MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA (FOURTEENTH REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1934. Prepared by Direction of the Minister of External Affairs for the Information of the League of Nations, pursuant to Article 6 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1934 Session I, A-04

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1934. NEW ZEALAND.

MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA (FOURTEENTH REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1934. Prepared by Direction of the Minister of External Affairs for the Information of the League of Nations, pursuant to Article 6 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant.

to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

Sir, — Prime Minister's Office, Wellington, N.Z., 15th August, 1934. I have the honour to forward herewith the Fourteenth. Annual Report on the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa for the year ended 31st March, 1934. This Report has been prepared by the Administrator of Western Samoa, and adopted by the New Zealand Government as its report for the purposes of Article 6 of the Mandate, and in conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. A copy has been forwarded direct to each member of the Permanent Mandates Commission, and 120 additional copies have been despatched to you under separate cover. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Geo. W. Forbes, The Secretary-General, League of Nations, Geneva. Prime Minister.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE. I. —Introductory .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 ll.—Status of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. 2 111. —Status of the Population .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 IV. —International Relations .. .. .. .. .. 2 V.—General Administration .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 VI. —Public Finance .. .. .. .. .. . , 5 VII. —Direct Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 VIII. —Indirect Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 IX. —Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 X. —Judicial Organization .. .. .. .. .. 10 Xl.—Police and Prisons .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 XII. —Defence of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. 13 XIII. —Arms and Ammunition .. .. .. .. .. ..13 XlV.—Social Condition of the Natives .. .. .. .. 13 XV. —Labour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 XVI. —Freedom of Conscience .. .. .. .. .. 14 XVll.—Education .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 XVIII. —Liquor and Drugs .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 XlX.—Health .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..17 XX. —Land Tenure .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 XXl.—Forests and Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. 19 XXll,— Mines .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 XXIII. —Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 20 XXIV. —Public Works .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Appendices i Charts — Values of Import, Export, and Total Trade of Western Samoa, 1910-1933 .. 21 Details of Quantities of Exports, 1920-1933 .. .. .. .. 22 Native Copra Production, 1901-1933 .. .. .. .. 23 Map : Western Samoa, with Inset showing Geographical Position of the Territory .. 24

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I,— INTRODUCTORY. In compiling this report special attention has been given to the matters considered by the Permanent Mandates Commission during the examination, in the course of its twenty-fourth session, of the report for 1932-33, and in particular to those questions where additional information was requested. In order to facilitate reference an index is given below showing where such information may be found : —

Western Samoa lies between latitudes 13° and 15° south, and longitudes 171° and 173° west, and consists of the two main islands, Upolu and Savai'i, and the smaller islets of Apolima, Manono, Fanuatapu, Namua, Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, and Nu'usafe'e. The Group has,a linear disposition in a direction from west-north-west to east-south-east, along which line Savai'i has a length of forty-seven miles, its greatest breadth being twenty-seven miles ; the Apolima Strait occupies about eight miles, and Upolu has a length of forty-seven miles, its greatest breadth being only fifteen miles. All the islands are mountainous, rising to heights of 6,094 ft. in Savai'i and 3,608 ft. in Upolu, the Native population living for the most part in villages along the seaboard. The total area is 1,133 square miles. The climate is mild and equable throughout the year. The average temperature during the last ten years has been 79-49° Fahrenheit; the average annual rainfall for the same period was 117-57 in. The Native population is 48,486. The non-Native population is 3,713. lI,— STATUS OF THE TERRITORY. The Territory is administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand, and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on the 17th December, 1920. lII.—STATUS OF THE POPULATION. The status of the Native inhabitants is defined in documents of travel as " British protected persons, Natives of Western Samoa." Pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Council of the League of Nations on the 23rd April, 1923, provision for individual inhabitants of the Territory to voluntarily obtain British naturalization was enacted. These provisions were contained in the British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1923, which has now been repealed by the British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1928. Briefly, any inhabitant of the Territory, whether Native, half-caste, or foreigner, can obtain in New Zealand and dependencies only the rights and status of a British national. Since 1923 certificates of naturalization have been granted to sixteen Native Samoans and to fourteen others. IV,— INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. (a) International Conventions. The General International Conventions that have been applied to Western Samoa were described in the report for 1931-32 (page 24). There have been no additions during the year under review. A list of Bi-lateral Agreements extended to the Territory was published in the minutes of the twenty-second session of the Permanent Mandates Commission (page 72) and, similarly, there is no addition to report.

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Minutes of Selltr—nt, »' 101 Subject. Mandates Commission. Page. Chapter. Page. Status of inhabitants .. .. .. . • • • • • 97, 98, 108, 136 III 2 General administration .. .. .. . • • • 98, 99, 108, 137 V 3 Public Health .. .. .. .. •• •• 102, 103, 108, 137 XIX 17 Public Trust .. .. .. .. .. • • • • 100 V 4 Public Finance .. .. .. .. • • • • 100 VI Sinking Fund .. .. .. .. • • .. 100 VI 7 Expenditure, reduction in .. .. .. .. • • 100 VI 5 Bananas .. .. .. .. • • • • • • 100 IX, XI 9, 10, 20 Criminal offences .. .. .. .. . . • • 100 X 10 Arms and ammunition .. .. .. • • • • 101 XIII 13 Population .. .. .. .. .. • • • • 103 XXIII 20

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(b) Economic Equality. Save as to the protection afforded to Native Samoans in the inalienability of Native land, and their exemption from personal tax, there are no derogations from the principle of economic equality as regards concessions, land-tenure, or direct or indirect taxation ; the question of mining rights does not apply. There is a preference in Customs import duties of 1\ per cent, in favour of British goods, but no restrictions as regards countries of origin of goods imported, export trade, or shipping. Immigration is governed by the Samoa Immigration Order, 1930. V,— GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. The executive government of Western Samoa is vested in His Majesty the King in the same manner as if the Territory were part of His Majesty's dominions. The Administrator is charged with the administration of the Territory, subject to the control of the Minister of External Affairs of New Zealand. The laws of the Territory are made by Act of the New Zealand Parliament, or regulations issued thereunder, or by Ordinances passed by the local Legislative Council, which consists of six official members, two unofficial members elected by the taxable male adult European community, and two nominated members representative of the Native race. One session of the Legislative Council was held during the year. The following legislative measures have been brought into force since last report: — In New Zealand — The Samoa Post and Telegraph Amendment Order, 1933. The Samoa Publications Order, 1933. In Samoa— No. 1/1933. —The Samoa Standard Time Ordinance. No. 2/1933. —The General Laws (No. 3) Ordinance. No. 3/1933. —The Labour Ordinance.* Board of Health Regulations, No. 11, as to Importation of Goods from the State of California. Western Samoa Gazette No. 79. Copies of all these measures have been furnished to the Permanent Mandates Commission. Statutory recognition is given to the Faipule, Native representatives who meet in Fono and confer with the Administrator in an advisory capacity. For the purposes of this representation the Territory is divided into thirty-three districts, each district is invited by the Administrator ]bo submit the name of a representative, and the person so elected is then confirmed in the appointment of Faipule for a term of three years, when further nominations are invited. The Administrator has the benefit, also, of the advice of two Native chiefs of the highest standing, the Honourables Malietoa Tanumafili, 0.8. E., and Mata'afa, the present nominated Native members of the Legislative Council. Native administration is effected through representatives. of the Native Affairs Department at Apia and Tuasivi, four district officers in other centres, and delegated through part-time district Native officials, of whom the principal are Pulenu'u (village rulers) and Pule Fa'atoaga (Lands Inspectors). See staff table below. No major changes in general administration have been made during the year. The political situation at the commencement of the period under review was perfectly quiet. Since May, 1932, there had not been any Court proceedings or convictions for offences arising from the political agitation. Mr. 0. F. Nelson, who, pursuant to an Order made in December, 1927, was deported for a term of five years, returned in May, 1933 ; immediately thereafter political agitation revived. It grew in strength until early in November, when two parties of Samoans undertook a tour of the Territory to appoint Mau officials, collect Mau taxes, and, in fact, to set up a new form of government. Acting under a warrant issued by the Court, a search was carried out at the residence of 0. F. Nelson. A large quantity of incriminating documents was found there, including a " Budget " for the Mau and a document styled " The First Proclamation of the Mau," the latter providing for a constitution, the appointment of officials and their duties, also instructions for the two parties then setting out to put these plans into operation. Fourteen members of the two parties were arrested, tried, found guilty, and sentenced to terms of imprisonment, varying from three weeks to one year. 0. F. Nelson was also arrested, and, after a trial lasting thirty-two days, was found guilty and sentenced to eight months' imprisonment and ten years' exile.f On the Bth day of March he was sent to New Zealand to serve his sentence, and there'was no further trouble. Throughout the year the Administration functioned normally and smoothly, though this would not have continued if action against Mr. Nelson had not been taken. The trade turnover showed a decrease of 2-76 per cent, compared with a decrease of 7 per cent, the previous year. The revenue for the year exceeded the amount estimated by £4,288 and the expenditure was £4,964 less than the amount estimated. The financial year closed with a surplus for the year of £658.

* Section 9 of this Ordinance has since been disallowed. f On appeal, this decision of the High Court was sustained by the Pull Supreme Court in New Zealand, but the sentence was reduced to three weeks' imprisonment and ten years' exile.

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Visits. In April, 1933, His Excellency the Governor-General of New Zealand arrived at Apia in H.M.S. " Diomede "on his first official visit to the Territory. His Excellency, who was accompanied by the Lady Bledisloe, remained from the 19th to the 24th April. In the course of routine cruises to the islands of the South Pacific, H.M.S. " Dunedin " visited Apia in July and H.M.S. " Veronica " in August. Visits were also paid by the French cruiser, " Savorgnan de Brazza " (May, 1933), and the German cruiser " Karlsruhe " in February, 1934. Postal and Radio. There have been three overseas mails, both inward and outward, each four weeks, providing two connections with New Zealand, one each with Fiji, European and American countries, and Australia. The volume of mail matter showed a small decrease during the year, with a consequent slight drop in revenue. The value of money-orders paid at Apia declined from £8,796 in the previous year to £5,522, but there was a small increase in the value of postal notes and British postal orders. Withdrawals from the Post Office Savings-bank exceeded deposits by £4,167, while the amount held on the 31st March, 1934, at the credit of 1,563 depositors was £35,811 2s. (including interest, £1,044). Radio traffic showed a further decline, the number of messages being 8,744 and receipts £1,773, as compared with 9,600 and £2,054 respectively for the previous year. This is mainly due to the depressed condition of trade generally, while a further factor is the increasing ability of other island radio stations to work direct instead of relaying through Apia-Radio. The staff at Apia-Radio has been reduced by the transfer of one European operator to New Zealand and the resignation of one local operator. Lands and Survey. This Department was fully occupied during the year with work of a routine nature. Among other surveys may be mentioned two new Native tracks over the hills and a water-supply for the village of Falease'ela on the south coast of Upolu. The staff is also required to spend much time at headquarters examining and approving plans, recording field work, and performing other miscellaneous duties. Public Trust Office. During the year control of this Office was transferred from the Treasurer and Collector of Customs to a newly appointed Public Trustee and Official Assignee, who also holds the positions of Commissioner of Labour and Registrar of Land. Expenditure for the twelve months totalled £823, and revenue exceeded this amount by £40, compared with a surplus of £4-12 for the previous year, this decrease being due to the prevailing economic condition of the Territory. Funds invested total £10,007, and there is an Office reserve of £450. As it is self-supporting, the accounts of this Office are separate from those of the Administration, except that as a matter of convenience all expenditure is made through the Sanioan Treasury, which is reimbursed at the end of each quarter. Hence the Treasury figures include Public Trust Office expenditure (which is also shown as a deduction from the total) but do not show receipts, which are credited direct to the Public Trustee. PORT AND HARBOUR SERVICES. Pilotage and harbour services, and maintenance of lights, beacons, and plant, continued to function very satisfactorily under contract with the Harbourmaster. There was no new work or serious accident to shipping during the year. Staff. Particulars are given in the following table, as at 31st March for each year : —

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Europeans. Native Samoans. Services. — 1933. 1934. 1933. 1934. 1933. 1934. Classified departmental staffs — Education .. .. .. .. 5 4 6 5 77 82 Health .. .. .. 16 10 2 2 55 52 Native Affairs (including Savai'i) .. 6 3 1 1 12 11 Police and Prisons .. .. 15 13 1 1 52 49 Other services .. .. 26 22 17 16 18 19 68 52 27 25 214 213 Part-time officials, Native administration .. .. .. .. .. 190 169 Casual employees .. .. .. .. .. 16 11 40 21 New Zealand Reparation Estates staff 19 16 7 9 4 3 Totals .. .. 87 68 50 45 448 406

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VI. PUBLIC FINANCE. The financial position as at 31st March, 1934, indicates that a small surplus resulted from the operations for the year 1933-34, the accounts showing that receipts exceeded expenditure by £658, to which may be added the amount of £8,795 brought forward from the previous year, giving an accumulated surplus of £9,453 as at 31st March, 1934. The intention was expressed in last year's report of investing a sum of money annually for replacement of assets, and this was given effect to during the year under review, a sum of £4,000 being set aside for the purpose. This amount is included in the expenditure for the year, and the surplus is therefore arrived at after provision for replacements. Revenue and expenditure for the year are shown in the following statements, corresponding figures for the previous year being also shown for comparative purposes : —

Revenue.

Health Department revenue includes subsidy amounting to £631 received from the Rockefeller Institute on account of the yaws campaign, and £6,625 for sales of medicinal liquor. The Treasury and Customs, Taxes, and Marine Departments were combined at the beginning of the year, and the relative revenue is therefore shown for each year under one head. The decline in revenue under this head was due chiefly to the falling-off of imports, the duty collected being £22,260, as compared with £32,046 for 1932-33, a decrease of £9,786.

Expenditure.

(a) Debt charges show a decrease of £7,345, a temporary loan of £6,000 having been repaid in 1932-33, no similar transaction being included in 1933-34 figures. The remainder of the decrease is accounted for by a reduction in the rate of interest payable to a flat rate of 4J per cent. (b) The expenditure under section IV, Health, includes £1,302 on account of yaws campaign, and £2,365 for purchases of medicinal liquor for sale. (c) The increase in section V is due to the retaining of counsel in Samoa for the Nelson case, the total extra cost being offset to a certain extent by departmental economies.

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Head of Revenue. 1932-33. 1933-34. - . . j £ £ I. Education .. .. .. .. 628 733 II. Health .. .. .. .. 11,374 10,445 III. Justice .. .. .. .. 1,081 870 IV. Lands and survey ... . . .. 201 145 V. Native .. .. .. .. 827 468 VI. Police and prisons .. .. .. 2,930 2,868 VII. Postal and radio .. . . .. 5,968 5,270 VIII. Public works .. .. .. 4,501 4,302 IX. Treasury, Customs, &c. .. .. 78,410 65,512 Total receipts .. .. 105,920 90,613

Head of Expenditure. 1932-33. | 1933-34. £ £ I. Permanent charges on public debt .. 17,113 9,768 II. Administrator and Government Housê .. 3,682 3,037 III. Education .. .. .. .. 5,459 5,097 IV. Health .. .. .. .. 21,819 17,150 V. Justice .. .. .. .. 2,320 2,667 VI. Labour .. .. .. .. 859 465 VII. Lands and survey .. .. .. 907 1,075 VIII. Native .. .. .. .. 6,953 7,016 IX. Police and prisons .. .. .. 12,968 10,652 X. Postal and radio .. .. .. 6,114 5,136 XI. Public trust .. .. .. 804 825 XII. Public works .. .. .. 11,908 10,632 XIII. Secretariat .. .. .. .. 6,509 6,464 XIV. Treasury, Customs, taxes, and marine .. 8,414 11,261 105,829 91,245 Less Public Trust and Labour ], 663 1,290 Departments recovered 104,166 89,955

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(d) The figures for the combined Departments, Treasury, Customs, Taxes, and Marine are shown under one head, the total of £11,261, including £4,000 invested as provision for replacement of assets. (e) The full effect of reductions of staff and economies effected in 1932-33 resulted in decreased expenditure in most Departments, and further economies and reductions were imposed wherever possible on account of decreasing revenue. A comparative statement of revenue and expenditure each year from 1925-26 is shown below : —

The following comparative table shows the total cash receipts each year together with the amounts expended on certain public services : —

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Actual Revenue Deficit Subsidy Final Surplus Year obtained in the ,, or from or Territory. Territory Surplus. New Zealand. Deficit. £ £ £ £ £ 1925-26 .. .. 128,638 145,687 -17,049 21,400 + 4,351 1926-27.. .. 113,812 141,710 -27,898 20,000 - 7,898 1927-28 .. .. 106,038 143,421 -37,383 20,000 -17,383 1928-29 .. .. 121,904 157,829* -35,925* 47,374* +11,449* 1929-30 .. .. 131,416 150,728* -19,312* 39,448* +20,136* 1930-31 .. .. 130,385 140,288* - 9,903* 21,000 +11,097* 1931-32 .. .. 109,040 128,936* -19,896* .. -19,896* 1932-33 .. .. 105,920 98,166 j + 7,754 .. + 7,754 1933-34 .. 90,613 89,955 + 658 .. + 658 * Includes expenditure on extra police: £27,374 in 1928-29, £19,448 in 1929-30, £16,561 in 1930-31, and £10,412 in 1931-32.

Revenues from j Amounts spent on External Sources. other than | r Financial Year j from " 7 Loans and ; M External Native Agri- | Public Public Advances. l re °° ver < lWe Sources. Education culture. Health. Works. Grants. I j To £ £ £ - £ £ £ £ 31st March, 1921 .. .. 44,336 .. 149,027 3,176 5,405 15,840 13,796 1921-22 .. .. .. 49,229 16,000 119,569 5,237 4,444 22,690 15,418 1922-23 .. .. 20.777 16,000 115,250 6,846 3,787 25,715 12,549 1923-24 .. .. 5,658 24,000 109,917 6,556 5,748 23,995 21,191 1924-25 .. .. •• 19,140 111,774 7,609 3,030 24,425 24,737 1925-26 .. .. •• 5,000 21,400 128,638 9,131 3,187 25,761 26,555 1926-27 .. .. •• 31,000 20,000 113,812 9,688 3,760 25,911 20,016 1927-28 16,500 20,000 106,038 10,222 4,990 25,597 16,842 1928-29 .. .. 25,700 20,000 121,904 7,738 4,285 24,367 13,606 1929-30 - •• •• •• 39,448 131,416 6,955 * 18,916 17,005 1930-31 .. .. •• 21,000 130,385 7,439 * 18,224 15,726 1931-32 .. .. 6,000 .. 109,040 6,794 * 17,824 15,797 1932-33 •• •• 105,920 5,459 * 21,819 11,908 1933-34 .. .. .. .. .. 90,613 5,097 * 17,150 10,632 Total .. .. .. 204,200 Less amount of loan subsequently treated as a gift by New Zealand Government (not in respect of any specific year) .. 25,000 Less repayment of temporary advances .. 6,000 Less repayment of principal— 1928-29 .. .. 8,000 1932-33 .. .. 26,155 1933-34 .. .. 3,000 68,155 Public debt .. £136,045 ■ '"1 * Inspection of Native lands absorbed into Native Department and of produce for export into Customs Department.

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Loan Account. No loan-money was raised during the year. Repayment to the extent of £3,000 was made in May, 1933, from sinking fund, the balance of which was £118 14s. 7d. at 31st March, 1934. The sum of £29,155, being accumulated moneys of the fund, has been applied to the redemption of debentures in accordance with the practice in New Zealand of using sinking-fund moneys for this purpose when the time seems appropriate. The effect is to reduce the total amount of the debt and the amount of interest payable, but the annual sum payable for debt-extinction remains practically unaltered. Revenue. The total amount collected on account of Customs duties and taxation during the financial year ended 31st March, 1934, amounted to £79,395, as compared with £88,777 for the financial year 1932-33, a decrease of £9,382. The following are the receipts under the principal headings : —

Note.—Refunds of export duty on copra, cocoa, and bananas during the respective years are shown in the statement below, together with net details of duty : —

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1932-33. i 1933-34. ! Increase. Decrease. £ £ £ -£ | £ Import duties .. .. .. .. 39,054 .. 26,84-7 .. 12,207 Export duties— £ Copra .. .. .. 16,138 16,845 Cocoa .. .. .. 1,748 1,829 Rubber .. . . .. 57 Bananas .. .. .. 8,692 10,740 26,635 29,414 2.779 I Shipping-fees .. .. .. .. 2,726 .. 2,662 .. 64 Wharfage dues and royalties .. .. 2,111 .. 2,085 ... 26 Taxes .. .. .. .. 8,370 .. 8,626 256 Miscellaneous, including medical liquor .. 9,881 .. 9,761 .. 120 88,777 .. 79,395 3,035 12,417 3,035 _ Decrease .. £9,382 Less refunds (see details below) .. .. 9,047 .. 12,228 79,730 67,167 Net decrease after making refunds .. .. .. .. .. £12,563 (Excludes taxes collected by Resident Commissioner, Savai'i, and district officers.)

1932-33. 1933-34. Collections. Refunds. Net Duty. Collections. Refunds. J Net Duty. £ £ £ £ £ £ Copra .. .. .. 16,138 1,224 14,914 16,845 2,100 14,745 Cocoa .. .. .. 1,748 .. 1,748 1,829 463 1,366 Bananas .. .. ' 8,692 7,823 869 10,740 9,665 1,075 Total refunds .. .. .. 9,047 ! .. .. 12,228 I

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J ADMINISTRATION OF WESTERN SAMOA.—BALANCE-SHEET AS AT 31st MARCH, 1934. Liabilities. Assets. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Capital Account .. .. .. 193,176 4 6 Lands and buildings .. .. .. .. 128,380 7 0 Loans— Roads and bridges .. .. .. .. 139,000 0 0 Public works and general pur- Plant and machinery .. .. .. .. 32,518 16 3 poses .. .. .. 139,045 0 0 Launches, boats, &c. .. .. .. .. 2,332 4 0 Less 4£ per cent, loans issued Buoys, beacons, and moorings .. .. . . 1, 241 0 0 under Finance Act, 1925, Motor and other vehicles .. .. .. 1,949 19 10 repaid out of sinking fund Arms and accoutrements .. .. .. 744 9 6 (1) Maturity. 25th January, Fire appliances .. .. .. .. 278 16 4 1928, £845; (2) maturity, Furniture and fittings .. .. .. 11,113 19 0 sth April, 1928, £2,155 .. 3,000 0 0 Mechanical office appliances .. .. .. 397 17 0 136,045 0 0 Medical and technical instruments and equipment.. 1,832 2 3 Sundry creditors — Libraries .. .. .. .. .. 260 13 4 Ordinary .. .. .. 578 16 6 Loose tools .. .. .. .. .. 567 18 9 Lands purchased .. .. 3,500 0 0 Saddlery and harness .. .. .. 125 18 2 — 4,078 16 6 Live-stock .. .. .. .. .. 354 0 0 Samoan currency notes .. 32,000 0 0 Consumable stores .. .. .. 11,011 6 5 Less unissued notes .. .. 2,000 0 0 Investments — £ s. d. 30,000 0 0 Public Debt Sinking Fund .. 118 14 7 Chinese Department— Samoan currency .. .. 32,000 0 0 Transportation Fund .. 11,396 4 7 Assets replacement .. .. 4,000 0 0 Sundry creditors .. .. 22 6 Mortgage over freehold in Apia 356 16 4 Sundry deposits held .. 8 15 3 Bank of New Zeala,nd, Apia: — 11,407 2 4 Fixed deposits .. .. 1,970 14 3 Post Office Savings-bank: Sundry Post Office Savings-bank .. 460 9 8 depositors .. .. .. .. 35,811 2 0 38,906 14 10 Sundry deposits — Chinese Fund — Held by Treasury .. .. 2,321 11 3 Investments in New Zealand .. 6,150 0 0 In departmental trust accounts 262 6 5 Mortgage oil freehold properties 2,583 17 8 in Samoa .. .. .. 789 7 6 Depreciation Reserve .. .. .. 34,354 11 8 Fixed deposits in Apia .. 1,029 5 9 Loans Sinking Fund .. .. .. .. 118 14 7 Bad Debts Reserve .. .. .. .. 2,059 0 0 7,968 13 3 Sundry debtors .. .. 3,438 9 1 — — 11,407 2 4 Post Office Savings-bank— Investments in New Zealand .. 32,476 0 0 Fixed deposit in Samoa .. 2,000 0 0 Cash in Bank of New Zealand, Apia .. .. .. 1,335 2 0 —— — 35,811 2 0 Sundry debtors — Ordinary .. .. .. 10,369 10 5 Tulaele Farm : Deferred principal 609 15 0 10,979 5 5 Sundry advances .. .. .. 333 17 5 Payments in advance .. .. .. 245 610 Cash and bank balances — Cash in hand, Resident Commissioner, Savaii .. .. 19 13 3 Cash in Deposits Account, New Zealand Treasury .. .. 7,013 2 9 Bank of New Zealand, Apia and Wellington .. .. 1,495 18 10 Imprest Account, London .. 93 18 9 Deposits held in departmental trust accounts .. .. 262 6 5 Remittances in transit .. 29 0 0 8,914 0 0 ' Balance, Revenue Account, for year .. 10,927 12 7 £449,634 9 3 £449,634 9 3 .t 1 ' .v-.'' V,';

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VII,— DIRECT TAXES. The direct taxes are —

In addition there are the usual motor-vehicle licenses, water rates, and similar fees. VIII.—INDIRECT TAXES. The principal revenue of the Territory is derived from Customs duties—see annual reports on " Trade, Commerce, and Shipping " —store and copra house and other taxes as set out in the Revenue Ordinance, 1929, and the port and shipping fees defined in the Port Control Ordinance, 1932. The law as to stamp duties was brought up to date in the Stamp Duty Ordinance, 1932. Imports in 1933 were 86-8 per cent, of the value of exports, as compared with 824 per cent, in 1932. This rise is due to the fact that the value of exports dropped by approximately £10,000, while the imports remained at practically the same level as the previous year. IX,— TRADE. The depressed condition of the world's markets is reflected in the trade figures of the Territory, which show a further slight decline of 2-76 per cent, as compared with 1932. Copra and cacao values are extremely low, and, as these are the most important products of the Group, local conditions cannot improve until there is a corresponding improvement in the overseas markets. The Administration have appreciated the position in which growers find themselves, and in November last the full export tax of £2 per ton and inspection fees of 3s. 9d. per ton on cacao were remitted temporarily. In addition a simultaneous remission of 10s. per ton of the copra export duty was granted, thus reducing the tax to £1 per ton. This was subsequently further reduced to 10s. per ton. The following return shows the principal exports, and the total values of the exports, imports, and total trade of the Territory for recent years : —■

As was done in the previous report, the above figures are given in respect of complete years instead of by quarters as formerly. Imports. The following is a table of the principal countries of origin : —

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Received 1933-34. j 1932-33. [_ £ £ (a) Personal tax of £1 5s. per annum payable by male adnlt Europeans 664 736 (b) Graduated salary-tax, from £1 on £200-£300, to £30 over £1,500 .. 427 444 (c) Building-tax, 1 per cent, per annum of capital value of European 2,274 2,250 buildings

Exports. Imports. Calendar Year. Copra. Cacao. Bananas. Total Total iraae. Total Tota , Vah „, Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Cases. Value. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1927 .. 11,665 242,672 792 48,216 .. .. 335,978 304,369 640,347 1928 .. 15,989 319,259 959 69,507 22,815 11.219 422,175 326,553 748,728 1929 .. 12,941 205,330 677 46,286 53,652 24,640 293,938 288,849 582,787 1930 .. 12,285 166,221 1,007 61,294 95,867 44,259 284,515 275,355 559,870 1931 .. 11,062 109,220 620 35,284 85,231 39,022 194,447 164,950 359,397 1932 .. 10,879 108,698 825 49,712 66,715 20,016 183,028 150,902 333,930 1933 11,526 101,347 899 41,813 81,983 26,999 173,837 150,856 324,693

1931. 1932. 1933. Countries. Value. Percentage. Value. Percentage. Value. Percentage. £ £ £ United Kingdom .. .. 29,286 17-8' 32,213 21-3 30,762 20-4 New Zealand .. .. 56,450 34-2 54,403 36-1 51,034 33-8 Australia .. .. .. 35,468 21-5 31,707 21-0 33,643 22-3 United States of America .. 23,805 14-4 12,105 8-0 12,117 8-0 Other countries .. .. 19,941 12-1 20,474 13-6 23,300 15-5 Totals .. .. 164,950 100-0 150,902 100-0 150,856 100-0

A.—4.

Exports. Copra, Cacao, and Rubber are dealt with in the report on Agriculture. Bananas.—This scheme commenced in May, 1928, when the New Zealand Government motorvessel " Maui Pomare " was brought into the run between Samoa and New Zealand ports. To the end of 1933 a total of 406,263 cases, valued at £166,155, was exported. Growers dispose of their fruit for a fixed price to the Administration, which then ships and undertakes full responsibility for its disposal in New Zealand, the growers having no further pecuniary interest in the particular shipment. As a result of private shipments from Samoa by other vessels having an unsettling effect on the market, an export tax of 2s. 6d. per case was imposed to protect the young industry. This duty applied to all fruit shipped and was paid by the shippers, whether Government or private, a refund of 2s. 3d. being allowed on all fruit shipped by the Administration, the remaining 3d. being retained to cover cost of administration. The net effect is to give a protection of 2s. 3d. a case to shipments made by the Administration. The good reputation established by Samoan bananas in the New Zealand market is reflected in the increase of over 15,000 cases exported in 1933 as compared with the previous year. Further details relative to trade are given in " Trade, Commerce, and Shipping of the Territory of Western Samoa for the Calendar Year, 1933," and in the graphs appended to this report.

Shipping. Overseas Merchant Shipping entering Port of Apia.

Also (1933-34) : 4 British, 2 American, 1 French, and 1 German warships ; 1 British, 1 French, and 1 German yacht. No overseas sailing-vessels. The regular monthly steamer service maintained by the Union Steamship Co., Ltd., for many years past has now been postponed indefinitely, leaving only two regular connections monthly with New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, and Pago Pago. X. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION. The Samoa Act, 1921, prescribes the judiciary for the Territory. Almost all judicial functions are performed by the Chief Judge, the one other Judge (who returned to New Zealand in March, 1934), exercising jurisdiction principally when the Chief Jiidge is absent from Apia. During a period of about eight weeks, when both Judges were otherwise engaged, one of the two Commissioners of the High Court resident in Apia disposed of all minor cases. The Land and Titles Commission is a special branch of the High Court constituted under the authority of the Samoa Native Land and Titles Commission Order, 1924. It is the only Court having jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate upon claims or disputes between Samoans relating to Native land, Samoan names or titles, or succession to any property or rights in accordance with Samoan custom. During the year the Commission was occupied for sixteen sitting-days and heard six cases involving over two hundred Natives. In its civil jurisdiction the High Court recorded judgments in 180 cases ; 34 cases were either struck out or withdrawn. The total sums sued for amounted to £4,781. Four divorces were granted and one petition refused. Particulars of criminal cases are given in the tables hereunder, which show a substantial decrease in the number of cases reported.

10

Financial Year ended 31st March, 1933. 31st March, 1934. British. Other. Total. British. Other. Total. Number of vessels .. .. .. 85 36 121 75 42 117 Tonnage, vessels .. .. .. 61,603 30,028 91,631 69,361 34,977 104,338 Tons cargo, inwards .. .. .. 9,312 1,920 11,232 6,864 1,708 8,572 Tons cargo, outwards .. .. .. 11,433 9,496 20,929 12,506 6,893 19,399

Criminal Offences in the Period 1st April, 1933, to 31st March, 1934.

A.— 4.

11

1932-33. 1933-1934. 1 — tu O 0flenC63 - §| 11 Number Arrested or Summoned. Convicted in High Court. Dismissed or Withdrawn i I la ; i I I I ° £ ° £ Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Misleading justice— M . F . M . f. m. j F. M. F. I M. f. m. f m f m Escape from lawful custody .. ••9 3 2.... X 2 1 Contempt of Court .. .. 20 4 4 .. " 3 ' '' i '' '' '' '' '' " Conspiring to pervert course of justice .. .. 2 2 .. .. . '' " '' '' I '' 9 '' '' '' '' "' *' Offences against morality— ' '' '' I '' '' '' "" '' ~ ■" •' • • • ■ • • 2 Adultery ......... 42 1 i 1 1 1 X Abduction, carnally to know .. ..10 11 10 .. X 8 " " 1 " 9 " " " " " " Carnal knowledge .. .. .... 1 1 " " '' X '' '' '' '' ' ' 1 Offences against the person— '' '' '' '' '' " " " '' '' '' '' ■ • ■ • 1 Assault, common ...... 74 38 30 1 2 .. 5 26 1 2 5 4 ,,, Assault, indecent .. .. 10 2 2 .. o " ' '' " ' ' ' ' '' Actual or grievous bodily harm 17 11 11 ' '' ' jq '' '' '' '' '' ' j ' ' '' '' ' ' '' ■ • ® Rape .. .. .. .. 2 i i ;; " " 1 f Murder .. .. .. .. x 2 2 .. " " " " " 'Ô* " " " " " " Manslaughter .. .. .. X 2 2 .. '' '' "' j '' '' ' * '' " " '' '' '' '' * Attempted suicide .. .. .. .. 3 X 1 1 ' X i i ' '' '' ' ' * * Bigamy .. .. .. .. 2 3 •• Buggery .. .. .. " '' 2 Offences against property rights— Burglary ........ 10 2 2 2 . •• 104 X33 95 15 '5 !! i6 'l 87 I 14 ' 5 " '7 'i ' 8 'i 3 " 29 Wilful mischief .. .. 18 7 7 7 '' '' '' Forgery and uttering .. .. ..15 3 .. " " " 3 ' ' o Receiving stolen property .. .. .. 5 4 i '' " '' , '' ''' '' •• •• •• 5 Trespass .. \ / .. .. 30 47 45 'l . " " 43 1 " 'j " Ô « " Breaking and entering .. X0 9 3 X .. .. X X 3 X " " 1 'l ' j False pretences .. .. .... 4 3 X ' 3 X ' * " '' *' " '' Unlawful conversion to own use .. .. 4 3 _ _ '' 'j g '' '' '' '' *" '" '' "' • • ■ ■ Found in dwelling by night .. .. 2 X 1 ° 1 '' '' ' '' '' " '' '' '' Police offences— ' '' '' '" " '' '' '' •• •• "" •• • • • • 2 Threatening behaviour \ 3 3 .•. 3 Indecent exposure .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. '' '' " '' '' '' '' '' '' '' "' '' v • • • ■ Disorderly conduct .. .. ..35 7 1 '3 " 'i 'ô 'i 'q i 'A ® Drunkenness .. .. 6 .... .............. 28 Throwing stones .. .. .. .. 2 1 1 '' '' '' '' x X '' '' ' '' '' '' ' o Taking part in affray.. .. .. X9 .. .. '' " '' " " '' " Indecent acts .. .. .. I 2 X X '' '' '' \ '' '' '' '' '' '" '' '' j '' '' '" Resisting police .. .. .. 2 2 2 .. .. .. " '' X " " " " '' i '' '' .. 1 Vagrancy .. .. .. .. 16 . [ Witchcraft .. .. .. .. i .. .. - ■ ' '' '' '' '' " '' '' "' '' '' '' 1 • ■ • • • • • • • 1® Wandering pigs .. .. .. I .. ' 2 '' '' *' '' X '' '' '' ° 1 '' '' '' *' '' Failing to clean road front .. .. | 10 15 13 j 1 i ' X2 1 " ' 1 " 1 " *' ' " Cruelty to animals .. .. .. I .. . 5 5 I '' " 4 '' '' " j " '" '" " '' ® Riding without reins .. .. 9 i X9 18 [ " x " 18 " " " 1 " " " " " " Furiously riding horses .. .... 4 1 '' '' 4 ' * '' '' '' " '' '' '' '' ' * 10 Removing stones from foreshore .... 2 2 [ '' '' '' '' 2 '' " '' " " " " '' '' " '' Wandering animals .. .. ....2 1 I 1 • • • ■ •• .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2... Breach of the peace .. .. 3 3'.. '' " '' 3 '* ' * '• '• •• •• - -: Discharging gun to intimidate .. j X 1 ' ' ' '' X '' '' '' '' '' j I '' '' Placing stones in public place .. .. ..I 1 ..I.. '' '' x | '' '' '' i '' - - | ■ .. j .. .. j X * Indicates reduced to manslaughter.

A— 4.

12

Criminal Offences in the Period 1st April, 1933, to 31st March, 1934—continued.

1932-33. 1933-34. «J «S Offences. g> -a g« Number Arrested or Summoned. Convicted in High Court. Dismissed or Withdrawn. £ g g| g.| : j O g § & § & Samoans. Chinese. ' Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Samoans. Chinese. Europeans. Police offences— continued — m. i\ m. v. m. r. M. v. m. v. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. Exposing indecent document .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Casting offensive matter .. ..I.. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Threatening police constable .. ..[.. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Dangerous drugs (opium)—Opium offences .. 11 2 1 7 .. 1 .. 2 .. 5 .. 1 .. .. 1 2 .. .. .. 11 Liquor offences— Supplying liquor to Natives Other offences .. .. ..17 10 2 2 .. .. 4 2 2 2 .. .. 4 2 7 Arms Ordinance, breaches of 12 3 2 1 .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Road Traffic Ordinance .. .. 136 .. .. .. .. .. - Driving unlicensed .. .. .. .. 12 8 .. .. .. 4 j .. 8 .. .. .. 4 Overloading public vehicles .. .. .. 51 39 12 .. 34 10 .. 5 2 Driving without lights .. .. .. 5 3 2 .. 3 2 Failing to give name to traffic officer .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Using unlicensed vehicles .. .. .. 8 2 .. .. .. 6 .. 2 .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Driving without number plates .. .. 5 1 .. .. .. 4 .. 1 .. .. 4 Failing to stop when called .. .. .. 13 10 3 | .. 8 j 3 .. 2 Negligent driving .. .. .. .. 6 6 .. .. .. .. .. 6 j .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I .: Failing to equip public vehicle .. .. 9 .. .. .. .. 9 .. .. .. .. .. 9 Parking outside parking-area .. .. ! .. 2 2 .. .. .. .. .. 2 j .. Failing to keep to right side of road .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. Driving without rear light .. ..!.. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Carrying passenger without license .... 4 4 .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Bicycles with no lights .. .. .. 17 11 .. 1 .. 5 .. 10 .. 1 .. 5 .. 1 j Parking on wrong side .. .. .. 2 1 .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. 1 Driving on wrong side .. .. .. 4 1 .. .. .. 3 .. 1 .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Failing to stop after an accident .. .. 3 3 .. .. .. .. .. 3 Driving while intoxicated .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Dangerous driving .. .. .. .. 1 . . .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Miscell aneous— Failure to pay personal tax ■.. 197 10 10 6 .. .. 4 .. 187 Immigration Order .. .. .. 1 6 6 .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Maintenance of Authority in Native Affairs 8 18 j 17 1 .. 4 .. .. 13 1 .. 10 Order Seditious Organization Regulations .. .. 32 16 [ 12 .. 15 4 I .. 9 .. 32 Native Titles Protection Order .. 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. • • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Breach of Shops Ordinance .. .. .. 4 .. .. .. .. 3 1 .. .. .. .. 3 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Breaches of Port Control Ordinance .. .. 2 2 2 2 Overseas Permits Ordinance .. .. .. 4 3;.. .. .. 1 .. 3 ..!.. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Breach of section 240, Samoa Act .. .. 1 1!.. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Labour Ordinance, 1933 .. 42 38 3 .. 35 3 .. i 33 2 4 Overseas Labour Control Ordinance .. .. 2 .. .. 2 ,. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Overseas Contract Ordinance .. .. .. 3 2 1 .. .. .. .. 21 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Dogs Registration Ordinance .. 20 15 13 .. 1 .. 1 .. 12 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 5 Burying body on land not approved by .. 1 .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..' 1 Chief Medical Officer : , . . j " Totals .. .. .. 865 678 467 j 34 55 ..101 7 411 31 51 .. 87 7 64 2 4 .. 7 .. 202 389 Net decrease .. . . I .. .. I .. I I .. I .. .. I .. I .-. ..!..! .. I 187

A.—4.

XI,— POLICE AND. PRISONS. Establishment. The total European strength, which was sixteen at the commencement of the year, numbered fourteen on 31st March, 1934. The Native uniformed strength was thirty-six,- as compared with thirty-eight at the beginning of the year. In addition to the uniformed police there are two Native clerks and twelve messengers under the control of the Inspector of Police. One of the posts in Savai'i was closed during the year, leaving a total of four posts under direct control of District Officers and a fifth which is visited as required by the nearest District Officer. Prisons. On the Ist April, 1933, the total number of prisoners was 106. During the year 340 prisoners were admitted, and 367 discharged, 79 remaining in custody on 31st March, 1934. General. Statistics for 1933-34 given in the preceding chapter show a general decrease in crime in the Territory. Warrants held for execution on 31st March, 1933, were —For arrest, 11 ; for commitment, 13 ; and on 31st March, 1934, the numbers were 3 and 7 respectively. XII.—DEFENCE OF THE TERRITORY. No military forces or defensive bases are maintained in the Territory. XIII.—ARMS AND AMMUNITION. Transactions in firearms and ammunition are controlled by the Arms Ordinance, 1921. There is no suggestion of illicit traffic in Samoa, and the subject is one of no special significance. Importations during 1933-34 were as follows : — Arms— Smooth-bore shotguns, 2. Rifles (-22), 3. Revolvers, 1. Ammunition— Shot cartridges, 95,000. Rifle cartridges (-22 calibre only), 13,000. Revolver cartridges, 200. Sporting gunpowder, 50 lb. The above figures include private importations only, no arms or ammunition having been imported by the Administration during the past four years. The following table gives the total of registered firearms in the Territory as at 31st March, 1934 :—

XIV,— SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE NATIVES. As explained last year, the social system of the Samoan people is such that poverty cannot exist. All families (or more correctly " clans ") are well endowed with land, and as the soil is very fertile: they have little difficulty in growing all food-supplies required. Their wants in the way of clothing are few, and although the lavalava, or loin cloth, is now of European material it is for all general purposes the only clothing worn by adult men and children in ordinary village life, an additional upper garment usually being worn by the women. On formal occasions, more particularly when Europeans are present, the men wear shirts, and in some cases even collars, ties, and jackets. The Samoans are conservative in the matter of housing, in that they have shown no tendency to adopt European ideas as to design and construction, as has been done by other peoples of the Pacific having the same commercial contacts. This is due no doubt to the fact that Samoan Native houses are of particularly good design, being large, well ventilated, and cool. They have no walls, and are quite open to the air on all sides, resembling a beehive roof of cane thatch raised on posts, but are fitted with heavy blinds which when lowered, on the Venetian principle, give full protection from wind and rain. In the matter of housing, as in other directions, the economic aspect has played a part in postponing change, as all materials for a Samoan dwelling are grown by the people on their own land. The Native people are well and suitably housed, and it is in their interests that there should be no change.

13

European. Sarno&n. Total. Revolvers .... 11 .. 11 Rifles .... 42 .. 42 Shotguns .. .. 207 415 622 Total .. .. .. 675

A.—4

The Samoans are not afEected by the economic depression to the same extent as European communities, although the unprecedented low prices for their main product, copra, have resulted in their relying more on the local-grown foodstuffs than formerly. Lack of ready cash has seen the demand for European goods, such as tinned meats, tea, sugar, rice, kerosene, soap, &c., dwindle until it has almost disappeared in most districts, and it is hardly to be expected that there will be a revival for some considerable time. The production of food-supplies is well attended to, and the cultivation and planting of new areas for future supplies is kept up to date. The people generally show no particular keenness in seeking employment outside their own style of living, although during the last two years there is more evidence of a desire to add to their incomes in this manner. The extent to which Native Samoans participate in the Administration Service is indicated in a staff table in Chapter V of this report, and the chapter dealing with population (XXIII) contains information as to the gratifying way in which their numbers are increasing. The reports by Dr. Christophers on and Mr. G. McGregor of the Bishop Museum, referred to in the preceding year's report, have not yet been made available, but will be supplied to the Permanent Mandates Commission at the earliest possible date. XV,— LABOUR. As previously explained, engagement by Samoans in regular employment for wages is quite extraneous to the style of living of the bulk of the Native popidation ; and, as economic conditions leave the people completely free of need for such employment, there is no codification of conditions. Plantation work, when availed of, is usually arranged by contract with the head of those engaged. The work is not over arduous, being mainly weeding or cutting of copra, and the total number of Samoans so employed at any one time would probably not exceed four hundred. These conditions apply to the Reparation Estates equally with other plantations, but as already stated, there is no economic compulsion on Native Samoans to accept them. On the Ist April, 1933, there were 636 Chinese labourers in the Territory. During the year 4 died from natural causes, leaving a total on 31st March, 1934, of 632. This includes 584 indentured coolies, 47 restricted free settlers, and 1 coolie serving a sentence of life imprisonment. The conduct of the labourers during the year has been good ; the number of visits to the Commissioner's office was 4,156, as compared with 3,518 in 1932-33. Service is still contracted for periods of three years, but a minority of labourers, of good record are permitted to re-engage. Of the 119 Melanesian labourers in the Territory on Ist April, 1933, 20 were repatriated and 1 died during the year, leaving a total of 98, all in the employ of the New Zealand Reparation Estates. XVI,— FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE. All Samoans profess Christianity. There is complete freedom of conscience, and Article sof the Mandate is observed entirely. Mission work in education is referred to in the next succeeding chapter of this report, and in health services in Chapter XIX. XVII.—EDUCATION. The general scheme of progressive education is as follows : —• Grade I Schools (Village, Pastor, or Gatechist Schools —Missions). London Methodist Seventh Day Latter Day Roman Mission (79) Adventist Saints Catholic (170) | (Nil) (23) (77) Grade II Schools (Missions and Administration). Village Administration Sisters' Schools. Schools " ' • -Ia • v . ' (2) Training School (37) (3) (1) I 111 Vaipouli Malifa Intermediate | I I - "l I Avele Senior Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Colleges Colleges Colleges Colleges Colleges Ifi Ifi (European) (8). (4) (2) (4) (11) Day Schools Day Schools Special day (2).(2). schools (all grades) (2). Mission Schools. Grade I Schools (for boys and girls). —These are village schools taught by the village pastor, who is supplied by the mission concerned. Girls' Schools (Resident). —The girls of these schools are prepared for a higher standard of village life than is the lot of the average village girl. Samoan life is affected by the marriage of these girls

14

A.—4.

with members of their villages. Being mission schools, Christian education is one of the principal subjects. Boys' Schools (Resident). —Boys here are prepared as pastors or teachers, or for artisan work in the missions. Girls' Schools (Day).—These are found in the more densely populated districts. Religion, music, typewriting, and sewing are important subjects of the curriculum. Marist Brothers' Boys' School (Day).—This is an old-established school, situated in Apia. It is an undenominational primary school which educates boys to the New Zealand proficiency standard, and also prepares them for a commercial life in the business houses of Apia. The Grade II Schools (which are partly Administration and partly mission) are dealt with below. In the following table, relating to purely mission schools, the attendance figures for the more elementary schools are approximate :—

Table showing Number of European and Native Teachers in respective Schools.

General.—The majority of teachers in mission schools are Samoans, but a number of Europeans belonging to the various missions are also engaged in the work, especially where the resident schools are concerned. The school-age varies from three to four years (in pastors' schools) to thirty years (in the colleges). Grade II Schools. These are to be found in the chief villages. Schools are provided by the respective missions, while the teachers are paid, trained, and supplied by the Administration. All teachers are Samoan,' and instruction is given in that language, only a limited amount of English being taught. They are also brought to Apia for an annual refresher course, while Native Inspectors visit them frequently to report progress. There are now 39 of these schools, having total roll numbers at 31st March, 1934, of 2,830. The Samoan teaching staff numbers 58, of whom 36 have passed the New Zealand Proficiency Examination. Administration Schools. Avele (Resident). —This school is now functioning under Native teachers, whose work is supervised by the European Superintendent. Boys are taken to the proficiency standard, and a number subsequently find work in the Government Departments. Malifa and Vaipouli (Resident). —The boys are educated to Standard IV and then proceed to Avele for further training. As at the school just mentioned, Malifa and Vaipouli are under Native teachers, supervision being exercised by the European Superintendent. Agriculture is an important subject in the syllabus of each of the three schools above referred to, and they are self-supporting as far as food-supplies are concerned. Training School.—This is a day school for both sexes, and is functioning well under a Native staff. Ifi Ifi School (European).—The roll number has been maintained and good work is being done.

15

Totals. Pastors' and Catechists' Colleges, Colleges, Special Special Schools, Villages. Boys', Girls', Day Schools, Day Schools, o Grade I. Resident. Resident. Boys'. Girls'. Attendances. Missions. | Boys. Girls. Total. 1 |§ f || f J| | || | Boys. Girls. - I g g g l § I I London Mission .. 170 4,380 3,334 7,714 7 274 1 150 178 4,654 3,484 Roman Catholic .. 77 900 905 1,805 2 120 9 370 1 400 5 475 94 1,420 1,750 Methodist .. 79 909 1,473 2,382 3 111 1 40 2 27 ..85 1,047 1,513 Latter Bay Saints.. 23 400 200 600 2 90 2 85 1 47 1 38 29 537 323 Seventh Day Ad- .. 1 39 1 12 2 39 12 ventist 349 6,589 5,912 12,501 15 634 14 657 4 474 6 513 388 7,697 7,082 ■

Pastors' and Catechists' Colleges, Colleges, Special Special Schools, Boys,' Girls,' Day Schools, Day Schools, Totals. Villages. Resident. Resident. Boys'. Girls'. Grade I. Missions. 3 d fl a . A a II*iSggagagg I I 111 'i I I I I . 1 I , I London Mission .. .. 1 170 2 12 1 7 4 189 Roman Catholic .. .... 77 2 3 10 16 5 .. 8 5 25 101 Methodist, .. .. .. 3 79 2 6 1 3 .. 3 .. .. 6 91 Latter Day Saints .. .... 28 2 4 2 6 1 1 1 6 39 Seventh Day Adventist .. .. .. 2 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 *2 43 422

A.—4.

Particulars of average attendances and teaching staffs are given in the following table:—

In the New Zealand Proficiency Examinations at the end of 1933 the following results were obtained :—

XVIII,— LIQUOR AND DRUGS. (Information in the Form recommended by the Permanent Mandates Commission in the Report of its Twenty-first Session.) A. There were no changes in legislation or regulations issued during the year. B. The judicial statistics in Chapter X show ten persons arrested or summoned during 1933-34 for breaches of the laws and regulations relating to liquor. All were convicted. Figures for preceding years were — Arrested or „ . , , Convicted. summoned. 1932-33 .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 16 1931-32 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 4 1930-31 .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 30 C. Imports of spirits and alcoholic beverages during the year 1933-34 : —

For sacramental purposes 277 gallons of wine ; rectified spirits of wine for industrial purposes, nil. D. Production within the Territory is prohibited by law. E. Revenue derived from duties on importation 1933-34 : — £ s. d. Medicinal liquor (import duty 17| per cent, or 25 per cent., and Port and Customs service tax 5 per cent.) .. .. .. 709 14 0 Industrial liquor (ditto) .. .. .. .. .. Nil. Sacramental liquor (free of import duty ; Port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 319 0

16

Tfi Tfi Malifa Training Vainmili ' AvpIp Date ' (Boys and Girls). (Boy8 P only). j (Boys only). Totate ' 31st March, 1933 .. .. 229 536 80 86 931 30th June, 1933 .. .. 226 528 80 80 914 30th September, 1933 .. 221 556 82 60 919 31st December, 1933.. .. 219 554 63 80 916 31st March, 1934 .. .. 222 423 68 85 798 Teachers—European.. . . 9 .. .. . . 9 Samoan .... .. 17 4 4 25

School. Candidates presented. Pass Proficiency. Competency Ifi Ifi 15 9 3 Marist Brothers' .. . . .. 16 4 ■ 2 Marist Sisters' ...... 4 1 1 Avele ........ 19 16 3

Quantities issued under Average Approxi- Quantity Medical Permits. mate Percentage of imported, j — Countries of Origin. Alcohol by Weight.* 1933-34. | Spirituous liquors— Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Whisky .. .. 38-5 to 51-0 340 1,003 697| United Kingdom. Brandy .. . . 38-5 to 49-3 .. 65 40| Prance and Australia. Gin .. .. 40-6 400 377 344-f United Kingdom and Holland. Alcoholic beverages— Port and sherry .. 12-0 to 17-8 150 309J ]34J \ Claret .. .. 5-5 to 10-0 .. 26A 8 j" Australia. Stout .. .. 5-5 30 419 608 United Kingdom and Australia. Champagne .. 7-5 to 10-6 4 3§ 1 France. * The approximate percentages of alcohol by weight given above are those accepted by the Customs Department in New Zealand. Analyses have been made Qf samples of all brands of ale imported, with results showing percentages of alcohol by weight ranging from 1-51 to only 2-39. The ales imported into Western Samoa, therefore, although subject to regulations under the Samoa Act, 1921, do not come within the definition of " intoxicating beverages " as accepted by the Permanent Mandates Commission (minutes of the tenth session, page 182), and have accordingly been omitted from the return.

A.—4

These duties are the ordinary ad valorem rates applying to all goods not subject to specific rates of duty ; there is no authorization for higher specific rates of duty on liquor, for the rate of duty is immaterial, having regard to the fact that all liquor is sold by and for the Administration at prices approximating current retail prices in New Zealand. F. In view of the position explained in E, there are no other duties, license fees, or taxes. G. There is no Native beverage containing alcohol. The Native drink " kava," if allowed to stand, does not ferment, and after a few hours becomes stale and unpalatable. It is not consumed in Western Samoa in sufficient strength or quantity to have toxic effects. H. General information with regard to liquor, in addition to the above, was given in the Eighth Report, 1928. During 1933-34 there were eleven offences reported, and eight convictions under the Samoa Dangerous Drugs Order, 1930. XIX,— HEALTH. The staff consists of three European Medical Officers, seven Native medical practitioners and bacteriological and nursing staffs, the complete Health service comprising fourteen Europeans, fortyseven Native Samoans, as well as two Chinese dressers. Hospitals and Dispensaries. Admissions to hospitals Apia Hospital— 1932. 1933. Europeans .. .. .. .. .. .. 237 198 Samoans .. .. .. .. .. .. 458 463 Chinese .. .. .. .. .. .. 248 206 Melanesians .. .. .. .. .. 26 23 969 890 Tuasivi Hospital .. .. .. .. .. 94 103 Aleipata Hospital .. .. . . .. .. 175 120 Safotu Hospital (closed March, 1932) .. .. .. 5 Total in-patients .. .. .. .. .. 1,243 1,113 Out-patients: Hospitals and dispensaries .. .. 12,240 11,'979 Grand totals .. .. .. .. .. 13,483 13,092 Deaths in hospitals .. .. .. .. .. 48 50 Main Diseases. (a) I aws. The second year of the village to village campaign was completed in October, and 38,644 injections of Neoarsphenamine were given, showing a marked falling-off in numbers as compared with 74,088 injections given in 1932. There are many factors which account for this falling-off. As a rule it was found that there was a considerable improvement in the character of the lesions as compared with those found in the 1932 campaign. (b) Leprosy.—There were nineteen lepers undergoing treatment in Makogai at the Central Leper Asylum at the end of 1933, whilst there are eleven awaiting transfer at Apia Hospital. (c) Bacillary Dysentery is endemic, only nine cases were reported in the Territory. (d) Dengue is also endemic ; no case was reported during the year. (e) Respiratory Diseases. Bronchitis, lobar and broncho-pneumonia Thirteen cases notified. (/) Venereal Diseases. —A few cases of gonorrhoea were attended during the year. (g) Helminthic Diseases.—Ascaris, hookworm, and trichuris. The former is very common, and hookworm is seen occasionally, but no cases of a severe type. (h) Enteric Fever Group (including Para-typhoid A and B).—-Seventy-six cases were notified. (i) Tuberculosis .—-Pulmonary and other types ; ninety-four cases were reported. (k) Influenza. —-One case was notified. (I) Filariasis is endemic ; seven hydroceles and one elephantoid scrotum were operated upon. Other Diseases.—Measles, two cases ; beriberi, one case ; fifty-nine abscesses due to filariasis and myositis tropica. Shin Diseases.—Scabies, ringworm, and furunculosis are common. Mental Defectives, of whom there are seven, are quartered in Vaimea Prison, in a separate annexe, and with their attendants are under the care of the Chief Medical Officer. Sanitation and Hygiene. A sanitary survey of both islands has been completed, and a full report will shortly be published. Native Medical Practitioners. The Native medical practitioners employed by the Administration hold diplomas entitling them to practice medicine and surgery in Western Samoa. The course has now been extended to four years, and. it is anticipated that a very good type of practitioner will eventuate. The Samoan quota is four out of a total of forty students, and the Administration pays all expenses whilst they are in training.

3—A. 4.

17

A.—4.

Infant Mortality. Deaths (Samoans) at Different Ages.

The infant-mortality rates, per 1,000 registered births, have been as follow Year. Year. Year. Year. 1923 .. 200 1926 .. 106 1929 .. 70 1932 .. 121 1924 .. 153 1927 .. 101 1930 .. 61 1933 .. 114 1925 .. 186 1928 .. 58 1931 .. 11l During the years 1926 to 1930 notifications of births and deaths were neglected by the Natives, and it is a likely corollary of this deficiency that infant deaths would have escaped registration in greater proportion than all others. In consequence, though the rate of infant mortality is serious, it shows no definite evidence of increase, while the Native population generally is increasing at the rate of over 3 per cent, per annum (see Population, Chapter XXIII). Tlvi matter is engaging the earnest attention of the Administration. Participation by Missions in Medical Work. All the missions of different denominations purchase stocks of drugs and dressings at the Apia Hospital dispensary from time to time, and use them in their schools. Laboratory. Specimens examined number 1,066 ; X-ray examinations, 19 ; and Kahn. tests for yaws, 5,345.

Meteorological.

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Number of Deaths. I Percentage of Total Deaths. 1931. 1932. : 1933. j 1931. I 1932. ! 1933. _ j [ | ' J |_ I _ Under 1 week .. .. .. .. 17 20 ; 18 2-89 : 3-74 3-70 From 1 week to 1 month . . .. 13 16 24 2-21 2-99 4-94 From 1 month to 3 months . . . . 14 13 1 31 2-39 2-43 6-38 From 3 months to 6 months .. . . 20 26 41 3-40 4-86 8-44 From 6 months to 12 months .. .. 89 79 : 55 15-17 : 14-77 11-32 From 1 year to 2 years .. .. .. 42 36 33 7-16 6-73 6-79 From 2 years to 3 years .. .. . . 47 27 19 8-00 5-05 3-91 From 3 years to 4 years . . .. . . 16 14 16 2-73 2-60 3-29 From 4 years to 5 years . . .. .. 15 7 12 2-56 1-31 2-47 From 5 years to 10 years . . .. 46 24 16 7-83 4-49 3-29 Over 10 years . , .. .. .. 268 273 221 45-66 51-03 45-47 Totals .. .. .. 587 535 486 100-00 100-00 100-00

(Readings taken at Apia Observatory, Mulinu'u Point, at Sea-level.) Month. Pressure. Temperature. Rainfall. Humidity. Sunshine. Wind. Per Cent. Miles per 1933. In. °F. In. (9 a.m.) Hours. Hour. January .. .. 29-728 79-5 23-01 82 162-1 6-3 February .. .. 29-770 79-7 22-71 79 168-6 5-1 March .. .. 29-795 78-7 11-41 81 157-5 3-9 April .. .. 29-830 79-1 j 17-04 81 174-8 4-1 May .. .. 29-866 79-6 3-69 78 233-8 4-2 June .. .. 29-874 78-9 i 1-93 75 259-2 2-5 July .. .. 29-884 77-3 5-95 76 251-3 2-6 August .. .. 29-933 77-9 ; 1-75 72 281-4 3-8 September .. .. 29-900 78-0 i 10-70 76 215-7 * October .. .. 29-865 78-4 j 9-71 78 216-3 8-2 November .. .. 29-821 78-7 j 12-63 77 220-2 6-3 December .. .. 29-808 77-9 J 15-63 82 145-7 4-6 Total .. .. .. j .. 136-16 .. 2486-6 Mean .. ..I 29-839 ! 78-6 .. 78 * Anemometer dismantled lst-14th. New tower erected.

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Notes on Tropical Storms and other Disturbances, 1933-34. April, 1933. —On the 6th of April a tropical cyclone was centred near Vila in the New Hebrides. The barometer fell to 2940 in., and the wind rose to force 8 from south-south-east. September, 1933. —Wet weather and unusual westerly winds were experienced in Samoa due to the development of a shallow depression between Samoa and Tonga on the 27th. January, 1934.—A tropical cyclone formed in the New Hebrides on the 15th, moving on a southerly course. The barometer was reported to read 28-93 in. on the 16th at Port Vila, and the wind rose to force 10 from the north-west the same day. Rarotonga experienced strong winds from the north-west on the 31st. These winds were associated with a cyclonic depression near the Cook Islands. March, 1934.—Strong east winds were experienced at Norfolk Island from the 14th to the 16th. They were associated with high readings of the barometer to the south. XX,— LAND-TENURE. Under the Samoa Act, 1921, all land is legally— («) Crown land, vested in the Crown free from Native title or any estate in fee-simple, of which there are (including New Zealand Reparation Estates) 103,630 acres ; or (b) European land, being land acquired (mainly prior to 1900) for an estate in fee-simple, of which there are 40,000 acres ; or (c) Native land, being land vested in the Crown as trustee of the beneficial owners thereof, and held by the Crown subject to Native title—i.e., Native land communally owned, of which there are 581,370 acres. Titles to Crown land, European land, and European interests in Native land (leases) are registered by the Administration. Titles to Native land, when in dispute, are adjudicated upon by the Land and Titles Commission referred to in Chapter X of this report, and determined in accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race. Usurious contracts with Natives are unenforceable at law, and Native land is incapable of being taken in execution for the payment of the debts of a Samoan on his decease or insolvency. Generally, alienation of Native land is prohibited, save an alienation or disposition in favour of the Crown. Provision has been made for sale of Native land in the Apia town area, and His Majesty may grant a lease of Native land for a period not exceeding forty years, but in each instance the grant is made only if the Administration are satisfied that the transaction is in accordance with the desires and in the interest of the Native owners and in conformity with the public interest. Although large areas in the interior of each of the two main islands are incapable of cultivation, there is more than ample Native land available for all requirements of the indigenous population. XXI,— FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE. Forests. The mountainous interior, comprising by far the greater portion of the area of both principal islands, is completely covered with virgin native forest. The Territory has been visited on occasion by representatives of milling interests, who have formed the opinion that the indigenous forest has insufficient millable trees to the acre to be profitable, whilst afforestation with exotic species is rather discouraged by the steep and ravine-cleft nature of the country. On European plantations teak is planted in a small way, but quite successfully, for general utility. Agriculture. The circumstances of the Territory do not warrant the maintenance of a separate Administration Department of Agriculture, but there is inspection of all produce exported. Copra is the staple product of the Territory ; it is produced approximately 75 per cent, by Natives, and the output of the New Zealand Reparation Estates accounts for roughly two-thirds of the balance. Exports for the three years 1931-33 averaged 11,156 tons, a drop of nearly 2,000 tons •from the average of the previous five years. There is considerable fluctuation in local stocks held between shipments, and for this reason records are kept of Native production as distinct from export, as indicated in the following : — v Exported. Native Production. Lear " Tons. Tons. 1931 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,062 7,644 1932.. .. .. .. .. .. 10,879 11,103 1933.. .. .. .. .. .. 11,526 8,271 Cacao is produced in Western Samoa primarily by Europeans, and is of very high quality, being a standardized hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, but with the Criollo predominating, and in a fairly recent report of the Imperial Economic Conference on Cocoa, which classified the world's production into three broad divisions as to quality, Samoan was included in the finest. Export during the three years 1931-33 averaged 781 tons, an increase on the average of 758 tons for the previous five years. The " black pod " disease is still attracting attention, and the Administration are co-operating with the planters in their efforts to stamp it out. In this connection much assistance has been received from other countries where this disease is known.

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Bananas continue to be a considerable source of assistance to both European and Native growers in augmenting the diminished returns from their main products. The price of 3s. per case at the beginning of 1933 was increased to 4s. in November and further increased to 4s. 6d. in March, 1934. These increases were due to the better prices received in New Zealand, and have resulted in keen competition between growers for shipping space. Particulars of the banana-export scheme are given in the report on trade (Chapter IX). Rubber (Hevea Braziliensis) is planted to some extent, and export of a good-quality smoked sheet reached 167 tons in 1928. Owing to the very low values being experienced at present there is no production in the Territory. In 1931 the European planters formed themselves into a Planters' Association, which assists the Administration considerably in all questions concerning products of the Territory. An important step in the control of various diseases affecting Samoan crops was taken during the year, when Mr. H. W. Simmonds, Entomologist to the Fijian Government, was seconded to the Administration for a period of three months. During that time he made careful inquiry into the diseases and pests present in the Territory, special attention being paid to those affecting the coconut, cacao, and bananas ; while the minor crops (coffee, taro, tobacco, teak, kumeras, avocado pears, and citrus fruits) were also the subjects of thorough investigation. The various recommendations and suggestions made by Mr. Simmonds are at present being carefully considered with a view to their application as early as possible, and it is felt that there is every prospect of a successful war being waged against some of the more important enemies to Samoan plant life as far as funds permit. XXII.—MINES. There are no mines nor any known mineral deposits of value in the Territory. XXIII.—POPULATION. Statistics for the calendar year 1933 are as follows : —

These figures have been based on returns received over the period since last census, on 31st December, 1925, but a further count of the population taken in course of the yaws campaign now gives a Native population at 31st December, 1933, as shown in parenthesis above, indicating that the statistics have been conservative. As shown above, the Samoan Native population continues to show a gratifying increase. The comparatively large number of Native Samoans arriving and departing throughout the year is the result of the close proximity of American Samoa, frequent visits being made to their friends and relatives by Natives of both portions of the Group. XXIV,— PUBLIC WORKS. In addition to the usual maintenance and repair work on existing buildings a corrugated iron shelter for the protection of bananas awaiting shipment was erected on the Customs wharf, and an Anemometer tower 50 ft. high was built at the Observatory. During the year 98 chains of road was bitumen-sealed, 32 chains metalled and sealed with a patent emulsion, and 48 chains metalled. A considerable amount of repair work and maintenance of roads and bush tracks was also carried out, while a new track was constructed by the Natives of Fagaloa Bay with some assistance from the Administration. A reinforced concrete bridge in Upolu and three wooden bridges in Savai'i were erected during the year, and repair work was carried out on two old bridges. Owing to damage caused by heavy seas it was found necessary to effect repairs to 122 lineal feet of sea wall at Apia. The hydro-electric branch operated without incident during the year and revenue was fully maintained.

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Net -A- 3 1st January, Births Deaths Mar- Arrivals Ttenartnrpei As at 31st Increase 1933. deaths. riageS- Arrivals. Departures. December, 1933. or Decrease. _ .. . M. F. ! M. j F. ! M. : F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Europeans .. 368 244 j 3 | 3 3 1 4 140 108 155 106 353 248 - 11 Native Samoans 22,644 21,482 785 696 269 217 130 443 276 424 270 23,179 21,967 + 1,020 (24,696) (23,790) (+4,360) Persons of European 1,179 1,144 37 37 10 3 15 108 109 97 123 1,217 1,164 + 58 and Samoan descent Chinese labourers 638 6 632 .. — 6 Melanesian labourers 119 1 .1 20 .. 99 .. — 21 and dependants 24,948 22,871 825 736 288 222 149 691 493 696 499 25,480 23,379 +1,040 (26,997) (25,202) (+4,380) Totals .. 1?561 ~5K> 1J84 ~1?195 48^859 (52,199)

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APPENDICES.

Graph showing Values of Import, Export, and Total Trade of Western Samoa, 1910-33 (inclusive).

(Values shown are averages for each period.)

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DETAIL EXPORT GRAPH.

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NATIVE COPRA PRODUCTION.

Graph showing Averages for each Period.

Approximate Cost of Paper— Preparation, not given ; printing (1,110 copies, including maps and graphs), £87 10s.

By Authority: G. H. Loney, Government Printer, Wellington. —1934.

Price 7s.]

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WESTERN SAMOA