishing and trapping— Fisherman, fishmonger .. .. .. 154 170 152 152 166 168 185 Rabbiter .. .. .. .. .. 52 46 35 36 33 32 34 Total .. .. .. .. 206 216 187 188 199 200 219 Tanning, fellmongering, wool-scouring— Tanner, fellmonger, woolscourer .. .. 22 24 24 24 30 41 49 Wool-sorter .. .. .. .. 31 31 43 58 68 77 84 Total .. .. .. .. 53 55 67 82 98 118 133 Woollen milling: Woollen-mill worker, undefined.. 27 33 42 55 62 60 71 Soap, candles, tallow, &c., manufacture: Worker, 3 4 8 9 10 8 8 undefined Grain, flour, &c., milling— Flour-miller, worker .. .. .. 12 19 15 11 19 18 20 Baker .. .. .. .. .. 240 238 238 253 258 261 275 Total .. .. .. .. 252 257 253 264 277 279 295 Biscuits and confectionery manufacture: Worker, 46 55 47 60 60 60 60 undefined Jam, pickle, sauces, &c., manufacture: Worker, 17 10 18 12 20 14 17 undefined 7 Flax-milling: Worker, undefined .. .. 124 120 102 122 134 133 104 Rope, broom, brush, &c., manufacture: Worker, 41 28 22 26 25 23 22 undefined Kauri-gum digging and working: Digger, worker, 86 94 97 111 114 112 121 undefined • Brewing, &c. : Brewer, maltster .. .. 19 24 17 19 18 20 24

H.—35.

Table VIII.—Occupations of Unemployed remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at the End of each Month —January, 1935, to July, 1935—continued.

6 —! l . 35.

35

I j January. February. March. April. May. June. July. Aerated water, &c., manufacture : Worker, unde- 28 25 28 25 34 32 32 fined Tobacco, cigarettes, &c., manufacture: Worker, 2 4 2 1 1 2 4 undefined Sawmilling— Sawmiller, sawmill hand .. .. .. 316 296 272 317 312 3U 314 Bushman .. .. .. ■■ •• 193 199 179 176 189 194 194 Millwright .. .. •• •• 2 1 1 1 1 2 Total .. .. .. ■■ 511 496 452 494 502 517 510 Joinery, &c., manufacture — Joiner .. .. •. ■ ■ • • 194 195 150 152 153 138 137 Wood-machinist .. .. • • • • 75 85 153 151 115 121 121 Cooper, boxmaker .. .. . • ■ • 9 18 17 19 25 30 25 Total .. •• • • • • 278 298 320 322 293 289 283 Furniture and furnishings manufacture — Cabinetmaker .. .. •• •• 25] 235 214 201 214 193 191 Furniture-maker (including cane, &c., worker) .. 98 101 101 85 105 85 81 Upholsterer .. ■■ •• •• 82 78 71 69 69 76 69 French-polisher .. .. . ■ • • 29 30 43 41 52 52 49 Total .. .. • • • • 460 444 429 396 440 406 390 Building and construction — Architect, draughtsman .. .. .. 38 30 33 27 26 21 20 Builder . .. •• •• 166 189 173 172 156 156 164 Carpenter.. .. .. •• 2,251 2,198 2,140 2,140 2,200 2,067 2,112 Bricklayer, tiler .. .. .. - • 347 329 317 278 313 318 323 Bricklayers', builders', &c., labourer .. .. 372 277 245 256 257 284 266 Painter, decorator .. .. .. .. 1,067 1,159 1,022 1,009 1,022 1,086 1,206 Plasterer .. .. .. •• •• 217 217 221 222 228 240 252 Plumber, drainlayer .. .. • ■ 555 523 508 495 485 464 490 Glazier .. .. 91 66 33 22 22 22 14 Leadlight worker .. .. .. ■ ■ 9 19 10 14 13 32 35 Tunneller, &c. .. . ■ • • • • 25 8 21 21 21 53 50 J —— Total .. .. .. .. 5,138 5,015 4,723 4,656 4,743 4,743 4,932 Brick, tile, pottery, &c., manufacture — Potter .. .. . • • • .... 2 3 3 4 10 14 Worker, undefined .. .. .. .. 66 57 74 63 70 59 50 Total .. .. . • • • 66 59 77 66 74 69 64 Lime, cement, stone, glass, &c., manufacture and working— Quarryman .. .. . • .. 137 138 127 135 138 144 142 Stonemason .. .. .. • • 76 74 57 63 65 56 62 Limeworker .. •• •• 1 •• •• •• •• 2 4 Concrete block, pipe, &c., worker .. .. 2 4 2 .. 10 5 Glass-cutter, beveller .. .. .. 8 5 40 40 36 19 23 Total .. .. .. 224 221 226 238 239 231 236 Chemicals, fertilizers, manufacture, mixing, &c.— Chemist .. .. .. .. .. 56 54 52 54 54 55 61 Manure-worker .. .. .. • • 1 • • • • • • ■ ■ 2 2 Total .. .. • • • • 57 54 52 54 54 57 63 Coal-mining, gas-manufacture, &c. — Coal-miner .. .. ■■ 1,289 1,214 1,206 1,187 1,108 1,006 1,080 Gasworks employee .. .. • • 4 6 4 1 7 18 14 Total .. .. .. •• 1,293 1,220 1,210 1,188 1,115 1,024 1,094 Electric supply— Electrical engineer .. .. ■. . ■ 88 71 58 50 47 46 45 Electrician .. .. . ■ •. 241 230 225 228 215 221 221 T .inp.maxi .. .. .. .. .. 109 126 127 119 140 136 136 Total .. .. .. • • 438 427 410 397 402 403 402 Metal extraction and working— Miner, undefined .. .. ■ • • • 80 54 43 45 74 55 73

H. —35.

Table VIII.—Occupations of Unemployed remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at the End of each Month—January, 1935, to July, 1935 —continued.

36

I ■— January. February. March. April. May. | June. July. | Metal extraction and working—continued. Engineers' draughtsman .. .. .. 12 9 9 7 11 10 19 Blacksmith .. .. .. .. 187 141 162 162 163 190 190 Fitter •• -■ .. •• •• 301 295 332 318 297 269 257 Turner .. .. .. .. .. 38 34 46 41 41 44 39 Moulder .. .. .. .. .. 98 100 87 77 70 72 76 Patternmaker .. .. .. .. 20 25 25 16 24 26 23 Boilermaker, iron and steel worker .. .. 146 136 109 120 125 160 159 Assistant .. .. .. .. .. 62 87 72 94 67 47 53 Electric welder .. .. .. 4 2 5 4 3 8 7 Brass finisher .. .. .. .. 7 13 8 18 19 24 24 Toolmaker .. .. .. .. 2 1 1 3 2.. Total .. .. .. .. 877 843 856 860 822 850 847 Tinware and sheet-metal worker .. .. 100 90 112 115 105 88 93 Electroplater .. .. .... 3 3 6 10 9 10 8 Wireworker .. .. . . .. 16 5 9 9 8 17 20 Coppersmith .. .. . . .. 6 7 4. 10 10 4 4 Cutler .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. 1 1 Locksmith.. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 .. 1 X Total .. .. .. .. 127 107 132 144 132 121 127 Gold-miner .. .. .. .. 523 537 547 564 616 729 762 Jeweller, watchmaker .. .. .. 52 57 50 54 55 61 65 Total .. .. .. .. 575 594 597 618 671 790 827 Water transport— Ship, boat, builder .. .. .. .. 53 46 45 50 47 50 66 Sailmaker, rigger .. .. .. .. 9 3 15 14 15 18 17 Seaman, stoker, &c. .. .. .. 918 860 901 929 992 980 1,008 Waterside worker .. .. .. .. 255 318 248 281 229 305 391 Total .. .. .. .. 1,235 1,227 1,209 1,274 1,283 1,353 1,482 Land transport— Railway surfacemen .. .. .. 86 68 78 94 81 57 55 Locomotive drivers .. .. . . * * 21 23 30 75 84 Railway worker, undefined .. .. . . 4 3 6 13 20 51 47 Total .. .. .. .. 90 71 105 130 131 183 186 Tramways employee .. .. .. 3 6 6 9 9 19 28 Blacksmith, shoeing .. .. .. 168 173 194 189 201 178 180 Driver, horse .. .. .. .. 218 260 284 310 325 301 314 Saddler .. .. .. .. . . 49 4.5 50 45 46 41 48 Total .. .. .. .. 435 478 528 544 572 520 542 Cycle mechanic .. .. .. .. 25 30 36 40 43 45 45 Motor-transport manager .. .. .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Carrier, general .. .. .. .. 156 152 148 144 151 160 164 Driver, lorry, bus, taxi, &c. .. .. .. 1,508 1,452 1,480 1,545 1,596 1,573 1,617 Coach, motor-body builder, painter, &c. .. 86 98 94 94 95 121 122 Motor engineer .. .. .. .. 192 199 178 160 170 194 201 Motor mechanic .. .. .. . . 454 431 430 450 465 471 500 Garage, &c., attendant .. .. .. 43 46 50 46 49 53 44 Vulcanizer.. .. .. .. .. 10 8 14 14 19 29 21 Total .. .. .. .. 2,475 2,417 2,431 2,494 2,589 2,647 2 715 ! ' Traffic inspector .. .. .. .. 2.. .. .. 1 1 1 Roadman .. .. .. .. .. 110 100 93 84 90 99 102 Asphalter .. .. .. .. .. 14 13 14 18 18 16 20 Total .. .. .. .. 126 113 107 102 109 116 123 Boots and shoes — Boot-factory worker .. .. .. 93 77 69 59 62 57 56 Bootmaker, repairer .. .. .. 315 323 304 326 329 313 346 Total .. .. .. .. 408 400 373 385 391 370 402 Clothing— Clothing manufacturer .. .. .. 11 17 16 19 13 29 19 Tailor .. .. .. .. .. 175 174 167 165 180 183 199 Furrier .. .. .. .. .. 3,8 6 7 8 6 7 Hat manufacturer, cleaner, &c. .. .. 19 9 10 9 8 10 15 Total .. .. .. .. 208 208 199 200 209 228 240 * Included under steam engineers.

H.—35.

Table VIII.—Occupations of Unemployed remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at the End of each Month —January, 1935, to July, 1935-continued.

37

— — — - ~ r j January. February. March. April. May. j June. July. Books, publications, pictures— _ ___ Printer .. 232 195 198 191 227 231, 228 Compositor 38 44 46 36 44 46 48 Journalist.. .. •• ■■ •• 4 16 16 2/ 27 31 43 Artkt .. •• 2 2 9 10 11 15 12 Photographer !! .. .. .. 24 26 29 30 26 32 34 Picture-framer .. . • • ■ • • 3 4 6 4 5 3 Bookbinder 3 2 1 3 5 14 20 Bookseller, stationer .. • ■ • • 1 1 Newsvendor .. . • • • • • 1 1 • • • • ■ • "J 1__ Total .. .. • • ■ ■ 308 291 305 301 345 440 455 Professional (not allocated to specific industry)— Dentist, dental mechanic .. .. •• 12 15 17 17 15 14 1 Accountant, auditor .. • ■ • • 188 179 157 154 159 155 16o Barrister, solicitor, law clerk .. •• 31 41 31 29 34 38 3 Clergyman, missioner .. .. • • 13 16 17 14 13 Medical practitioner .. •• 2 5 1 1 - •• X-ray technician .. .. • • - • 1 1 1 Musician, teacher .. .. ■ • • • 64 65 63 60 60 School-teacher .. .. . • • • 29 24 38 37 ~A -3 Surveyor, civil engineer .. .. • • 52 64 63 65 61 53 Public servant .. .. • • ■ • 87 91 '3 95 86 93 Optician 2 1 2 2 2 2 Analyst .. .. ■. ■ ■ • • 1 1 ■ • • '' Total .. .. . • • • 482 503 463 475 457 446 482 Commercial — _ ... . Canvasser, salesman .. . . . • 833 895 876 877 892 904 Commercial traveller, hawker .. .. 236 229 238 248 2o9 265 - Warehouseman 28 33 34 31 35 61 85 Shopkeeper, shop assistant — • Fruit, vegetables 56 64 56 52 57 69 69 Groceries .. .. ■ • • ■ ■ 430 440 459 469 485 391 435 Hardware .. .. ■ ■ • • '43 49 54 o2 48 37 48 Fancy goods .. .. •• •• 22 23 19 33 25 29 Soft-goods 228 219 246 240 218 211 202 Other .. .. •• •• 91 97 101 102 130 124 136 Storeman, packer .. .. .. •• 662 630 631 678 657 70S 711 Coal-merchant 4 4 5 7 7 11 11 Auctioneer 8 5 6 8 8 10 11 Land-agent .. .. • • • • 3 2 3 3 1 - Stock agent .. .. •• 9 10 19 27 26 Commercial agent .. .. . • • • 15 24 22 24 24 3 Company-manager .. .. .. 7 8 8 7 C1 BaS 15 12 12 17 20 26 20 Insurance 51 32 34 f 32 42 48 Merchants, general 1,067 1,051 1,074 1,120 1,114 1,080 1,119 Total .. .. •• 3,808 3,827 3,897 4,031 4,045 4,053 4,209 Personal service— , nl Barman 180 181 185 191 199 198 211 Cook chef •• 444 419 423 466 471 476 496 Waiter, steward 205 191 136 153 156 155 195 Porter .. .. .. •• 190 161 202 226 218 165 176 Vilpt ..... 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 Hairdresser .. .. . ■ • • 132 129 132 133 135 140 136 Laundry-proprietor, worker .. .. .. 18 23 43 42 43 44 4^ Masseur 6 4 3 3 3 4 4 Chiropractor .. .. .. 1 1 1 J „ ~ Mental nurse .. .. •• •• 2 2 2 - 3 Total 1,179 1,113 1,129 1,218 1,230 1,191 1,279 Sports, amusements — , 0 , Jockey, trainer 78 84 94 96 98 118 134 Billiard-saloon keeper, marker, &c. .. .. 7 7 9 11 13 2Theatre, stage employee, cinematograph-operator 40 38 41 40 40 45 51 Showman 1 1 1 1 J X f ° Magician .. .. .. • • • • 1 1 1 J I 00 on Radio dealer .. .. • • • • 8 9 10 13 12 2-Piano-tuner .. •. . ■ • • 12 7 12 16 lo ~1 - Gunsmith.. .. .. .. ■■ 1 1 1 1 * 1 * Physical-culture instructor .. .. • • 3 2 3 2 1 Ranger 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 Golf-club maker .. .. . • • • • • • • • • • • 4 * Total .. .. •• •• 154 151 174 183 184 246 263

H.—35.

Table VIII.—Operations of Unemployed remaining on Registers of Government Employment Bureaux at the End of each Month —January, 1935, to July, 1935 —continued.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation not given; printing (1,110 copies), £56 10s.

By Authority: G. H. Loney, Government Printer, Wellington. —1935-

Price is.]

38

January. February. March. April. May. June. July. Miscellaneous— General labourer .. .. .. .. 16,340 16,682 17,124 17,730 18,788 19,979 20,613 Engineer, steam, undefined .. .. .. 217 242 194 210 200 256 241 Engine-driver, undefined .. .. .. 206 190 212 212 210 217 209 Custodian, &c. .. .. .. .. 40 40 40 50 54 94 117 Canvas-worker .. .. .. .. 2 2 .. .. 1 3 5 Net-maker .. .. .. .. 1 2 1 1 .. 2 Bag-maker .. .. .. .. 2 1 1 3 1 6 6 Hotel, &c., worker .. .. .. .. 25 18 22 33 29 97 117 Native agent .. .. .. .. 3 2 3 4 2 2 3 Organizer .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Student .. .. .. .. .. 8 9 7 8 12 15 12 Diver .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 Tea-blender .. .. .. .. 2 1 1 2 2 5 5 Telegraphist .. .. .. .. 3 1 1 1 5 10 Taxidermist .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Bird fancier .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 1 Total .. .. .. .. 16,851 17,193 17,611 18,259 19,305 20,684 21,345 Total, all classes .. .. .. 43,128 43,176 43,536 44,826 46,550 48,686 50,590