Papers Past | Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1932 Session I-II | REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR...

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1932. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1931. [In Continuation of E.-1, 1931.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS.

Section Title ot Section - Page Section Title 01 Section - Pa B e 1. Introductory and General .. .. 2 20. Junior High Schools and Departments .. 28 2. Types of School .. .. .. 5 21. Post-primary Education .. .. .. 28 3. Cost of Education.. .. .. 5 22. Evening Technical Classes and Part-time Day 4. School Buildings and Sites .. .. .. 7 Classes .. .. .. .. 29 5. Number of Schools .. .. 7 23. Native Schools .. .. .. 29 6. Enrolment at Educational Institutions .. 8 24. Registered Private Primary Schools .. .. 30 7. Regularity of Attendance .. .. 12 25. Private Secondary Schools (Registered) .. 31 8. Staffs of Schools .. .. .. .. 12 26. Correspondence School .. .. . . 31 9. Number of Pupils and Adult Teachers in the 27. Kindergarten Schools .. .. .. 31 Public Primary Schools of the different Eduea- 28. Consolidation of Schools .. .. .. 32 tion Districts .. .. .. .. 14 29. Conveyance of Pupils .. .. .. 32 10. Size of Classes .. .. .. . . 15 30. Manual Instruction .. .. .. 34 11. Classification of Teachers .. .. 16 31. Physical Education .. .. 34 12. Salaries of Teachers .. .. 19 32. School Music .. .. .. 34 13. Pupils leaving Primary Schools .. .. 21 33. Training of Teachers .. .. .. 34 14. Pupils commencing Post-primary Course in 34. Inspection .. .. .. .. 36 State Schools .. .. .. .. 21 35. Higher (University) Education .. .. 37 15. Destination of Pupils .. .. .. 22 36. Annual Examinations .. .. .. 37 16. Vocational Guidance and Placement.. . . 25 37. Child-welfare .. .. .. .. 39 17. Length of Post-primary Course .. .. 26 38. Teachers' Superannuation Eund .. .. 40 18. Free Places in Post-primary Schools.. .. 27 Appendix — Statement of Expenditure and Re--19. Special Classes for Backward Children .. 28 coveries, &c. .. .. .. ..41

Office of the Department of Education, Your Excellency,—• Wellington, 31st August, 1932. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1931. I have, &c., R. Masters. His Excellency the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand. I—E.1—E. 1.

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REPORT.

i. INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. Since ī assumed tlie portfolio of Education on the 22nd September, 1931, I have had the unenviable task of effecting reductions in expenditure in almost every branch of the Service. At the outset it is but fair to say that the Government has been very loath indeed to curtail educational facilities, realizing as it does the paramount importance to the people of maintaining a sound education system. The severe financial depression through which this country is passing, in common with most other countries to-day, made it imperative that economies should be effected in all Departments of the State, and it was impossible to avoid reducing expenditure on education. Every care has, however, been taken to effect economies that will have the least harmful effect on the system as a whole. The earnest desire of the Government to maintain the essential parts of the system is evidenced by the fact that, although the National Expenditure Commission felt impelled to recommend some very drastic economies, not all of these were adopted by the Government. The task was rendered more difficult by the fact that no less than 80 per cent, of the total sum of money appropriated annually by Parliament for current expenditure on education is spent on salaries. When this item was excluded there remained, apart from capital expenditure and superannuation subsidy, only about £700,000 on which reductions might be effected. The difficulty of making reductions from this figure can be seen by a comparison of the following large items which are included in the table below :— £ Maintenance of buildings . . . . . . ... 154,995 Conveyance .. .. .. .. .. 84,123 School Committee grants .. .. .. .. 104,001 University grant, scholarships, and bursaries .. 111,564 Allowance to training college students . . . . 121,916 Child-welfare .. .. .. .. .. 123,065 £699,664 Up to the 31st March last the following were the principal economies effected : —

Reduction in Expenditure, 1931-32, as compared with 1929-30.

f Expenditure, Expenditure, \ „ , ,. 1929-80. 1931-32. j Reduction. I £ £ £ Salaries of Teachers, Instructors, Child-welfare Officers, In- 2,626,628 2,346,943 279,685 spectors of Schools, and departmental officers Subsidies to primary, secondary, and technical schools, and 39,768 2,132 37,636 University colleges Subsidies to public libraries . . . . . . . . 2,998 .. 2,998 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 154,995 106,480 48,515 Manual instruction .. .. .. .. 90,951 73,156 17,795 Travelling-expenses of Inspectors of Schools, Child-welfare 25,331 18,937 6,394 Officers, &c. Education Boards'administration .. .. .. 39,148 34,633 4,515 National Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 11,183 9,787 1,396 School and class libraries, &c. .. .. .. .. 2,052 .. 2,052 School Journal—Printing, &c. .. .. 7,001 5,772 1,229 Grants to University of New Zealand and constituent colleges 71,207 53,309 17,898 University Scholarships and Bursaries .. .. .. 26,663 15,648 11,015 Workers'Educational Association .. .. 3,500 3,031 469 Allowances to training college students .. .. .. 121,916 104,341 17,575 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,567 3,370 4,197 Maintenance of children in child-welfare institutions.. .. 34,629 31,800 2,829 Material and stores, child-welfare .. .. .. .. 4,982 3,677 1,305 Printing and stationery .. .. .. .. .. 4,887 2,196 2,691 Gramophone records .. .. .. .. .. 3,918 154 3,764 Grants to Teachers'Superannuation Fund .. .. .. 143,000 43,000 100,000 New buildings, additions, &c. .. .. .. .. 443,885 259,932 183^953 Other* .. .. .. .. .. .. 315,569 327,189 -11,620| 4,181,778 3,445,487 736,291 * includes School Committee incidentals, conveyance and board nf pupils, boarding-out of children, &c. f Increase.

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Since 31st March further economies have been decided upon, the J most important of which at the time of writing are as follow : (1) A further reduction in salaries of from 5 to 12j per cent. ; (2) raising of the school age of admission from five years to six years ; (3) limitation of overscale salaries y (4) withdrawal of grants for sewing and science ; (5) reduction of grants to primary and postprimary Boards for administration ; (6) closing of two training colleges, one at Wellington and the other at Dunedin, and reduction in allowances to students ; (7) withdrawal of grants to kindergartens. The following figures show the extent to which reductions become effective in educational expenditure : — 1932-33. (Estimated 1929-30. Expenditure.) Reduction. Gross expenditure (including buildings, £ £ £ additions, &c.) .. .. .. 4,181,778 2,957,196 1,224,582 Many of the economies already decided upon do not become fully operative for some time —e.g., the closing of the training colleges at Dunedin and Wellington will reduce expenditure commencing in February next, the restriction of admission to pupils of six years of age will affect the grading of schools during the next two years, and the savings will become effective gradually during that period. As was to be expected, considerable opposition was met with when it was known that the education expenditure was to be reduced, but with a true realization of the straitened position of the finances of the Dominion this gradually disappeared and, generally speaking, the attitude of the various organizations changed to one of helpful co-operation. As a result, a very difficult and unpleasant task was rendered much lighter, and the thanks of the Government are due to all those who gave such valuable assistance during the period of stress. Owing to lack of finance, the activities of the Department have been somewhat restricted, but wherever possible improvements have been effected. During the year further steps in the direction of reorganization of the school system on the lines of the Hadow report (a report furnished by the Board of Education, Whitehall, London) were taken by a decision to establish a combined junior high (intermediate school) and district high school at Waihi where the existing building had been destroyed by fire. The junior primary pupils formerly attending the old district high school were transferred to the other two primary schools in the town and the senior primary pupils of Forms I and II (Standards Y and YI) were concentrated at the new school. In Napier a decision was reached to establish a new intermediate school in place of a technical school destroyed by earthquake, while in the same city the former academic high schools were combined with the technical school to form composite boys' and girls' post-primary schools. In Nelson the technical school is presently to be combined with the existing boys' and girls' secondary schools with, it is hoped, mutual benefit to the pupils of both types of schools. In New Plymouth a somewhat similar reorganization had taken place in 1927, with very satisfactory results. Other important changes were effected by legislation during the year. Education Boards were given the power to dispense with the services of married women teachers who were not dependent on teaching as a means of livelihood. The General Council of Education, which had functioned for many years in an advisory capacity to the Education Department, was abolished. Power was given the Department to effect transfers of teachers without loss of salary when schools were destroyed by fire, flood, or earthquake, and provision was also made whereby the Minister could have schools closed or consolidated. National Scholarships for post-primary schools were abolished, with the object of substituting boarding bursaries whenever the finances of the country permitted. Legislation was also provided extending the compulsory clauses in the Education Act to cover enrolment in the Department's Correspondence School, and ensuring that the pupils carry out the requirements of the courses of instruction. Lastly, provision was made exempting from rates any land set aside for school purposes. It is • appropriate that from time to time a review should be made of the standard of education in the Dominion. A comparison between the figures relating

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to illiteracy in 1864 and the present time would be interesting, but the Government Statistician has long ceased to collect or publish statistics relating to illiteracy, and it is safe to say that, except among race-aliens, mentally afflicted persons, and very young children, illiteracy in New Zealand has entirely disappeared. Further evidence of the rise in the standard of education in the Dominion is given by the following statistics : In 1914 there were no fewer than 579 uncertificated and unlicensed teachers in schools above Grade o—that is, in schools with an average attendance of nine and over, while in 1920 there were 329, in 1925 about 230, and in 1930 only 43. In all cases teachers in training have, of course, been excluded. Expressed in another way, the figures show that whereas in 1914 74 per cent, of the adult teachers in primary schools were certificated, in 1930 the percentage had risen to over 93. It is worth remarking here that in the elementary schools in England 73 per cent, of the teachers are certificated. Again, in 1918 only 8-3 per cent, of New Zealand primary-school teachers held Class A or Class B certificates, while in 1930 the percentage had risen to 19. Further, the proportion of primary teachers with the lower certificates fell from 52-5 per cent, in 1918 to 21 per cent, in 1930. The number of University graduates among primary-school teachers in 1920 was 244, or only 4-9 per cent. In 1925 the number rose to 329, or 5-7 per cent., and in 1930 to 385, or 6-2 per cent. The corresponding percentage in England was 3-19, in Scotland 27-11, in New South Wales 8-95, and in Victoria 9-47. Out of 1,237 teachers employed in 1930 in secondary schools, technical schools, and manual-training centres, 748, or 60 per cent., were University graduates. Taking primary and secondary teachers together, New Zealand had in 1930 14-7 per cent, of graduate teachers, while England had 14-2 per cent. A similar advance is shown in respect to general University education. In 1914 there were 211 passes for degrees, in 1918, owing to the war, the number fell to 146, but rose in 1925 to 516, and in 1930 to 521. In 1914 only 155 students held University bursaries, while in 1930 there were no fewer than 1,112, all of whom had in the secondary schools attained at least the standard required for the issue of a higher - leaving certificate. Otherwise expressed, the number of University bursars was 1-4 per 10,000 of the population in 1914, but was 7-8 per 10,000 in 1930. In 1914 the number of students who passed the Matriculation Examination of the New Zealand University was 617, or 5-6 per 10,000 of the population, while by 1930 the number had risen to 2,038, or 14'4 per 10,000 of the population. The number of pupils who qualified for and enjoyed free post-primary education was 8,942 in 1914, or 81 per 10,000 of the population, while in 1930 the corresponding figures were 28,812, or 203 per 10,000. During the last few years the practice of awarding proficiency certificates on an accrediting system has become more and more widely adopted. While there is much to be said in favour of such system as opposed to the method of basing awards on the results of an external examination, it is desirable that the accrediting system should be periodically overhauled and the results secured by accrediting subjected to an examination test. Last year such a test was made, and will, for checking purposes, be repeated this year. It is anticipated that these investigations will show whether or not the method of allowing head teachers to accredit their candidates can with safety be continued. In the past the award of Senior Free Places to pupils who have completed the ordinary junior post-primary course has been left almost entirely to the discretion of the principals of the schools concerned. The awards have always been subject to the oversight of the Inspectors, and have generally been made with satisfactory discretion and judgment. As in the case of the Proficiency Certificate Examination, it was, however, felt that the system should be tested periodically by holding a definite and, as far as possible, uniform examination of the candidates. By this means both the school principals and the officers of the Department would know whether or not the standard of appraisement of the pupils' fitness for further secondary education was sufficiently high and reasonably uniform throughout the Dominion. The results of this investigation, which will be held during the current year, will be looked forward to with interest, and will be recorded in my next annual report.

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2. TYPES OF SCHOOL. During a period of reconstruction the presentation of statistical information is a matter of some difficulty, owing to the fact that sharp lines of demarcation between schools of different types tend to disappear, while pupils who have reached the same stage in their educational life may be found in any one of several different types of school. The development of the junior high school and the establishment of combined schools are, in the main, responsible for the difficulties experienced in this connection. The present position in regard to our school system is outlined below. The Native schools and the Correspondence School are under the direct control of the Department; the other schools given in Table A are controlled by the various Boards in accordance with departmental regulations. In addition to the types given in that table there exist a number of private primary schools, private secondary schools, and Native schools (both primary and secondary). These are under the control of various private bodies, but the range of classes is substantially the same as that given for corresponding schools in the table. Some of these private secondary schools are " endowed " —i.e., are maintained partly by revenues derived from grants of land made by the State. There are no private technical schools. Apart from certain special schools—for the mentally backward (three) and for the deaf (one) —the following are the types of State schools that are at present in operation. The Institute for the Blind is privately controlled.

Table A.

(a) A few primary schools have a Standard VII, in which the work done approximates to that done in Form 111. A few other primary schools have been " decapitated " —i.e., have lost Forms I and 11, these classes having been transferred to junior high schools or departments. (b) Junior-high-school departments include Forms I and II only, Form 111 being considered part of the postprimary school to which the junior-high-school department is attached. (c) In some secondary Departments of district high schools there will be found a few pupils doing work in advance of that of Form V. The number of these pupils is, however, almost always too few to constitute a Form VI. (d) In technical schools, as a rule, the Sixth Forms are much smaller in size than in either a secondary school or a combined school. (e) Certain secondary and technical schools have been combined and placed under a single governing body. These " combined schools " retain the special characteristics of both secondary and technical schools. (/) The average age at which pupils enter the primary department of the Correspondence School has little meaning as pupils are, to a large extent, transfers from other schools. 3. COST OF EDUCATION. The appendix to this report shows in detail under various headings the expenditure on education during the financial year ended 31st March, 1932. The total expenditure, including endowment revenue, amounted to £3,469,843 as against £4,174,855 in the previous year, a decrease of £705,012. An analvsis under the different branches of education is shown in Table B.

j Average Age Type of School. Lowest Class. Highest Class. enter. 1 ~ ; " 1. Primary (a) .. .. 5 years 3 montlis Preparatory division Form II (Standard VI). 2. Native . . . . .. 5 years 3 months Preparatory division Form II (Standard VI). 3. Junior high (intermediate), (6) 11 years 8 months Form I (Standard V) Form III. 4. District High School— (i) Primary Department 5 years 3 months Preparatory division Form II (Standard VI). (ii) Secondary Department 13 years 7 months Form III.. .. Form V. (°) 5. Secondary .. .. 13 years 5 months Form III.. .. ! Form VI. 6. Technical (d) .. . . Returns not ob- Form III.. .. Form VI. tained in 1931 7. Combined (e) .. .. 13 years 7 months Form III.. .. Form VI. 8. Correspondence School— (i) Primary (/) .. . . Preparatory division j Form II (Standard VI). (ii) Secondary . . 13 years 7 months Form III. . .. Form V. ■ |

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Table B.—Analysis of Expenditure on Education for the Year ended 31st March, 1932.

* This includes revenue from endowments administered by the various Boards, &c., as well as direct expenditure from public funds — £ From public funds as shown in appendix . . . , .. .. .. 3,409,877 Endowments — Secondary and technical schools .. .. .. ~ .. .. 46,747 University colleges .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,219 £3,469,843 f Mean population for twelve months ended 31st March, 1932, was 1,517,103. j No significant amount. It is impossible to state with any degree of accuracy the costs per pupil in any branch of education, except in the primary schools, because the technical schools and combined secondary and technical schools, besides providing instruction for full-time day pupils, also provide instruction for no fewer than 10,536 part-time pupils. These pupils take subjects for varying periods in the day and evening, and in most cases are taught by instructors who are also engaged in teaching fulltime pupils during the day. Prom the statement of expenditure and recoveries the following is the cost per pupil based on average attendance at public schools, at the junior high schools under the Auckland Board, at the public schools in the Chatham Islands, and at the Department's Correspondence School (primary department) : Primary —including buildings, £.10 ss. Bd. ; excluding buildings, £9 12s. lid. The cost per child for elementary education in England and Wales for the year 1930-1931 was £13 2s. 6d.*

* This, however, includes school medical services, provision of meals for undernourished children, evening play centres, and nursery schools (somewhat similar to New Zealand kindergartens).

(For more details see appendix to this Paper.) Total Expenditure "fiVnonrH+nT-e expressed as Expenditure per Branch of Education. " oio+\ * Percentage of Total Head of Population.-)-Expenditure. £ £ s. d. Departmental administration . . . . 32,435 0-94 0 0 5 Board's administration .. .. .. 55,416 1-60 0 0 9 Cost of inspection— Primary .. .. .. .. 35,380 1-02 0 0 6 Native .. .. .. .. .. 2,051 0-06 J Post-primary .. .. .. .. 5,252 0-15 0 0 1 Primary education— Public schools .. .. .. .. 1,940,069 \ r p.nfi i k Departmental Correspondence School . . 5,377 / Native Education— Native schools .. .. .. .. 71,569 \ Scholarships and bursaries . . . . 5,695 j Post-primary education — Secondary, technical, and combined schools . . 519,999 "j Secondary departments of district high schools 76,072 I .. , n Correspondence School . . . . . . 4,225 j Scholarships and bursaries .. .. 10,319 J Higher education .. .. .. .. 96,711 2-79 0 1 3 Training of teachers .. .. .. 145,484 4-19 0 1 11 Special schools .. .. .. .. 19,808 0-57 0 0 3 Child welfare .. .. .. .. 125,172 3-60 0 1 8 Capital expenditure on school buildings .. 259,108 7-47 0 3 5 Superannuation .. .. ., .. 46,935 1-35 0 0 7 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 12,766 0-37 0 0 2 Total* .. .. • .. 3,469,843 100-00 2 5 9

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4. SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND SITES. As far as funds permitted, the policy of providing additional accommodation where the attendance had increased has been continued ; also the provision of accommodation in newly-settled districts. Some of the more out-of-date buildings have been remodelled, and a few have been replaced, but in view of financial stringency these works had to give precedence to the provision of accommodation where none already existed or where existing accommodation was inadequate for the number of pupils in attendance. The expenditure this year included the completion of the following large works : Rebuilding of Wellington Boys' College, Te Aro Main School (Wellington), Takaka and Nelson Central (Nelson), Blackball (Canterbury) ; addition to Christchurch West (Canterbury), Greymouth, and Feilding Technical . Schools ; the completion of hostels at Nelson Boys' College, Wanganui Technical School, and additional hostel accommodation at the New Plymouth Boys' High School. The Massey Agricultural College main building was also completed. The following schools damaged by the Hawke's Bay earthquakes were rebuilt in wood: Hastings West, Napier Central, and Nelson Park. Hastings High School was reconditioned and strengthened. Other large works in hand are the rebuilding of New Plymouth Central (destroyed by fire) ; additions to Kurow (Otago), Oxford (Canterbury), Rangiora High School, Nelson Girls' College, Takapuna Grammar School, Otahuhu Junior High School; new workshops at Petone Technical School; and reconstruction of main school and additional accommodation in Palmerston. North Central (Wanganui). In accordance with the policy of securing sites in advance of movement of population, a site has been acquired at Miramar North (Wellington). During the period under review the Government Fire Fund was drawn upon to the extent of £7,770 to replace or repair school buildings and residences destroyed or damaged by fire. The following table shows for the years ended 31st March, 1931 and 1932, the amount expended by the Department on new buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences : — 1931. 1932. £ £ Public schools . . . . . . 202,229 126,778 Secondary schools . . . . . . 125,742 65,030 Technical schools . . . . . . 77,729 44,507 Training colleges . . . . . . 9,080 1,228 Universities . . . . . . . . 241 Native schools . . . . . . 8,872 14,433 Schools for mentally backward . . . . 5,110 199 Child-welfare institutions .. .. 1,660 714 Kindergartens.. .. .. .. 1,747 54 Massey Agricultural College . . . . 68,825 9,622 Canterbury Agricultural College . . 109 Totals .. .. ..£501,344 £262,565 The total for 1932 is thus only a little more than half the amount expended on new buildings, &c., during the previous financial year. 5. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. The following table gives the number of public primary schools (classified according to grade) and of junior high schools and departments. The yearly average attendance is also shown : —

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Table C1. —Number of Public Primary Schools and of Junior High Schools and Departments.

It will be noticed that the total number of primary schools has apparently decreased by sixty-seven. The decrease is almost wholly in the numbers of schools in Grades 0, I, and 11, and is due partly to the fact that in 1930 special classes were counted as separate schools, but are not now included in the total. This accounts for thirty-one of the decrease. The remainder (thirty-six) is much greater than any decrease in recent years, and is accounted for partly by consolidation of schools, but to a much greater degree by the closing by Education Boards of small country schools in consequence of a falling-ofi in attendance. Table C 2, below, gives the number of schools other than public primary schools in the years 1930 and 1931 : —

Table C2.—Number of Schools other than Public Primary Schools.

6. ENROLMENT AT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The following tables (D to F) give some details as to numbers on the roll, number of full-time pupils in the various standards and forms, median ages of full-time pupils in the various standards and forms.

Total Average Attendance^ Number of Schools.* — Vnge°'o?Av~ Department.» Attendance. ; In each In each In each In each In each In each In each In each | Subgrade. Grade. Subgrade. Grade. Subgrade. j Grade. Subgrade. Grade. _J ; I 0 (l-S) .. .. 213 213 1,240 1,240 .. .. 1,240 1,240 1 (9-20) .. .. 759 759 10,996 10,996 .. .. 10,996 10,996 II (21-35) .. .. 470 470 12,753 12,753 .. .. 12,753 12,753 IIIa (36-50) .. .. 304 "1 f 12,834 1 f | f 12,834 IIIB (51-80) .. .. 265 708«; 16,627 J- 43 > 159<J 16,670 y 42,818 IIIc (81-120) .. .. 139 J I 13,198 j I 116 J I 13,314 j IVa (121-160) .. .. 74 1 f 10,286 1 f 322 ] f 10,608 1 IVb (161-200) .. .. 37 y 143<! 6,861 y 24,4I6<; 700 H,494<; 7,561 y 25,910 IVo (201-240) .. .. 32 J I 7,269 J L 472 J I 7,741 J Va (241-280) .. .. 23 *) f 5,833 } f 453 ] f 6,286 VB (281-320) .. .. 23 V 79<! 6,788 y 23,701<; 553 y 7,341 y 25,150 Vc (321-360) .. .. 33 J L 11,080 j L 443 j I 11,523 J VIA (361-400) .. .. 20 1 f 7,702.1 f 451 1 f 8,153 VIB (401-440) .. .. 25 y 10,447 23,879<| 511 J- 10,958 y 24,841 VIo (441-480) .. .. 12 j L 5,730 j l .. J t 5,730 j VIIa (481-520) .. .. 19 j f 9,366 i f 97 ) f 9,463 - VIIB (521-560) .. .. 21 11,280 .. 11,280 VIIc (561-600) .. .. 23 13,364 497 13,861 VIId (601-640) .. ... 9 5,526 38 5,564 Vila (641-680) .. .. 10 I , r J 6,638 , 55,524J .. , fi „ 0 j 6,638 . VIIF (681-720) .. .. 5 (" ■ 3,450 h 1 .. f 632 1 3,450 > ° bJ5b Vila (721-760) .. .. 4 2,931 .. 2,931 VIIH (761-800) .. .. 3 2,168 .. 2,168 Vlli (801-840) .. .... VIIJ (841-880) . . . . 1 J L 801 J I .. J 1 801 Junior high schools and depart- 10 10 2,360 2,360 266 266 2,626 2,626 merits — Totals, 1931 .. .. 2,534 2,534 197,528 197,528 4,962 4,962 202,490 202,490 Totals, 1930 .. .. 2,601 2,601 196,115 196,115 4,426 4,426 200,541 200,541 Difference -67 -67 +1,413 +1,413 +536 +536 +1,949 +1,949 * Twenty-one half-time and thirty-three schools with side schools attached are counted as separate schools. »• The average attendance shown under this heading is the average attendance for the year ending 31st August, 1931, computed and adjusted in accordance with the regulations governing the staffing of schools. The unadjusted total average attendance for the year ended 31st December, 1931, was: Primary departments, including Forms I and II of all junior high schools and departments, 197,324 ; secondary departments and Form III of the separate junior high schools, 5,099. t The average attendance shown under this heading includes any pupils in Standard VII or in special classes. § This refers to secondary classes conducted mainly in rural areas in district high schools —that is, in primary schools to which are attached secondary departments. Form III of the separate junior high schools are included in these figures.

(All schools not marked as " private " are State controlled.) Number of Schools in December, Number of Schools in December, 1930. 1931. Type of School. Type of Education Boys' Girls' Mixed Boys' Girls' Mixed rI , , , Schools. Schools. Schools. 10taI ' Schools. Schools. Schools. 10tal - Junior high schools or depart- Intermediate .. .. .. 9 9 .. .. 10 10 ments* Secondary departments of die- Post-primary .. .. .. 81 81 .. .. 82 < 82 trict high schools Secondary .. .. .. Post-primary.. 13 15 16 44 12 14 16 I 42t Combined .. .. .. Post-primary .. .. .. .. .. 1 ] .. 2 Technical .. .. .. Post-primary .. .. .. 23 23 .. .. 22 22f Native village .. .. Primary .. .. .. 138 138 .. .. 139 139 Native mission (private) .. Primary .. .. .. 11 11 .. .. 11 11 Native post-primary (private) .. Primary and 6 5 1 12 5 5 1 11 post-primary Lower departments of secondary Primary .. 3 5 1 9 3 5 1 9 schools (private) Private primary .. .. Primary .. 47 42 217 306 45 41 219 305 Endowed schools and registered Post-primary .. 18 32 .. 50 19 32J • • 51 private secondary schools Special§ .. L _ Primary 2 1 2 5 _ 2 1 2 I 5 * Bight of these in each year were junior-high-school departments. t The decrease of two in the number of secondary schools and of one in the number of technical schools is apparent only, their place being taken by the two combined schools. t One of these schools was temporarily closed during 1931 as a result of the Hawke's Bay earthquake. § Three of these are schools for the mentally backward, one a school for the blind, and one a school for the deaf. The Institute for the Blind is privately controlled.

2 —E. 1

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Table D.—Numbers on the Roll at Recognized Educational Institutions (exclusive of University Colleges and Kindergarten Schools).

Number Number Children. Adolescents. Adults. m p n i t on the Roll on the Type of School. on the Roll (j;1 R j v .. S > Rj "j — 1st July, 1st July, Under 10-11 11-12 12-13 j 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 j 19-20 20-21 j 21 Years 1930. 1931. 10 Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years, j Years. Years, j Years. Years. < and over. Public primary schools.. .. 209,104 210,025 117,403 ; 24,953 25,335 19,935 14,731 6,243 1,297 112 16 Special classes for backward 484 545 122 j 91 80 88 95 52 17 children Native schools, village (primary) 7,047 7,501 4,203 784 735 688 642 334 89 18 5 2 1 Native schools, mission (private 538 531 311 47 44 58 32 22 13 4 .. .. . . j primary)* Secondary schools, lower depart- 336 245 51 30 41 46 29 25 19 4 ments Private primary schools .. 25,484 25,511 13,014 3,065 2,981 2,786 2,084 1,083 360 92 36 9 1 Junior high schools and depart- 2,420 2,792 4 114 561 815 769 413 98 18 ments Secondary departments of district 4,636 5,291 .. 1 14 268 1,081 1,621 1,253 683 272 85 10 3 high schools Secondary schools .. .. 16,474 16,445 .. .. 37 653 2,849 4,604 3,989 2,568 1,297 392 49 5 2 Combined schools .. .. .. 462 .. .. .. 19 93 131 92 76 32 18 1 Technical high and dav schools .. 8,002 8,541 .. .. 11 308 1,559 2,881 2,190 1,046 383 108 25 5 25 Technical classes (part-time stu- 11,829 10,536 .. .. 39 32 187 672 1,329 1,877 1,877 1,480 971 572 1,500 dents at day and night classes) Native schools, secondary* — Primary .. .. .. 259 161 19 13 18 21 24 23 19 15 8 1 Post-primary . . . . 244 300 .... .. 3 22 43 85 66 46 21 8 4 2 Endowed and" registered private 4,269 4,302 .. .. 9 145 566 1,079 1,079 799 458 139 17 4 7 secondary schools Correspondence school .. 999 1,266 595 93 90 86 148 136 70 32 12 2 2 Training colleges .. .. 1,155 1,165 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 139 321 345 343 Schools for the mentally backward 274 280 27 34 25 36 25 21 17 14 13 10 12 6 40 School for the Deaf ".. . . 113 123 46 ! 16 12 9 9 16 6 7 1 .. . . 1 Institute for the Blind .. 26 27 6 j 1 2 4.. 2 2 1 3 3 2 1.. Grand totals .. .. 293,693 296,049 135,801; 29,242 30,034 26,000 | 24,945 19,401 12,024 7,432 4,476 2,409 1,417 948 1,920 a . y -'I Estimated population (inclusive of 1,512,627 .. 144,400f 112,610 j 29,300 28,460 29,040 28,920 28,860 27,940 27,080 27,050t Maoris) on 1st July, 1931 ! * Native mission schools are registered private primary schools, and two Native secondary schools are registered private secondary schools, but in this table these schools are considered, respectively, mission schools and Native post-primary schools. f Estimated population five years of age and over but under ten years of age. J Estimated population twenty-one years of age and under twenty-two years of age.

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Table E. -Number of Full-time Pupils in the various Standards and Forms as at 1st July, 1931.

I I Special Class j I Class P. Standard I. j Standard II. | Standard III. Standard IV. Form I. Form II. Form III. Form IV. Form V. Form VI. Totals. Type of School. ward. Boys, j Girls. | Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 1 Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. I i : i I I ' I 1 I j " j Public primary .. .. 334 211 30,931 27,046 13,752 12,257 13,877 12,727 14,338 13,497 13,662 12,980 12,242 11,585|10, 554 9,983 285 309 109,975 100 595 ; I 1 Native— Europeans .. .. .. 176 154 62 64 61 43 56 69 52 56 64 43 52 37 10 12 : 533 478 Maoris .. .. j .. .. 1,532 1,404 452 416 363 413 385 346 270 306 1 169 181 130 112) 5 6 3,306 3,184 Private primary and lower de- [ .. .. 3,127 3,085 1,409 1,638 1,544 1,581 1,644 1,874 1,572 1,864 1,491 1,869 1,428 1,6141 247 599 i 12,462 14,124 partments of secondary schools Junior high .. .. j .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. 686 548 692 552 159 155 • .. .. 1,537 1,255 Secondary departments of dis- j .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,244.1,113 796 776 651 549 91 71 2,782 2,509 trict high schools Secondary.. .. .. j .. .. 2,707 2,6042,6382,3042,9262,090 720 456 8,991 7,454 Combined .. 97 97 67 39 85 55 11 11 260 202 Technical.. .. 2,2241,7581,5021,220 939 735 95 68 4,760 3,781 Endowed schools and registered j .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 679 727 743 677 664 622 164 138 2,250 2,164 private secondary schools Correspondence .. .. j .. .. 158 184 74 81 43 49 51 53 41 61 35 55 19 42 101 108 18 57 17 19 .. 557 709 Totals .. .. , 334 211 35,92431,873115,749 14,45615,88814,81316,47415,83915,59715,267:14,68714,281 12,87512,340 7,758 7,488 5,764 5,073 5,282 4,0701,081 744147,413136,455 I I I Note. —The totals for private primary and private secondary schools in this table do not quite agree with the totals as given in Table D, owing to the fact that all the Native mission schools are registeredfas private primary schools, while frn o of the Native secondary schools are registered as private secondary schools.

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Table F.—Median Ages of Full-time Pupils in the various Standards and Forms as at 1st July, 1931.

Special the Class P. j Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. Form I. Form II. Form III. Form IV. Form V. Form VI. Type of School. Backward. I r 1 i Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. | Girls. Boys. J Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys, j Girls. jY. m. Y. m.Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m.Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m.Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Y. m.Y. m. Y. m.Y. m.Y. m. Y. m. Y. m. Public primary .. .. 11 1011 9 6 6 6 5 8 3 8 0 9 3 9 010 410 111 411 212 412 213 513 213 1113 10 Native— Europeans .. ■■ ..68688783989 310 1010 911 911 612 1112 413 1113 813 813 11 Maoris .. .. .. .. 7 3 7 1 9 9 9 510 910 611 911 812 1112 813 513 614 314 316 615 10 i . i Private primary and lower .. 6 56 58 27 11 9 39 010 410 211 411 312 512 413 613 414 915 0 departments of secondary schools Junior high .. .. 12 1 12 113 513 114 214 0 Secondary departments of . • 14 113 1115 015 016 216 117 217 4 district high schools i Secondary .. .. ! 13 1113 1014 1014 1016 316 017 117 1 If ' S 'g "*■ !a ♦ .■ I «I ifj. * •*• ''SB I isL , ? *■«^MH 4riH ' wi * ' * - Combined .. 14 313 1014 914 1016 516 417 318 4 Technical* .. .. .. .. .. j .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Endowed schools and registered .. : 14 314 315 315 116 716 317 417 5 private secondary schools Correspondence .. .. .. j .. 6 8 1 6 8 8 3 8 6 9 2 9 310 510 411 911 7 212 514 013 614 014 015 614 1116 815 6 .. g&' M B gf'sj I .... * These returns were not obtained in 1931.

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7. REGULARITY OF ATTENDANCE. The regularity of attendance has continued at a highly satisfactory figure, the average attendance for the year 1931 being 92*6 per cent, of the average weekly roll number, an increase of 0-4 per cent, on the figure for 1930 and the highest average recorded in any year. The Otago Education District, with 93-9 per cent., had the highest degree of regularity, but the figures for all districts are creditable, in no case falling below 91-8 per cent. For the purpose of comparison the following figures (taken from the official reports) are given : — Year 1930 Percentage Average Attendance in Primary Schools. England and Wales . . . . . . . . 89-0 Scotland . . . . . . . . . . go-2 South Australia . . . . . . . . 91-5 New South Wales . . . . . . . . 87-2 Queensland .. .. .. .. ..83-7 8. STAFFS OF SCHOOLS. The following table shows the number of adult teachers in the public primary schools of the different grades and in Forms I and II of junior high schools and departments.

Table H1. Number of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools and in Forms I and II of Junior High Schools and Departments, December, 1931.

This year is the only one within at least the last ten years in which the total number of adult teachers employed has shown a decrease, and the decrease reaches the large figure of 203. This decrease is due partly to the decrease of thirty-six in the number of schools in operation, but in the main to the withdrawal of the additional assistants allowed previously in certain cases where it was felt by the Department that an additional assistant was warranted. This withdrawal has been mainly in schools of Grade V, and has been due to the present financial stringency.

Sole leachers. Head Teachers. Teachers Total Adult Teachers. Grade of School * ' ; M - P. M. F. M. P. M. IT. Total. I -i L Grade 0 (1-8) .. 30 163 .. . . | .. 30 163 193 I (9-20) .. 336 408 .. .. j .. 336 408 744 II (21-35) .. 234 212 16 10 1 28 251 250 501 HIA (36-50) .. 16 15 159 107 ' 2 265 177 387 564 „ IIIb (51-80) .. 1 212 47 2 275 215 322 537 Illo (81-120) .. .. .. 124 5 6 252 130 257 387 % IV (121-240) .. .. .. 138 2 110 424 248 426 674 V (241-360) .. .. .. 73 1 116 349 189 350 539 VI (361-480) 58 .. 154 393 212 393 605 „ VII (over 480) 100 .. 367 980 467 980 1,447 Junior high schools and . . .. 2 49 34 51 34 85 departments! All grades— 1931 •• •• 617 798 882 172 807 3,000 2,306 3,970 6,276 1930 •• •• 597 811 891 191 860 3,129 2,348 4,131 6,479 Difference .. .. +20 -13 -9 -19 -53 -129 -42 -161 -203 * The grade of school given above is the grade in which the school is placed when all attached side schools are included, while part-time schools taught bj 7 the same teacher are counted as one school. f In 1931 there were two separate junior high schools only.

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Included in the foregoing figure for adult teachers are 473 probationary assistants who were employed in public schools completing their training as teachers. In addition to adult teachers there were employed in public schools at the end of 1931 452 probationers (males, 163 ; females, 289), compared with 542 at the end of the previous year. The following table indicates the number of women for each 100 men teachers : —•

Table H2.—Ratio of Men to Women Teachers in Primary Schools and Forms I and II of Junior High Schools and Departments.

It is interesting to note that, while since 1918 there has been on the whole a steady drop in the proportion of women teachers to men teachers in all classes of schools, there has since 1927 been an increase in the proportion of women students to men students in the training colleges until the year under review, when it was reassuring to find that the proportion of men students had increased.

Table H3.-Number of Adult Full-time Teachers employed in Departmental Schools other than Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1930, and December, 1931.

1915. 1918. 1922. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. Adult teachers— All schools .. .. 193 253 197 187 183 184 177 172 Schools with roll 1-20 .. 323 523 299 202 185 162 157 156 Schools with roll over 20 .. 176 227 182 185 182 188 181 175 Pupil-teachers .. .. .. 344 425 223 ***** Probationers .. .. 647 688 349 236 303 265 224 177 Training-college students .. 387 488 256 213 227 242 282 226 * The position of "pupil-teacher" has now been abolished.

December, 1930. December, 1931. Principals Principals and Sole Assistant Total Adult and Sole Assistant Total Adult Type of School. and Head Teachers. Teachers. an d Head Teachers. Teachers. Teachers. Teachers. M. M. !•'. M. P. M. P. M. F. M. P. Junior high* .. .. 1 .. 45 32 46 32 2 .. 49 34 51 34 Secondary departments of . . .. 107 95 107 95 .. . . 124 91 124 91 district high schools and Form III, junior high schools Secondary .. 29 15 343 294 372 309 28 14- 340 273 368 287 Combined .. 1 i 12 i 0 13 n Technical .. .. 22 .. 212 133 234 133 22 .. 216 138 238 138 Native (primary) .. .. 94 44 10 71 104 115 I 95 44 10 73 105 117 Correspondence— Primary .. . . 1 2 13 3 13 : 1 1 13 2 13 Post-primary .. 6 1 6 1 I .. .. 6,4 6 4 Special .. .. . . 2 2 7 12 9 14 2 2 7 13 9 15 Total .. .. 149 61 732 651 881 712 j 151 61 765 649 916 710 j * Where the junior high school is attached to a secondary, technical, or district high school only the teachers of Forms I and II are included here.

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In addition to the above the following numbers of teachers were also employed:—

9. NUMBER OF PUPILS AND ADULT TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND FORMS I AND II OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND DEPARTMENTS IN THE DIFFERENT EDUCATION DISTRICTS. The following table gives the number of children attending public primary schools and Forms I and II of junior high schools and departments in the different education districts and the number of adult teachers in these schools. The figures are exclusive of the secondary departments of district high schools.

Table J.

The children enumerated in the above table are not all under the care of the nine Education Boards, as two junior-high-school departments in each of the districts Auckland, Wellington, and Otago are controlled by High School Boards. It will be observed that in the last five years the number of children of primary school age attending State schools has increased in Taranaki and Wellington, remained practically stationary in Auckland, and decreased in Wanganui, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland, the greatest percentage decrease being in Otago. The total number has remained almost constant.

1930. 1931. M. F. M. F. Manual instructors .. .. .. 91 68 93 69 Student teachers in technical schools 10 8 11 6 Junior assistant teachers in Native schools ..6 99 6 95

Enrolment, 31st December. Education District. T Schools 1Q31 Adult Teachers, Percentage iy,si. lggl 1926. 1931. Increase, Five Years. - V' "■ - - —- - Auckland .. .. .. 67,268 67,678 +0-61 755 1,916 Taranaki .. .. .. 11,630 12,129 +4-29 274 ' 3 72 Wanganui .. .. .. 17,218 16,753 —2-70 217 503 Hawke's Bay .. .. 16,492 16,191 —1-83 197 470 Wellington.. .. .. 27,452 28,869 +5-15 251 777 Nelson .. .. .. U,118 6,956 —2-28 132 238 Canterbury .. .. 37,384 36,944 —1-18 381 1,021 Otago .. .. .. 21,515 20,837 —3-15 243 613 Southland .. .. .. 12,402 12,085 —2-56 184 366 Totals .. .. 218,479 218,442 -0-02 2,534 6,276

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10. SIZE OF CLASSES. As will be seen from the following table, the average number of children pel adult teacher m the public primary schools is not unreasonably high.

Table K1.-Average Number of Children per Adult Class-teacher in Public Primary Schools.

N.B.—The average attendance shown for each grade of school in the above table does not correspond with that shown m Table C I, owing to the fact that in Table C 1 part-time and side schools are taken separately, thus altering the grades of various schools for the purpose of the latter table. Admittedly there are still some large classes, but, as in 1930, the financial situation has precluded any definite progress in the scheme for the reduction of large classes throughout the Dominion. That some progress has been made in the elimination of large classes during the last six or seven years is shown in Table K 2 (below), while Table K 3 also shows in a different way the general improvement in the staffing ratio until the year which is now nnder review. Unfortunately in this year the economic conditions have prevented any relief being given to many schools which in normal times would have been granted an additional assistant, with the result that there has been an increase from 30-3 to 31-5 in the number of pupils per adult teacher (Table K 3).

Table K2.—Size of Classes in Schools of Grade IV and over.

AT 1. 2 A , „ rn ■, Averatp Average Number of ChildNumber of Adult Teachers. Attendance ren P er Adult Class - Grade of School. for Year teacher. j : — ended 31st ; i — All i Head class August, 1931 Tea0hers " | e T xXd e ed. " te - h -s. (Pri-ry 1931. 1930. T ° ( / Q i) 193 •• 193 1,128 6 6 TT o, i " '• 744 •• 744 10 > 839 15 15 TTT •• 501 •• 501 12 > 833 26 24 īīī A 564 •• 564 12 > 546 22 22 TTTn S'11 " "■ 537 •• 537 16 ' 300 30 SO TO /ioī *2« " 387 •• 387 12 > 230 32 3i V !Ī1!J '■ " 674 •• 674 24 ' 271 36 34 VT SI'S " " 539 •' 539 22 ' 140 41 38 vtt 3 Q!~ 48 ? •• •• 605 58 547 24,114 44 44 VII (481 and over) .. .. 1,447 100 1,347 58,767 44 41 Junior high, schools and depart- 85 2 83 2,360 28* 28* ments (Forms I and II only) I All schools .. .. 6,276 160 6,116 197,528 32 ~ 31 secondary department! ° D a ° C ° Unt ° f the inclusion of 20 manual and art. instructors who devote part of their time to

February, 1926. February, ] 931. February, 1932. Number of Children. " ~ Number of p Q Number of .p p . Number of p 4 Classes. LVl enl ' Classes. clasges _ PerCent. Under 31 .. .. 249 9 221 7 258 8 31-40 .. .. .. 603 21 717 24 758 24 41-50 .. ,. .. 979 34 1,164 39 1,197 38 ®1" 60 J 81 8 28 787 27 825 26-5 61 and over .. .. 235 8 83 3 107 3-5* Total •• •• 2,884 100 2,972 100 3,145 j IOCkT^ ' * Notwithstanding the limitations imposed upon the Department by the exigencies of the financial situation there lias been no material increase m the proportion of very large classes. '

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Table K3.—Change in Average Number of Pupils per Adult Teacher in Public Primary Schools and Forms I and II of Junior High Schools and Departments.

ii. CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHERS. The following tables give the status in regard to certificates of teachers in primary schools, junior high schools and departments, secondary departments of district high schools and Native schools, and the classification of teachers in secondary, technical, and combined schools : —

Table L1.—Status in regard to Certificates of Teachers in Primary Schools and Forms I and II of Junior High Schools and Departments as in December.*

It will be noted that (exclusive of probationary assistants) there has been a steady drop in the number of uncertificated teachers. These in 1931 amounted to only 2 per cent, of the total number of teachers. Even this low figure is really an overestimate, as it includes a number of teachers in junior high schools who, although not the holders of teachers' certificates, are classified as secondary- or technical-school teachers. A probationary assistant, while not actually certificated, has completed a probationership and a two-year course of professional training at a teachers' training college. After one year in his present capacity he should be qualified to receive a trained teachers' certificate. In 1931 the percentage of probationary assistants was 8, as against 6 in the previous year.

Average Attendance , T i j- -vr * t, Year. for Year ending Numberof Pupils per 31st August, Adult Teachers. Adult Teacher. I 1925 .. 194,741 6,002 32-4 1926 192,588 6,183 31-1 1927 .. 192,284 6,230 30-8 1928 195,411 6,341 30-8 1929 195,359 6,438 30-3 1930* 196,115 6,479 30-3 1931* .. .. .. .. 197,528 6,276 31-5 * Prior to 1930 only pupils and adnlt teachers in those junior high schools under the control of the Auckland Education Board were included.

1929. 1930. 1931. I j Number, i Number. I Number. ! r " centage. j centage. centage. I. Certificated teachers .. .. 5,969 93 5,921 91 5,674 90 II. Uncertificated teachers — (1) Holding licenses.. .. 8 f 7 f 4 t (2) Unlicensed .. .. 237 4 199 3 125 2 (3) Probationary assistants .. 224 3 352 6 473 8 Total uncertificated .. 469 7 558 9 602 ] 0 Totals of I and II .. .. 6,438 100 ! 6,479 100 6,276 I 100 I I * Prior to 1930 only those junior-high-school teachers in the service of an Education Board were included In 1930 and 1931 all teachers in Forms I and II of junior high schools and departments are included. f No appreciable percentage.

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Table L2.—Certificates held by Teachers in Primary Schools and Forms I and II of Junior High Schools and Departments as in December.

In 1931 81 per cent, of the total number of certificated teachers held certificates above Class D, an increase of 2 per cent, on the figure for the previous year.

Table L3. —Certificates held by Teachers in the Secondary Departments of District High Schools and Form III of Separate Junior High Schools.

The slight difference between the totals here and in Table H 3 is due to the fact that some teachers in these schools are classified as secondary- or technical-school teachers and are not the holders of teachers certificates.

Table L4.-Certificates held by Teachers in Native Primary Schools. (Junior Assistant Teachers are excluded.*)

It will be noted that even in the one year the percentage of certificated teachers in Native schools has increased from 56 to nearly 64. 3 —E. 1,

1930. 1931. Class of Certificate. pt i M. F. I Total. M. F. ! Total. ____ ■ l_ I A 41 11 52 39 5 44 B ..653 399 1,052 697 407 1,104 C .... 1,188 2,378 3,566 1,172 2,255 3,427 D 307 887 1,194 259 799 1,058 E " 8 49 57 6 35 41 Total .. .. 2,197 3,724 5,921 2,173 3,501 5,674

1930. 1931. Class of Certificate. - ~ ; M. : P. Total. M. F. Total. A .. .. .. 12 12 24 13 11 24 B ... .81 68 149 92 68 160 0 .... 12 21 16 9 25 D 3 .. 3 2 2 4 E .. • - • • • • • ■ • ■ - Total .. • • 105 92 | 197 123 90 213

1930. 1931. Class of Certificate. ; M. F. Total. M. F. Total. I - J £ 10 "4 u 11 5 16 0 " " 32 26 58 40 36 76 D 23 23 46 26 22 48 e 1 2 3 .. 1 1 — 1 Total certificated teachers .. 66 55 121 77 : 64 141 Uncertificated teachers .. j 38 60 98 28 53 Grand total .. 104 115 219 105 j 117 j 222 * These assistants correspond to probationers in the primary schools.

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Table L5. —Grading of Full-time Assistant Teachers in Secondary and Combined Schools as in December and prior to the Issue of the Annual Grading List.

Table L6.—Classification of Full-time Assistant Teachers in Technical High and Day Schools and in Combined Schools as in December, 1931, and prior to the Issue of the Annual Classification List.

(2) Full-time assistant teachers in combined schools are placed on the Grading List of Secondaryschool Teachers and also on the Classification List of Technical-school Teachers. Hence the sum of the totals in Tables L 5 and L 6 exceeds the total number of full-time assistants engaged in secondary, technical, and combined schools.

- I 1930. 1931. Grade of Teacher. i : M. F. Total. M. F. Total. ■ J i _ ■ I i I ī 77 ! . A .. .. .. | 85 55 140 84 60 144 B .. .. .. 61 66 127 74 60 134 C .. .. .. ! 101 83 j 184 122 85 207 D .. .. .- 96 90 186 72 78 150 Total .. .. 343 294 637 352 283 635 MraSO-.S ■LrJ N.R. —Full-time assistant teachers in combined schools are placed on the Grading List of Secondaryschool Teachers and also on the Classification List of Technical-school Teachers. Hence the sum of the totals in Tables L 5 and L 6 exceeds the total number of full-time assistants engaged in secondary, technical, and combined schools.

1 I I ' I Class : VII. ! VI. J V. IV. III. II. lowest). Totals ' \ \ -\ ~ ~~ 7 M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. I M. F. M. F. M. F. Division I .. .. 0 2 11 9 32 8 40 13 32 12 j 30 17 15 17 160 78 Division II .. .. 0 4 4 13 15 20 22 10 15 12 j 9 7 4 4 69 70 Totals .. 0 6 15 22 47 28 62 23 47 24 39 24 19 21 229 148V ' y Y ' K V ' K Y ' y V ' K -Y ' "V ' V Y ' Totals 6 37 75 85 71 63 40 377 I Note.—(1) To be classified in Division I a teacher must be the holder of a University degree or equivalent qualification.

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Table L7.—Classification of Full-time Teachers of Manual-training Classes as in December 1931, and prior to the Issue of the Annual Classification List.

Note. —(1) To be classified in Division I a teacher must be the holder of a University degree or equivalent qualification. (2) In 1931 five of the men and six of the women were attached to the four junior'high schools under the control of the Auckland Education Board. These are included also among the staffs of those junior high schools.

12. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. Under the provisions of the Finance Act, 1931, the salaries of all teachers, in common with those of all public servants, were reduced by 10 per cent, as from the Ist April, 1931. Consequently the average salaries of teachers as in December, 1931, are approximately 10 per cent, lower than those in the previous year. The average salaries (including house allowances, value of residences, and all other allowances) of adult teachers in primary schools in 1914 and for the last five years are shown in the following table : — Table M 1. —Average Salaries or Primary-school Teachers (exclxtsive of Teachers in Junior High Schools* and Departments and Secondary Departments of District High Schools) as in December. 1914. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. (1) Teachers in all schools — £ £ £ £ £ £ (a) Men and women .. .. 163 279 280 281 281 255 (b) Men .. .. .. .. 224 356 354 356 351 320 (c) Women .. .. .. 128 238 240 240 242 218 (2) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight — (a) Men and women . . . . .. 286 287 287 288 261 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. 359 358 359 354 323 (c) Women . . . . . . . • 246 247 246 249 224 (3) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty — (a) Men and women .. . . . . 290 291 290 291 265 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. 375 370 376 370 , 338 (c) Women .. .. .. . ■ 245 246 245 24:8 223 (4) Head teachers — (а) Men .. .. .. .. 445 444 44-3 441 400 (б) Women .. .. .. •. 375 374 368 381 345 (5) All sole teachers — (a) Men .. • • 278 276 279 282 251 (b) Women .. .. .. . • 239 241 242 243 220 (6) Assistants — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. 310 309 313 304 283 (b) Women .. .. .. •. 231 233 232 233 210

* Prior to 1931 those junior-high-school teachers in the service of an Education Board were included. In 1931 all teachers in junior high schools and departments are excluded.

Glass j VII. VI. ! V. | IV. III. | II. Totals. M. F. M. P. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Division I .. .. .. 9 1 5 2 3 6 1 5 0 22 18 36 Division II .. .. ".. 7 4 20 10 15 7 11 6 12 5 10 1 75 33 Totals .. .. 7 4 29 11 20 9 U 12 13 10 10 23 93 69 V Y J \ Y J y Y — J K —-/ — J K Y — J V Y J K Y J - K Y 11 40 29 26 23 33 162

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Table M 2.—Average Salaries (inclusive of all Allowances except House Allowance or Value of Residence) of Full-time Teachers in Junior High and Post-primary Schools and of Manual Instructors as at 1st December.

Manual Instructors.— Average Rate of Salary of Manual Instructors as on 1st December.

1928. 1931. Principals.* | Assistants. All Teachers. Principals.* Assistants. I All Teachers. Men. I Women. J »»£ j Men. Women. Men. Women. =«£ Men. | Women. Men. .Women. [.Men. Women. ! I j ! I 1 ! I | I ' £ : £ £ £ ! £ ! £ £ ! £ £ ! £ j £ £ £ i £ j £ , £ I £ £ Junior high schools and department sf .. .. .. .. .. 365 281 329 .. .. .. .. .. .. 340 j 258 j 306 Secondary departments of district high schoolsf .. .. .. .. 337 290 314 .. .. .. .. .. .. 317 269 297 Secondary schools .. 726 556 667 390 ! 289 344 418 303 366 672 | 524 621 375 j 268 327 397 280 346 Combined schools .. •. • • • • • • • • j • • • • • • • • • • • • 642 j 495 569 384 i 254 325 404 276 345 Technical high and day schools .. ..649 .. 649 j 401 261 345 | 427 261 j 365 611 .. 611 372 237 320 393 237 336 * In addition, married Principals for whom a residence was not provided received house allowance —in 1928 of £60 per annum, in 1981 of £54 per annum. t With the exception of two separate junior high schools under the Auckland Education Board, all the above are under the control oi the Principal of a secondary school or the headmaster of a primary school. Hence the salaries given are confined to those of assistants.

1928. 1931. i £ £ Men .. .. .. .. .. 360 327 Women .. .. .. .. .. 224 209 Men and women .. .. .. .. 302 277

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Table M 3.—Average Salaries (including House Allowances, Value op Residences, and all other Allowances) of Adult Teachers in Native Schools as at 31st December. 1926. 1931. 1. Teachers ill all schools— £ £ (a) Men and women .. . . . . .. .. 270 251 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 328 302 (c) Women . . .. .. .. .. . . 228 206 2. Head teachers — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. • ■ 356 329 (b) Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 343 300 3. Sole teachers— (а) Men .. ' .. .. .. .. .. 245 226 (б) Women .. .. .. .. .. . • 223 200 4. Assistants— (а) Men .. . . .. .. .. . . 156 153* (б) Women .. .. .. .. ■. ■ • 178 172 *No male assistant is employed in a Native school unless he is the husband of the headmistress. Consequently he does not receive lodging-allowance. 13. PUPILS LEAVING PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS. In 1931 20,268 pupils (10,547 boys and 9,721 girls) left public primary schools. Of these, 15,709 (78 per cent.) had passed Form 11. In the last five years the numbers leaving have been as follow : —

14. PUPILS COMMENCING POST - PRIMARY COURSE IN STATE SCHOOLS. In 1931 12,585 pupils (6,636 boys and 5,949 girls) commenced post-primary education in State post-primary schools. In the last five years the numbers commencing post-primary education in these schools have been as follow : —

An approximate estimate of the percentage of those pupils gaining proficiency certificates in public primary schools and junior high schools who go on to State post-primary schools may be obtained by comparison of the number of new entrants from State schools with the number of proficiency passes of the previous year in public primary schools and junior high schools.

_ Total Number Number who Percentage who ear ' leaving. passed Form II. passed Form II. " - ■■ --- I - .: ? 1927 .. .. .. •• 22,497 17,628 78 1928 .. .. .. ■■ i 23,742 18,508 78 1929 . .. .. • • i 23,022 17,852 78 1930 . .. .. 21,715 17,264 80 1931 .. .. .. • ■ 20,268 15,709 78

Total Number Number of these j Percentage coming Year. commencing coming from Public i from Public Post-primary Course. Primary Schools. j Primary Schools. ]927 .. .. .. .. 11,427 10,986 96 1928 .. .. .. .. 12,291 11,800 96 ]929 .. .. .. .. 12,697 12,223 96 1930 .. .. .. .. 13,012 12,506 96 1931 .. .. ■■ •• 12,585 12,055 96 i

I - I Year of commencing post-primary course .. 1927. 1928. ! 1929. 1930. 1931. ■ I __ - — — I ■ I Number of proficiency passes in previous 16,521 18,023 18,662 17,465 j 17,372 year in public primary schools and junior high schools Number of those who are commencing a 10,986 11,800 12,223 12,506 j 12,055 post-primary course in State schools and who came from public primary schools or iunior high schools Percentage 66 65 65 72 j 69

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The percentage of holders of proficiency certificates who go on to post-primary schools would appear to have increased in the last two years. This increase, however, coincides with a relaxation of the conditions under which a junior free place may be held and is probably apparent only as the returns did not in those years separate new entrants into those with proficiency certificates and those without. The ages at which pupils commenced their post-primary course are given in the following table : —

Table N.—Ages at which Pupils commence Post-primary Course.

In 1930 19 per cent, and in 1931 22 per cent, of those commencing a postprimary course did so under the age of thirteen years. 15. DESTINATION OF PUPILS LEAVING SCHOOL. A summary of the destination returns obtained from the schools, through the various Boards, is given in the following tables :■ —-

Table O1. —Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Public Primary Schools during or at End of Year 1931.

Age at which Post-primary Course commenced. Total Numbers commencing Post-primary Under 12 j2 Years. 13 Years. 14 Years. 1 , ears Education. Years. anct over. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys. | Girls. Boys, j Girls. Boys. Girls. I I r i i Secondary .. 60 52 568 655 1,199 1,257 689 600 232 1102,748 2,674 Combined .. 2 17 13 41 52 | 26 30 11 12 97 107 Technical.. .. 13 17 280 315 939 787 778 532 265 1402,275 1,791 District high .. 31 33 272 292 531 514 345 259 108 591,287 1,157 Junior high .... 4 41 46 96 97 69 59 23 14 229 220 Totals—1931 .. 106 106 1,178 1,321 2,806 2,707 jl ,907 1,480 639 335 6,636 5,949 1930 .. 122 104 1,148 1,155 2,944 2,789 1,960 1,632 686 472 6,860 6,152 Difierence .. —16 -j-2 —(—30 —(—166 —138 —82 —53 —152 —47 —137 —224 203

Totals. Had passed Had not passed Form II. Form II. Boys. j Girls. Destination. j j i Ppf P~ r Boys. I Girls. Boys. Girls. Number. Q en t Number. ■ ! Post-primary .. .. .. 5,394 4,720 210 190 5,604 53 4,910 51 Commercial occupations — (a) Clerical (including typing) .. 32 29 14 13 46 * 42 (b) Shop and warehouse assistants 125 71 54 52 179 2 123 | 1 Trades— (a) Engineering .. .. 34 . . 20 . . 54 1 .... (b) Building . . .. 32 . . 27 .. 59 1 . .. (c) Other 90 : 13 42 17 132 1 30 * Agricultural and pastoral .. 1,399 ' 146 1,107 84 2,506 24 230 2 Other occupations .. .. 278 171 222 175 500 5 346 4 Home .. .. .. 622 2,294 493 1,461 1,115 10 3,755 39 Not known .. .. . • 149 110 203 175 352 3 285 3 Totals, 1931 .. .. 8,155 7,554 2,392 j 2,167 10,547 100 9,721 100 Totals, 1930 .. .. 8,820 8,444 2,300 ! 2,151 11,120 .. 10,595 I Difference .. .. —665 —890 +92 +16 —573 .. j —874 * No significant percentage.

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Table O2.— Percentages of Pupils leaving Primary Schools in 1928-31 who proceeded to the various Destinations and Occupations.

Table O3.—Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Junior High Schools during or at End of 1931.

Table O4. —Percentages of Pupils leaving Junior High Schools in 1928-31 who proceeded to various Destinations and Occupations.

Table 0 2— Percentages op Pupils leaving Primary Schools in 1928-31 who proceeded to the various Destinations and Occupations. Boys. Girls. Destination. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1928. 1929. ! 1930. 1931. , . •; : | I ' Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. ! Per Cent. Post-primary .. 51 51 53 53 51 53 53 ! 51 Commercial occupations— (а) Clerical (including 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 I * typing) (б) Shop and warehouse 442233 1 1 assistants Trades— (a) Engineering .. 2 1 1 1 .. .. .... (b) Building .. 1 2 1 1 (c) Other .. ...4 4 2 1 1 * * * Agricultural and paktoral 20 20 22 24 1 2 2 2 Other occupations ..6 7 6 5 6 5 4 4 Home .. 8 7 9 10 34 33 36 39 Not known .. ..3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Totals .. .. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 * No significant percentage. Table O 3. —Probable Destination oe Pupils leaving Junior High Schools during or at End of 1931. Boys. Girls. Occupation. j I First Second Third T , , , 0 First Second Third „ . . „ Year. Year. Year. Tota1 ' : Percent age. Year Year Year _ Total. Percentage. Continued full-time 78 337 14 429 64 64 271 28 363 61 education Commercial (clerical, 2 24 13 39 6 .. 9 7 16 3 typing, shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 3 18 13 34 5 2 2 8 12 2 Agricultural and pas- 2 40 13 55 8 toral Home .. .. 3 52 I 11 66 10 19 102 59 180 30 Miscellaneous .. 5 22 16 43 6 2 8 8 18 3 Not known .... 7.. 7 1 2 1 1 4 1 Totals, 1931 .. 93 500 ' 80 673 100 89 ! 393 111 593 100 Totals, 1930 .. 126 486 1 82 694 .. 55 412 107 574 Difference .. —33 +14 —2 —21 .. | +34 j —19 j +4 +19 j Table O 4. —Percentages oe Pupils leaving Junior High Schools in 1928-31 who PROCEEDED TO VARIOUS DESTINATIONS AND OCCUPATIONS. Boys. Girls. Occupation. : 1 — 1928. I 1929. ! 1930. ' 1931. 1928. 1929. 1930. ! 1931. ; V I, 1 'I .1 .1 - „■ r i ! Per Cent.;Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Continued full-time education .. 63 61 67 64 57 60 60 61 Commercial (clerical, typing, shop, 55769563 and warehouse) Trades ., .. .. 6 9 4 5 .. 2 .. 2 Agricultural and pastoral .. 5 10 8 8 . . .. * Home .. .. .. 4 4 5 10 21 25 26 30 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 3 Not known . . . . 13 5 3 1 9 4 4 1 Totals .. .. 100 100 100 j 100 i 100 100 100 100 |_ I I * No significant percentage.

Table 0 2— Percentages op Pupils leaving Primary Schools in 1928-31 who proceeded to the various Destinations and Occupations. Boys. Girls. Destination. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1928. 1929. ! 1930. 1931. , . •; : | I ' Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. ! Per Cent. Post-primary .. 51 51 53 53 51 53 53 ! 51 Commercial occupations— (а) Clerical (including 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 I * typing) (б) Shop and warehouse 442233 1 1 assistants Trades— (a) Engineering .. 2 1 1 1 .. .. .... (b) Building .. 1 2 1 1 (c) Other .. ...4 4 2 1 1 * * * Agricultural and paktoral 20 20 22 24 1 2 2 2 Other occupations ..6 7 6 5 6 5 4 4 Home .. 8 7 9 10 34 33 36 39 Not known .. ..3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Totals .. .. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 * No significant percentage. Table O 3.—Probable Destination oe Pupils leaving Junior High Schools during or at End of 1931. Boys. Girls. Occupation. j I First Second Third T , , , 0 First Second Third „ . . „ Year. Year. Year. Tota1 ' : Percent age. Year Year Year _ Total. Percentage. Continued full-time 78 337 14 429 64 64 271 28 363 61 education Commercial (clerical, 2 24 13 39 6 .. 9 7 16 3 typing, shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 3 18 13 34 5 2 2 8 12 2 Agricultural and pas- 2 40 13 55 8 toral Home .. .. 3 52 I 11 66 10 19 102 59 180 30 Miscellaneous .. 5 22 16 43 6 2 8 8 18 3 Not known .... 7.. 7 1 2 1 1 4 1 Totals, 1931 .. 93 500 ' 80 673 100 89 ! 393 111 593 100 Totals, 1930 .. 126 486 1 82 694 .. 55 412 107 574 Difference .. —33 +14 —2 —21 .. | +34 j —19 j +4 +19 j Table O 4.—Percentages oe Pupils leaving Junior High Schools in 1928-31 who PROCEEDED TO VARIOUS DESTINATIONS AND OCCUPATIONS. Boys. Girls. Occupation. : 1 — 1928. I 1929. ! 1930. ' 1931. 1928. 1929. 1930. ! 1931. ; V I, 1 'I .1 .1 - „■ r i ! Per Cent.;Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Continued full-time education .. 63 61 67 64 57 60 60 61 Commercial (clerical, typing, shop, 55769563 and warehouse) Trades ., .. .. 6 9 4 5 .. 2 .. 2 Agricultural and pastoral .. 5 10 8 8 . . .. * Home .. .. .. 4 4 5 10 21 25 26 30 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 3 Not known . . . . 13 5 3 1 9 4 4 1 Totals .. .. 100 100 100 j 100 i 100 100 100 100 |_ I I * No significant percentage.

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Table O5.—Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Post-primary Schools during or at the End of the Year 1931.

„ , Technical High and Secondary Departments of | Totals. Secondary Schools. | Combined Schools. Day Schools, District High Schools. Occupation. Boys. j Girls. | Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. B ° yS " Num Per Num- Per ! Num- I Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Sum- J Per Nam- Per Num- 1 Per Nam- Per ben Cent. be™ Cent. | ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. ! Cent. ber. Cent. ber. ] Cent. ber. | Cent. I H " " i i i ' i TT ■ , p 11 „ 909 q ill 5 .. 17 1 8 1 15 j 2 | 9 1 234 4 128 3 University College .. ..AM y 111 o •• j . * 3 ! * ] * 5 * 20 * Teaching or training college 1*18 1.. ••! ! Clerical— ,, , j 7* 6*1712* 29 18* Government or local body 15 ........ j ... • o * 9 * ! 7 | 1 50 1 1 6 * Banks, insurance .. 40 2 4 * . - • • -• j g # ■; 30 j 8 Commercial !. .! 272 12 184 8 | 6 10 10 'l3 88 5 145 9 i 15 2 44 5 381 7 383 S Engineering, surveying, and 36 2 .... j 3 5. .. j . • 62 ; " architecture j 105 6 108 11 15 2 669 13 150 3 Various trades and industries 269 11 30 1 J 14 -• •• * m n q «9« 19 41s 8 Shop and warehouse .. 271 11 193 9 12 19 2 3 234 13 143 8 111 11 75 / 628 12 4 3 T7 v ■ cai 9« 9 * 21 33 498 27 11 1 449 46 4 i,bzy -JI ' < H™ 8 :: 107 5 1,202 54 .. .. 29 38 46 3 741 j 44 j 24 2 564 60 177 3 2,536 52 ,• 9 ify* 5 4 6 4 5 44 2 57 3 i 15 2 42 5 115 2 206 4 Ct'LowT :: :: « >! » « * n «. » 564 3 i «0 2«, m 21 m, »us» 23 w 22 Totals, 1931 ..2,356 100 2,232 100 5T | 100 | 76 j 100 1,850 100 1,692 100 j 978 100 936 : 100 5,2« ' 100 936 100 Totals' 1930 .. 2,407 .. 2,543 •• •• 1,670 + 776 " 4 ' 923 I 4 ' 742 " Difference .. 1 —51 .. -311 .. +63; .. [ +76 j .. +180 .. +268 .. +132 .. +161 | .. +324 .. |+194 .. *No significant percentage.

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Table O6.—Percentages of Boys leaving Post-primary Schools in 1928-31 who proceeded to the University or to Employment in the Three Main Occupational Groups.

A study of the six preceding tables reveals the following points : — (1) A very considerable decrease in the number of pupils leaving primary schools. The number in Form II was rather greater than in the previous year and the decrease is clearly due to a falling-ofi in the number of proficiency passes. As a consequence of this, more pupils are staying at school to complete. (2) A decrease in the number leaving secondary schools, but an increase in the number leaving all other post-primary schools. This latter is somewhat surprising in view of the prevailing depression. (3) The percentage of pupils leaving primary schools who proceed to postprimary schools has for some time been nearly constant at just over 50 per cent. (4) The percentage of pupils leaving secondary schools for the University has increased to 9 per cent., due partly to the difficulty of securing employment and partly, in times of keen competition, to the necessity of securing the best possible qualifications. (5) Most schools continue to show decreases in the number of pupils proceeding to commercial occupations and to trades, while again there is an increase in the number taking up agricultural and pastoral occupations. (6) The destination of very few pupils is given as " Teaching or Training College," as no probationers were appointed at the beginning of 1932. Many of those under the heading " University " will, however, undoubtedly be taking up teaching later on. 16. VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND PLACEMENT. The work of attempting to give some guidance to boys and girls leaving the post-primary schools and desiring to take up employment has been carried on indefatigably by the special assistants approved in several of the la'rgest schools. In at least one centre the University staff has given very valuable assistance in this connection, while the officers of the Y.M.C.A. have co-operated to the fullest extent possible. Many of the avenues for employment have become _ closed during this period of financial depression, and consequently the work of vocational guidance has been to some extent in abeyance while the activities of those who had this responsibility have been directed more towards vocational placement —that is, the finding of situations for the boys and girls who have left school. At the beginning of the year the Government decided to relax the regulations governing the award of senior free places in order that boys and girls who were reasonably well qualified educationally might while they were waiting for employment occupy themselves profitably in continuing their courses in the postprimarv schools. Nearly five hundred young people took advantage of this concession at the end of this year. lam glad to say that in all the more important centres organizations have sprung up with the object of assisting teachers and parents to find some sort of suitable occupation for the boys and girls leaving school, [n. a large number of instances lads have been placed on farms. In a great many cases, however, it was impossible to find employment for the young people, and local voluntary organizations have endeavoured to provide useful part-time education in occupation centres which in at least one district are located in buildings lent by the Education Board. 4—E. 1.

University. ghop° and*ffwiS. Farmtag ' TradeS and In(iMtrie8 ' Class of School. 1928.1929.1930. 1931. 1928.1929,'l930. 1931. 1928.1929.1930. 1931. 1928.1929.1930.1931. I ; Secondary .. .. .. 5 3 7 9 44 50 35 28 18 19 25 28 12 12 i 12 11 Combined .. .. 35 33 14 Technical 1 * 1 1 35 38 32 22 18 18 22 27 23 25 18 15 District high .. .. .. 1 1 * 2 33 34 27 16 34 33 43 46 13 17 11 11 All schools .. .. .. 3 2 4 4 39 43 33 24 21 21 27 31 16 17 14 13 * No significant percentage.

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The following table is of interest in connection with this matter : —

Table P. —Percentages of Pupils leaving Primary, Junior High, and Post-primary Schools in 1928-31 who are known to have proceeded to Further Full-time Education of a Higher Grade or to some Definite Occupation (Home excluded).

The difference between the figures given and 100 per cent, is not to be taken as a measure of unemployment, as in a large number of cases, particularly boys, the destination was not known, and in the case of the girls a still larger number were engaged in home pursuits. 17. LENGTH OF POST-PRIMARY COURSE. The returns compiled in 1931 by teachers show also the duration of the postprimary course taken by pupils who have now left school. Summarized, the position is as follows : —

Table Q1.

To make an accurate determination of the average length of school life of pupils in the various post-primary schools would involve a record being kept of the actual length of school life of each individual pupil. This has not hitherto been considered necessary. A rough approximation may, however, be obtained to the average length of school life of those pupils who left, in 1931 by dividing the total school life of all pupils leaving during the year by the total number of such pupils. For this purpose the school life of pupils leaving during the first, second, and third years has been taken as one, two, and three years respectively. This is undoubtedly too high, but there is compensation in that the school life of pupils leaving during the fourth and later years is taken as four years only, whereas (particularly in secondary and combined schools) many of them stay for a considerably longer period.

Boys. Girls. Class of School. — 1 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1928. 1929. j 1930. 1931. Primary .. ..89 90 88 87 63 64 61 58 Junior high .. 83 91 92 89 70 71 70 69 Secondary .. 81 87 80 78 47 48 37 29 Combined .. .. .. .. .. 89 .. .. .. 22 Technical .. 80 85 74 67 41 48 34 28 Secondary departments of 85 88 83 76 33 37 27 21 district high schools All post-primary schools.. 81 86 79 74 43 45 35 27

Secondary Combined Technical High District High Schools. Schools. and Technical Schools AH Schools. Day schools. Number. Number. Number. Number. Leaving in first year .. 754 16 39 28 .1,146 32 682 35 2,621 26 Leaving in second year 1,359 30 33 24 1,360 39 607 32 3,359 33 Leaving in third year .. 1,055 23 41 29 668 19 324 17 2,088 20 Leaving in fourth and 1,420 31 26 19 368 10 301 16 2,115 21 later year Totals, 1931 .. 4,588 100 139 100 3,542 100 1,914 100 10.183 100 Totals, 1930 .. 4,950 .. .. .. 3,094 .. 1,621 .. 9^665 Difference .. —362 .. +139 .. +448 .. +293 . . +518

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The following figures must consequently be given with some reserve, but they are probably not far from the truth : — Average Length of School Life. Yrs. m. Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. ..28 Combined schools .. .. .. .. .. ..25 Technical high and day schools . . .. .. ..21 Secondary departments of district high schools.. . . ..22 All post-primary schools . . .. .. .. ..24 In the case of pupils who enter upon post-primary courses and leave during the same year, the Department has been furnished with information showing in months the duration of the period of attendance of such pupils, and this information is tabulated below. The totals shown in the table are slightly below those shown as leaving in the first year in the table immediately preceding. This difference is due to the fact that the table below concerns only pupils who commenced and terminated their post-primary courses in the same year, while the table above includes under " first year " pupils who, though in the first year of a post-primary course when they left, actually commenced that course in a previous calendar year or at a private secondary school.

Table Q2. —Number of Children who commenced Post-primary Courses in 1931 and who definitely left in the same Year.

18. FREE PLACES IN POST-PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The following table gives the number of free-place holders in post-primary schools in 1930 and 1931 : —

Table R.—Free-place Holders as at 1st July.

During During During During During During During During During During During First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Type of School. Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Total. of of of of of of of of of of of Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. Secondary schools .. .. 5 5 7 511 1212 1612 9 17 16 32 1918 10 27 12 20 23191 249 352 376 Percentage .. ..1 2 3 4 3 5 7 4 5 6 60 100 Combined schools .. ..3 61 12 21 —-1 — 2 ■— 6 12— 1 — 1 .. .. 16 23 Percentage* .. .. ..23 5 10 3 3 5 46 3 3 .. .. 100 Technical schools .. ..12 9 18 7 21 16 33 24 24 17 29 28 36 25 38 17 30 29 40 32 299 350 580 554 V y > K y JK Y ' Y ' K Y /V Y ' Y ' Y ' K Y ' K Y ' V Y JK Y J Percentage .. .. ..2 2 3 5 4 5 6 5 5 6 57 100 Secondary departments of district 6 1512 9 13 612 11 8 1126 14 34 17 30 21 27 16 25 23143 152 336 295 high schools Y ' K y J K y J y y ' V y —' y y ' K y J K y ' K V — J K v ' K v ' K y ' Percentage .. .. ..3 3 3 4 3 6 8 8 7 8 47 100 Totals .. .. .. 26 35 38 22 47 36 58 5145 37 74 58108 73 86 49 84 58 85 78 633 751 1,284 1,248 v Y Y } K Y Y J K Y ;V Y J K Y ' Y ' K Y J K Y 1 K Y Y ' Percentage .. ..3 3 3 4 3 5 7 5 6 6 55 100 * The percentages given here for combined schools have little statistical value as both schools concerned were badly affected by the Hawke's Bay earthquake, and conditions were abnormal.

Technical Secondary junior Maori All Secondary Combined High and Departments Hjgh Secondary primary Schools. Schools. Day of District Schools Schools * Schools. High Schools. hcll ools. bchools. Schools. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Junior free places .. .. 5,6365,115 169 145 3,7162,9782,0791,864 159 155 65 73 11,82410,330 Senior free places .. .. 3,213 2,262 91 56 996 728 675 605 .. .. 5 .. 4,980 3,651 Totals .. .. 8,8497,377 260 201 4,7123,7062,7542,469 159 155 70 73^16,80413,981 Grand totals, 1931 .. 16?226 461 8?418 5,223 314 143 30,785 Grand totals, 1930 .. 16,056 .. 7,853 4,564 172 167 28,812 Difference .. .. +170 +461 +565 +659 +142 — 24 +1,973 * As at end of year.

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Of the 31,053 children in attendance in 1931 at -public schools providing secondary education, 30,642 held free places and 411 were paying pupils. Ninety-nine per cent, of the children were thus receiving free secondary education. This represents an increase of 2 per cent, on the figures for 1930, when 989, out of the 29,801 children in attendance, were paying pupils. The increase in the number of free pupils is due to the fact that in 1931 for the first time the Department, owing to the abnormal conditions obtaining in the industrial world, allowed those pupils who failed to secure Senior Free Places either by recommendation or examination to return to school without payment. 19. SPECIAL CLASSES FOR BACKWARD CHILDREN. Although no new special classes were opened during the year, there was a considerable increase in the enrolment when compared with that of the previous year. The enrolment on the Ist July, 1930, was 484, and on the Ist July, 1931, it was 545, an increase of 61. This merely means that the work of the specialist staff in selecting children for admission to these classes is now bearing fruit. 20. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND DEPARTMENTS. There are now ten of these schools and departments in operation, an additional separate junior high school having been opened at Otahuhu, at the beginning of the year. They are of three different types. Two (those at Kowhai and Otahuhu) are separate schools offering instruction in Forms I, 11, and 111, two (those at Matamata and Northcote) are intermediate departments offering instruction in Forms I and 11, and attached on the one side to a primary school and on the other to the secondary department of a district high school, while the remaining six (the junior high schools at Whangarei, Rotorua, Rongotai, Blenheim, and the boys' and girls' junior high schools at Oamaru) are intermediate departments offering instruction in Forms I and 11, and attached to a secondary school. The first junior high school (Kowhai) was opened at Auckland in 1922. In 1928 there were nine of these schools or departments with, on Ist July, a roll number in Forms I and II of all schools and Form 111 of the separate schools of 2,395, as against the present roll number of 2,792, so that the development (mainly owing to financial considerations) has not been rapid. The junior high school established at Waihi will be operating in 1932. 21. POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION. At the end of 1931 post-primary education, apart from that in those Native post-primary schools which are not registered private secondary schools, was being offered in forty-two secondary schools, two combined schools, twenty-two technical schools, two separate junior high schools, eighty-two district high schools, and fiftyone endowed schools and registered private secondary schools, a total of 201, as compared with 200 at the end of 1930. A new separate junior high school was established at Otahuhu, and the number of district high schools has increased by one as the result of the establishment of a secondary department at Northcote. The decrease of two in the number of secondary schools and of one in the number of technical schools is apparent only, their place being taken by the two combined schools. The disastrous earthquake in the Hawke's Bay District completely destroyed the Napier Technical School (with the unfortunate loss of several lives), and the large assembly-liall at the Boys' High School, did irreparable damage to the Girls' High School btdlding (in course of erection at the time) and the nearly completed new technical-school buildings, and severely' damaged the old Girls' High School and the Boys' High School. The reorganization of post-primary education in Napier was thus rendered not only desirable but extremely necessary. Steps were accordingly taken to establish combined or amalgamated schools which would provide instruction in all the courses and subjects hitherto taught

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separately or in duplicate in the secondary and technical schools. Under the Finance Act of April, 1931, a Napier Secondary Education Board was established and in the second term the Boys' and the Girls' High Schools were reopened as separate " combined schools." Both schools worked under very great difficulties for the remainder of the year, the girls' in sheds and rooms scattered about the schoolgrounds and the boys' partly in temporary erections at the high school and partly at the technical-school workshops over a mile away. The Finance Act referred to also provided for the establishment of " combined schools "at Nelson under the Council of Governors of Nelson College. Later in the year regulations for " combined schools," based in the meantime on those for technical schools, were issued by the Department and applied at once to the Napier schools. Their application to the New Plymouth schools—where a somewhat similar amalgamation had been effected in 1927 and to the Nelson schools—was, however, postponed till the commencement of the ensuing year. The establishment of these " combined schools " has been the outstanding event of the year in connection with post-primary education. The total roll numbers on the Ist Julv in the schools enumerated above were — 1930. 1931. Secondary .. .. .. .. .. .. 16,474 16,445 Combined . . .. . . .. .. .. .. 462 Technical . . .. .. . . .. 8,002 8,541 Separate junior high schools (Form 111 only) .. .. 172 314 Secondary departments of district high schools .. .. 4,636 5,291 Endowed schools and registered private secondary schools.. 4,413 4,414 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 33,697 35,467 These numbers refer to full-time pupils only. 22. EVENING TECHNICAL CLASSES AND PART-TIME DAY CLASSES. During 1931 evening technical and part-time day classes were conducted at forty-three centres, the same number as in the previous year. These classes provided instruction for 10,536 students, as against 11,829 students in 1930. Of these students, 5,316 and 5,994 held free places in 1931 and 1930 respectively. This falling-off in the numbers attending evening classes is fairly general throughout the Dominion, and is due partly to the difficulty experienced by many pupils in finding employment, with the result that they stay on as full-time pupils in day schools instead of, as in previous years, going to work and attending evening classes, but mainly to the depression in trade and the consequent diminution in numbers at the various trades, especially of apprentices. 23. NATIVE SCHOOLS. At the end of 1931 there were 139 Native schools maintained and administered by the Department for the primary education of Maori children. Eleven Maori boarding-schools, affording secondary education for Maoris, are controlled by religious denominations. Of these schools two are private registered secondary schools. In addition, Church authorities control eleven mission schools providing primary education. The following table shows the number of schools, with the enrolment as at Ist July j 1930, and Ist July, 1931 : —

1930. 1931. Schools. I Roll. Schools. Roll. Native schools .. .. .. .. 138 7,047 139 7,501 Mission schools (primary) .. .. 11 538 11 531 Public schools with Native children enrolled 794 8,257 791 8,384 Totals 943 15,842 941 16,416

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The Native schools provide education for Maoris in the outlying Native communities. Maoris are also admitted to the ordinary public schools, as will be observed in the above table. The roll number for Native schools as at Ist July includes a number of European children (829 on the Ist July, 1930, and 1,011 on the Ist July, 1931). It will thus be seen that 15,405 Native children, compared with 15,013 at the Ist July, 1930, were receiving primary education. The average attendance at Native schools was 90-7 per cent, of the average weekly enrolment. At the end of the year there were 323 teachers (including 101 junior assistant teachers) employed in the service. Of these, 166 (141 class teachers and 25 junior assistant teachers) are certificated. The position of junior assistant is akin to that of a probationer in the public-schools service. During the year the administrative organization of the Native schools has been remodelled. This change in administration has resulted in substantial saving, mainly in the purchase of bulk supplies. The examination and inspection of Native schools has been revised and a less formal system substituted, enabling more time to be devoted to constructive criticism and demonstration. Boarding-schools for the secondary education of Maoris have been established by religious bodies, and the Government provides a number of scholarships tenable at these schools, which are inspected by the Department's officers. There were eleven schools at the end of last year, with an enrolment of 382 Maori pupils, of whom 143 held Government scholarships. In addition, two Maoris held scholarships at Victoria University College and Otago University, taking courses in arts and medicine, and five Maoris held agricultural scholarships, three being tenable at Te Aute College, one at Wesley College, and one at St. Stephen's School. 24. REGISTERED PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by registered private primary schools with respect to the year 1931 : —

Table S.

The number of schools at the end of the previous year was 306, and the total enrolment 26,451. There has been an increase of thirteen and five respectively in the number of undenominational and Catholic Church schools and a decrease of nineteen in the number of other Church schools.

Undenomi- Catholic Other national Church Church Total. Schools. Schools. Schools. Number of schools .. .. .. 53 214 .38 305 Roll at December — Boys .. .. .. .. 1,041 10,737 722 12,500 Girls .. .. .. .. 1,215 11,750 1,261 14,226 Total .. .. .. .. 2,256 22,487 1,983 26,726 Average attendance .. .. .. 2,064-0 20,176-0 1,829-1 24,069-1 Teachers (inclusive of head teachers) — Men .. .. .. .. .. 37 49 21 107 Women .. .. .. .. 109 666 77 852 Total .. .. .. .. 146 715 98 959

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25. ENDOWED SCHOOLS AND REGISTERED PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by endowed schools and registered private secondary schools with respect to the years 1930 and 1931 : —

Table T.

26. THE CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL. During the year the progress of the Correspondence School has been marked by continued steady growth.and development. At the end of December there were 973 on the roll in the primary department and 286 in the secondary department, a total of 1,259. Of these, over three hundred were in the infant classes. The corresponding numbers at the end of 1930 were : Primary, 860 ; secondary, 166 : total, 1,026. The staff consisted of the headmaster, fourteen primary assistants, ten secondary assistants, and eight office assistants. An attempt has been made to provide a course of study in accordance with the syllabus, and in every possible way to give the children as wide an education as they would receive in a public school. The introductioii of such subjects as nature-study and needlework has done much to improve the course in this direction, the latter subject in particular being much appreciated both by parents and pupils. The secondary department was established in 1929. Of the 286 pupils on the roll during the past year, approximately 10 per cent, were engaged in third-year work of Public Service Entrance Examination standard, 20 per cent, in second year, and the remainder in first-year work. Of the whole number, approximately 67 per cent, were taking examination, and 33 per cent, non-examination courses. In addition, instruction papers and model answers were being supplied to sixtyseven small country schools for the benefit of ninety-four Form 111 pupils in regular attendance. The total number of secondary pupils receiving instruction was therefore 380. The subjects of instruction are English, history and civics, geography, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, Latin, French (from the second year only), general science and agriculture, and bookkeeping. All the members of the secondary staff are University graduates who have specialized in their respective subjects. The organization of the work is very thorough and pupils who have transferred to secondary schools have had no difficulty in taking up the work there in the corresponding forms. The school was examined by both primary and secondary inspectors whose reports indicate that a high standard of efficiency has been reached by the pupils. Of the thirty-six pupils who sat for the examination in Form 11, thirty-three gained certificates of Proficiency and one gained a Competency Certificate, while of the seven pupils of the secondary department who were advised to sit for the Public Service Entrance Examination five were successful in passing. 27. KINDERGARTEN SCHOOLS. During the year no change was made in the Department's policy in regard to kindergartens. Financial assistance towards the conduct of these institutions recognized for the purpose by the Department was granted in accordance with, regulations. These provided, firstly, for payment of a capitation grant limited to

1930. 1931. Number of schools .. .. .. .. 50 51* Roll at 1st July .. .. .. .. 4,413 4 414 Average attendance .. .. .. .. 4,277-6 4' 162 Teachers (inclusive of Principals)— Men .. .. 1 .. .. .. 122 135 Women .. .. .. ,. .. 151 155 Total .. .. .. 273 290 * One of these schools was temporarily closed during 1931 as a result of the Hawke's Bay earthquake.

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£4 (reduced to £3 12s. as from the Ist April, 1931) for each pupil in average attendance and to £l ss. for every £l raised by voluntary contribution and expended on the maintenance of the schools ; and, secondly, as a subsidy not exceeding £l for £l raised by voluntary contributions and expended on buildings, sites, and equipment approved by the Minister of Education. These grants have now been withdrawn. During 1931 a sum of £5,678 was paid 'as capitation and £54 as building subsidy. The number of schools, pupils on the roll, and average attendance at schools conducted in 1931 by recognized kindergarten associations were as follow : —

An additional school was established at Invercargill. 28. CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS. Influenced by the success that has attended school, consolidation in a number of localities in the Dominion, and by the evidence of increased educational advantages enjoyed by the children concerned in them, the'residents of other districts have in a number of cases brought forward schemes for the closing of small schools and conveyance of the children to a central school. Unfortunately, the necessity for curtailing buildings expenditure has made it inadvisable to approve of extensive schemes involving replacement of schools where existing arrangements and buildings can be made to serve for the time being. During the year, therefore, no consolidations have been arranged in which an actual saving of expense has not been assured by the change. Several additions have been made to the number of buses specially built for the Department to serve for the conveyance of school-children, and these, driven by qualified teacher-drivers in some cases, and in others by private motor-drivers under contract, are performing efficient service in connection with the consolidations. 29. CONVEYANCE AND BOARD OF SCHOOL-CHILDREN. Recent establishments of special conveyances have been practically confined to cases in which new schools or the reopening of closed schools would have been necessary if conveyance had not been adopted. The costs of previously existing services have been scrutinized carefully in numbers of cases with a view to effecting reductions wherever possible. A pleasing feature in connection with this necessary work of reviewing services has been the ready co-operation which the Education Boards have shown. In the course of the investigations the services were grouped broadly into two main classes—firstly, " essential services " embracing those without which the children would find it quite impossible to attend school, and the Department would have no alternative but to establish new schools for them or leave them to enrol in the Correspondence School classes. In such cases the Department has continued to pay the full cost of conveyance if the numbers are considerable, and to leave the children to take correspondence tuition if they are few. The second class of case is what might be termed " convenience services," the running of which has perhaps

„ , , „ , , Pupils on Roll at Average Attendance, Association. Number ol (schools. End of 1931 1931. Auckland .. .. .. 8 561 402 Hastings ........ 1 46 26 Hutt Valley ..... 1 67 65 Wellington .. . . .. 7 421 350 Blenheim ........ 1 43 33 Christchurch ...... 6 387 292 Dunedin .. .. .. .. 6 320 262 Invercargill .. .. .. 3 131 97 Totals, 1931 .. .. 33 1,976 1,527 Totals, 1930 .. .. 32 1,753 1,348 Difference.. .. .. +1 +223 +179

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saved the children the need for walking fairly considerable distances, or has enabled the parents to avoid providing horses, bicycles, or wheeled vehicles for the children. In the case of such " convenience services " it has been generally arranged that nothing more than payment of the capitation allowance of 6d. or Bd. a day (depending on distance between home and school) should be paid, and that the parents should contribute the balance of the cost (if any). The investigation of conveyance services and costs led to the discovery that the system of allowing local authorities to arrange contracts, without the necessity for submitting them for approval, on the basis of payment by the Government of capitation allowance and half the cost in excess of capitation, could not be continued, since it had led to extraordinary overlapping of service and consequent increase of expenditure in some districts. Severe curtailment was found to be necessary in the case of one district, and costs have been substantially reduced in consequence. Following on the passing of the Transport Licensing Act, 1931, officers of my Department co-operated with officers of the Transport Department with a view to removing any preventable danger to children through the use of unsafe motor-vehicles by conveyance contractors, and it is considered that this risk has now been greatly minimized. It was found necessary during the year to amend the regulations for manual and technical instruction under which technical schools were empowered to use their funds for conveyance of children, provided that there was money available after other specified expenses had been met. Approval was given for technical schools which had already established bus services, or were subsidizing payments made for the pupils' expenses of travel by bus, to continue these until the close of the year, but with the understanding that they should cease altogether at that time. By thus making it the parent's responsibility to defray the expenses of their children's transport, the double object is achieved of leaving the funds available for use in connection with more essential needs of the schools and of avoiding the anomaly under which bus transport was provided free for pupils of technical schools and refused to pupils of secondary schools. The only free conveyance of secondary and technical school pupils is now that provided by the Government railways. The following table shows the Education Department's expenditure on all classes of pupils and on all methods of conveyance during 1931, the expenditure on rail being shown separately : —

Table V. —Cost of Conveyance of Pupils to Schools and to Manual Classes by Rail, Motor-vehicle, etc.

The Department expended also in 1931 a sum of £8,408 in contributing towards the cost of board of those children who were obliged to live away from home in order to attend a public school or Native school. 5—E. 1.

1930. 1931. Type of School. Rail. Other. Total. Rail. Other. Total. ££££££ Public primary .. .. .. .. 2,062 64,709* 66 ; 771| 1,981 63,849 65,830f Private primary •• •• •• 2,168 .. 2,168 2,193 .. 2,193 Manual classes in connection with public 5,958 2,380 8,338 5,720 5,167 10,887 primary Manual classes in connection with private 77 77 53 .. 53 primary Junior high .. .. .. . . 97 34 131 182 62 244 Secondary departments of district high .. 1,456 432 1,888 1,354 778 2,132 Secondary .. .. .. .. 5,613 397 6,010 5,298 373 5,671 Combined . . . . . . .. .. .. . • 59 .. 59 Technical .. .. .. .. 6,064 14 6,078 6,140 .. 6,140 Private secondary .. . . . . 916 .. 916 967 . . 967 Native .. .. .. .. 24 2,211 2,235 36 3,059 3,095 Totals .. .. .. 24,435 70,177 94,612 23,983 73,288 97,271 * This sum includes approximately £2,000 on account of manual classes in connection with public primary schools. t This sum includes the expenditure on conveyance of children to consolidated schools.

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30. MANUAL INSTRUCTION. During the year the usual instruction was given by class teachers in primary schools in the subjects elementary science and agriculture under the supervision of twenty-three itinerant agricultural instructors. The extent to which classes in other manual subjects were taken by pupils from the different types of schools may be summarized as follows : —

The expenditure of these classes for the year ending 31st December, 1931, amounts to approximately £65,500. In addition, the cost of commercial instruction in district high schools was £3,047. Handwork materials were supplied in 1931 at an approximate cost of £13,200. The cost of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards is not included in the above figures. 31. PHYSICAL EDUCATION. To the young teachers now going out from the training colleges must fall the major portion of the task of bringing into schools a greater appreciation of modern methods of instruction in physical education. During the year the four training colleges have again had the services of the Department's physical instructors. At Dunedin Training College the usual specialist class of third-year students was in operation. 32. SCHOOL MUSIC. It is unfortunate that it is necessary to record the loss to the Department of the first Supervisor in the subject, Mr. E. Douglas Tayler. Under Mr. Tayler's stimulating influence, somewhat slow but solid progress towards better conditions in music generally throughout the schools—primary and secondary alike—was becoming manifest. The brighter side of the picture is the fact that specialization has been undertaken in this subject by a few third-year training-college students in recent years, and to these students full opportunity will be given to make use of their special qualifications in the schools. Since the services of the instructors of physical training have been utilized to a greater extent at training colleges, greater attention has been paid to the allied subject of eurythmics. 33. TRAINING OF TEACHERS. (a) Supply op Teachers. The Department estimated that, having regard to the number of ex-trainees unemployed and the wastage that would occur in the year 1935 —i.e., the first year in which the 1931 probationers would normally be eligible to fill vacancies in the teaching service requiring the appointment of a certificated teacher —would be met by the appointment of 457 probationers ; and Education Boards were notified of the number to be appointed. This number was approximately one hundred less than the number of probationers (550) appointed in 1930,

Number of Pupils from Secondary Subject. Forms I, II, DepartPrimary. District Secondary. Private. All Schools. Schools. High Schools. Woodwork .. .. 17,444 1,394 1,608 952 1,841 23,239 Metalwork. .. .. ... 98 620 .. 428 . . 1,146 Cookery or laundry-work .. j 15,954 1,263 1,488 700 1,984 21'389

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(b) Applicants for Probatjonerships. In 1931, as in the previous year, the number of qualified applicants for entrance to the teaching service as probationers far exceeded the number of probationerships available. For the 457 positions there were over 800 applicants, and Education Boards were therefore again able to select for appointment young people with high academic and personal qualifications. (c) Period and Conditions of Training. The period of training necessary for a young teacher to secure a trained teacher's certificate is usually four years. By far the greater number of trainees come from the ranks of the probationers in public schools, who serve for one year in that capacity. In addition to these, studentships are granted to assistants who have spent two years in a recognized kindergarten, and to student teachers who have spent one or two years as such in technical schools. These trainees are required to pass or obtain a partial pass in the Training College Entrance Examination, and are then admitted to the training college as students of Division A for a course of training of two years' duration, with a possible extension of a further year on the recommendation of the Principal. Students of Division A, on completion of their course, serve for a further year in the schools as probationary assistants, at the end of which period they will, on complying with the necessary conditions, receive certificates. In the case of students who remain for a third year at training college, the period of training as a probationary assistant is dispensed with. Graduates are accepted for a course of professional training of one year, and are designated students of Division C. In all the above cases the ex-trainee is under bond to serve in public schools or other approved educational institutions. For those who do not desire to enter into a bond to serve in public schools a course similar to that provided for other students is available at a reasonable charge per term. These students are entered under Division B. As in the case of students training for the public-schools service, a student of Division B is required to possess educational qualifications of an approved standard. The above summary outlines the conditions obtaining in 1931. These will, however, almost certainly be modified in certain directions in future years. Arrangements have for some years been made at the various training colleges for training teachers who intend to take up work in post-primary schools, but in one of the four centres little practice in post-primary teaching has hitherto been available owing to the disinclination of certain of the schools to afford the necessary facilities. These schools have now fallen into line with those in the other training-college centres in providing opportunities for observation and teaching practice, and the general arrangements for the training of post-primary teachers are now on a much more satisfactory basis. The following tables summarize the position regarding the training of teachers at the end of 1930 and 1931 :—

Table W1.—Number of Teachers in Training.

The increase in the number of probationary assistants is due to the fact that prior to 1931 there were insufficient probationary assistants to fill all the positions available, many of the teachers leaving training colleges having completed their course of training.

Training-college Students. Number of Number of Pro _ T „ ti ,| . °" 0 ,a ' bationary Trainees. bationers. j)j v j g i on A. Division B. Division 0. Division D. Assistants. . _ I ; _ 1930 .. .. 542 1,114 1 28 11 1,154 352 2,048 1931 .. .. 454 1,118 7 36 .. 1,161 473 2,088

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Table W2.—Number of Students in the various Training Colleges.

Of the 1,161 students in attendance at training college in 1931, 571 were in their first year, 517 were in their second year, and 73 in their third year. At the end of the course third-year students were eligible to receive endorsements on their teachers certificates of a special qualification to teach a subject in which they specialized. Thus, at the end of 1931, 2 received endorsements in science, 4 in science and mathematics, 3 in music and eurythmics, 9 in music, 13 in drawing and handwork, 13 in physical education, 9 in modern languages, 3 in commercial subjects, 7 in experimental pedagogy, 8 in the teaching of backward children, and lin the teaching of deaf children. One student did not receive an endorsement on his teacher's certificate. (d) Teachers leaving Training Colleges. The number of students who left training colleges in 1931 was 574, of which number 3 were granted examination status for Class A, 96 for Class B, 403 for Class C, 59 for Class I) and partial success towards Class C, 1 for Class D, and 12 for partial success for Class D or C. 34- INSPECTION. The following table gives the cost of inspection in the four main branches of education in which inspectorial staffs are maintained.

Table X.—Cost of Inspection, Year ended 31st March, 1932.

For purposes of this table the primary roll is taken to include junior high schools and departments and departments of district high schools, as these are inspected mainly by the primary inspectors, while combined school rolls are credited half to secondary and half to technical No account is taken of private primary and secondary schools, although these also are inspected by the Department s officers. J

1930. 1931. College. : Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland .. .. .. no 264 374 140 269 409 Wellington 51 193 244 59 190 249 Christclmrch .. .. .. 86 220 306 88 194 282 Dunedin .. .. .. 55 I75 230 69 152 221 Totals •• ■■ 302 852 1,154 356 805 1,161

Expenditure on Inspection.* Number of Roll Number Cost per Unit Inspectors, of Schools on m , n f "Roll 1st July, 1931. 1st July, 1931. „ , . Travel mg ° T Salaries. and other Total. IN umber. Expenses. r> • m £ £ s. d. Primary .. 42 218,653 26,907 8,473 35,380 3 3 Secondary .. 4 16,676 2,240 699 2,939 3 6 Technical! •• 4 8,772 1,682 631 2 313 5 3 Native .. 2 7,501 1,493 558 2,051 5 6 * A certain proportion of the salaries of those Inspectors attached to Head Office, part of whose time is devoted to departmental administration, is debited to that account and is not included here. t There were only two Inspectors for the greater part of the year.

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35. HIGHER (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION. The number of students on the books of the four University colleges affiliated to and the two agricultural colleges established in connection with the University of New Zealand at the end of 1931 was 5,111, as against 5,077 at the end of 1930. The figures for each of the colleges were as under :■ — , , 1930. 1931. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,347 4,335 Victoria •• •• • • •• .. .. 1,074 1,112 Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,121 1,201 ota g° •• •• .. .. .. 1,259 1,221 Massey .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 08 152 Lincoln . . .. .. . , _ _ _ gg 90 5,077 5,111 The total number of students described as taking definite courses at the four affiliated colleges was 4,380. These were distributed as follow : — Agriculture .. .. ~ .. 38 Journalism .. .. .. 42 Architecture .. .. . . 57 Law . . . . . .. 428 Arts • ■ • • . • 1,902 Massage .. .. .. 20 Commerce .. .. .. .. 613 Medicine . . .. .. .. 271 Dentistry .. . . . . .. 117 Mining . . . . .. . 22 Engineering .. .. .. 221 Music .. .. .. .. 51 .. .. .. .. 26 Science .. .. .. .. 466 Home-science .. ~ . . 106 The following are some particulars relating to University education in the four affiliated colleges

Table Y.

36. ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS. Legislation repealing the statutory provisions for the award of National Scholarships having been passed early in 1931, it became necessary to discontinue the examinations known as the Junior and Senior National Scholarships Examinations. Examinations conducted by the Department in 1931 comprised mainly the following : — (1) An August series for teachers' certificates of Class D, and Class C and handicraft, and incidentally to some extent of Class B. (2) A November series consisting of Training College Entrance, Public Service Entrance, Intermediate, and Technological Examinations and examinations for elementary kindergarten certificates. Examinations were held at fifty-eight centres in 1931. The total number of entries for all examinations was 4,632, of which number 4,463 candidates actually presented themselves for examination. 6,270 candidates were exempted from the

1928. 1929. J 1930. 1931. Number of students in actual attendance at 4,255 4,128 4,163 4 209 lectures Number of exempted students .. .. 547 495 638 660 Percentage of students— Men .. .. .. .. .. 71 71 70 71 Women .. .. .. .. 29 29 30 29 Percentage of students actually attending Universities receiving free education*— Men .. .. .. .. .. 39 42 40 41 Women .. .. .. . . 58 71 66 59 All students .. .. .. .. 44 50 48 46 Occupations of students expressed as percent- m. f. m. p. m. p. m. p. ages — (1) Full-time students .. .. 32 43 32 43 33 46 37 47 (2) Teachers and training colleges .. 22 44 20 45 19 43 19 41 (3) Government and local bodies ..16 1 15 1 ]6 2 14 2 (4) Other .. .. .. 29 6 29 6 31 6 28 6 (5) Not known .. .. ..1 6 4 5 1 3 2 4 * These students hold scholarships, bursaries, or training-college studentships.

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necessity of passing the Intermediate Examination due to the accrediting principle by which candidates for senior free places may be exempted from an external examination. The number of candidates actually presenting themselves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown below : —

Table Z1. —Numbers of Candidates for various Examinations.

The decrease in the total number of candidates in 1931 is due to several factors, the most important of which are the abolition of Junior and Senior National Scholarships and the failure of the Public Service Entrance Examination to prove as attractive as in the past owing to the increased number of candidates with better qualifications now offering for positions in the Public Service.

Table Z2.—Standard and Results of Examinations.

Examination. 1929. 1930. 1931. Junior National Scholarships and Junior Free Places .. .. •• 1,409 1,118 Senior National Scholarships .. .. .. . ■ • • 935 673 Public Service Entrance .. .. .. .. 2,491 2,338 1,407 Intermediate .. .. .. . • •• •• 1,094 1,170 1,165 Teachers' Class D .. .. .. • • ■ ■ 1,560 610 24-9 Teachers' Class C . • ■ • • ■ 434 343 285 Training College Entrance .. .. • ■ • ■ • • • ■ 743 961 Kindergarten Certificate .. .. .. .. •• 6 4 4 London University Examinations .. .. . . .. ■ ■ 3 4 3 Handicraft Teachers' Certificate . . . . .. . ■ • • 21 25 32 Technological examinations .. • • • • • • ■ • 161 177 143 Naval Cadetships .. .. • • • • • • • • 2 1 Aircraft Apprenticeships .. .. .. .. •• 2 11 Totals 8,116 7,208 4,260 Examinations held on behalf of the City and Guilds of London Institute 199 161 203 Totals 8,315 7,369 4,463

1930. 1931. Stage in Course *§ S § S 3 '£> S -§ § § ■§ pj ■§"! -§ ®. -u . CS<1>.B c3 o cô>3 C$ c3 O cSfl cS at which 3 t30 t3 'd 9 tso Examination is normally ~ cs £ S -f 3 £ '--3 t5 Tj '^3 Examination. taken. g®|j §"S« § j> § §-§H § £ g> §f i . (In some cases it is not ofl" OSS og ofl ° 3 » °2 - ~ easy to indicate g $ o >g g g -g » "g»o -g g S -g a _ "g.2 exact stage.) ga „ a »Pn g .S g S . g. 8« g feS O d O-S O > 0 $ o3 *2 0-£ .2 O ■ajsig ā-a aS'So s-s® S-P B -5 % pJ £ ft 3 £ !3 <e £ 2 P 1 ft 3 & to ri!S fc £ fc fc 12!. fc fc. * Proficiency* .. ' .. At end of Form II .. 26,053 20,210 3,3I7t 2,526 25,128 16,492 4,876| 3,760 Intermediate .. .. At end of Form IV .. 1,170 343 .. 827 1,165 390 .. 775 Public Service Entrance At end of Form V .. 2,338 1,195 .. 1,143 1,407 809 .. 598 Certificate of Class D .. At end of Form V .. 610 2181 298 94 249 136§ 96 17 Kindergarten Certificate At end of Form V.. 4 4 .. .. 4 4 Training College Entrance At end of Form VI .. 743 498 203 42 961 435 321 205 Certificate of Class C and At end of training- 343 133|| 123 87 285 111 79 Class B college course _ Handicraft Teachers' Taken by teachers ..25 3 15 7 32 1 23 8 Certificate Technological ExaminaPrelimimiry .. At end of Form IV or 67 43 24 39 23 16 equivalent Intermediate .. Evening classes, third- 73 35 .. 38 73 36 37 year apprentices Final .. • • Evening classes, fourth 35 21 .. 14 27 14 .. 13 year apprentices Special Examination in .. 2 ... ■ 2 4 2 2 Building Construction Naval Cadetships .. Form III .. .. 1 ■ • • • 1 Naval Cadetships (Special Form VI entry) _ Aircraft Apprentices .. Form V .. .. 2 2 .. .. 11 o London University .. Post-secondary .. 4 2 2 3 2 1 Examinations held on be- As for technological 161 81 . . 80 203 80 .. 1^3 half of City and Guilds examinations of London Institute * This examination is held by the Department's Inspectors in the various education districts, but the results are given for purposes of comparison. * A more detailed analysis will he found in Table A 7 of E.-2. t Competency pass. + Includes 1 passed for Class A 1 passed for Class B, and 7 passed for Class C. § Includes 8 passed for Class C, and 4 passed for Class B. || Includes 3 passed for Class B. 1Ī 93 passed Class C and 2 passed Class B.

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The examination organization of the Education Department is utilized in the arrangements necessary for carrying out the Wiremen's Registration Examinations conducted by the Electrical Wiremen's Registration Board. In addition to those certificates issued as a result of the examinations given above, certificates were also issued in the following cases to candidates who were recommended by Principals of post-primary schools and approved by the Department's Inspectors.

Table Z3.—Number of Certificates issued by accrediting.

37- CHILD WELFARE. The total number of children under supervision of the Child Welfare Branch as at 31st March, 1932, was 8,391, classed nnder the following headings State wards — In foster-homes, hostels, and with friends .. .. .. .. 3,109 In situations (includes 21 absent without leave) , . . . . . 932 In. Government institutions, receiving-homes, &c. . . .. . . 290 In private institutions . . .. .. . . .. ~ 253 Inmates in special schools for the mentally backward . . .. 267 In hospitals, convalescent homes, &c. . . .. . . .. 24 4,875 Young persons supervised m their own homes by Child Welfare Officers, by Order of Court .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ 91] Infants supervised in foster-homes registered under the Infants Act .. 1,131 Children dealt with as preventive cases .. .. . . • ■ 1,355 Pupils at School for Deaf, Sumner (8 of these being State wards) .. .. 120 8,392

(These are in addition to those awarded as a result of examination.) Number of Certificates issued. Certificate. Stage of Course at which Certificate is issued. 1930. 1931. Intermediate .. At end of Form IV—i.e., at the end of at least the second 5,904 6,270 year of approved post-primary course Lower leaving . . At end of Form V —i.e., at the end of at least the third year 164 138 of approved post-primary course Higher leaving .. At the end of Form VI —i.e., at the end of at least the fourth 1,024 1,376 year of approved post-primary course In regard to examinations conducted by the University of New Zealand the following shows the position in 1930 and 1931 : — Table Z 4. —Univebsxty Examinations. Stage in Course at which Examina- , T , . „ ... . Examination. tion is normally taken. Number of Candidates. 1930. 1931. University Entrance At end of Form V—i.e., at end (a) Who presented them- 4,567 4,779 Examination of at least the third year of selves for examination post-primary course (only the (b) Who passed .. 2,038 2,703* very best third-year pupils (c) Who failed .. .. 2,529 2,076 succeed in passing) Entrance Scholarship At end of Form VI—i.e., at end (a) Who presented them- 171 166 Examination of at least the fourth year of selves for examination post-primary course (6) Who obtained at least a 127 105f pass with credit (c) Who qualified only for 39 46 University entrance as a result of the examination (d) Who failed .. .. 5 15 Other University During University course .. (a) Who presented them- 6,296 6,944 examinations selves for examination (c) Who obtained complete 4,103 5,029 or partial successes * The increase in the proportion of passes in 1931 is due to two causes. In the first place the percentage of passes in 1930 was smaller than had been the case for some years; in the second the principle of standardization of marks was adopted by the University for the first time in the examination of 1931 and care had to be taken that, in the first year of a new system, it was not made more difficult for the candidate to secure the percentage necessary for a pass. f Thirty Scholarships are awarded yearly.

E.—l.

The number of children committed to the care of the Superintendent during the year ended 31st March, 1932, was 493, classified according to reason for committal as follows : Indigent, 215 ; delinquent, 16 ; detrimental environment, 42; neglected, 9 ; not under proper control, 133 ; accused or guilty of punishable offence, 78 ; and, in addition, 17 were admitted by private arrangement (section 12, Child Welfare Act), while 47 were temporarily admitted, making the total number of admissions for the year 557. Of the children committed, 67 had been dealt with previously by the Courts for other offences for which they had received terms of supervision. Classified according to the age at the time of admission, the numbers, including temporary admissions and those admitted under section 12, Child Welfare Act, are as follow : Under six months, 59 ; over six months and under one year, 25 ; from one to five years, 88 ; from five to ten years, 110 ; from ten to fourteen years, 108 ; over fourteen years, 167. The length of period of residence for the children temporarily admitted was from one day to eight weeks. Of the children in foster-homes, 201 are over the age of fourteen years, of whom 130 are still attending primary schools and 71 are receiving higher education. In addition, there are 18 residing in hostels and receiving secondary education. Furthermore, 33 children under the age of fourteen years are receiving higher education. 38. TEACHERS' SUPERANNUATION FUND. The position of the fund at the 31st January, 1932, and the principal figures concerning the transactions for the year, compared with those for the year ended 31st January, 1931, are given below : — 1930-31. 1931-32. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at end of year . . . . 1,272,148 1,218,166 Increase over balance at end of previous year .. .. 73,437 Decrease over balance at end of previous year .. .. .. 53,982 Income for the year—• Members'contributions .. .. .. .. 143,392 *115,961 Interest .. .. .. .. . . .. 73,105 72,682 Government subsidy .. .. .. .. 126,106 46,917 Total income.. .. .. .. £342,603 £235,560 Expenditure — Retiring and other allowances .. . . .. 235,902 254,927 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. .. 29,305 30,628 Administration expenses, &c. .. .. .. 3,960 3,987 Total expenditure .. .. .. £269,167 £289,542 Number of contributors at 31st January . . . . 9,909 9,964 Number of members admitted during period . . . . 853 628 Number retiring from the fund during period . . .. 560 573 Net increase in membership at 31st January .. .. 293 55 Number of allowances in force at 31st January .. .. 1,582 1,677 Representing an annual charge of .. .. .. £239,624 £270,840 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. .. 1,015 £192,710 1,088 £221,871 Retiring-allowances under extended, provisions of section 75 of the Act, and under section 14 of Finance Act, 1931 .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 £17,971 108 £18,449 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases .. .. 155 £19,936 166 £21,107 Allowances to widow .. .. .. .. 227 £7,112 242 £7,515 Allowances to children .. .. .. .. 80 £2,080 73 £1,898 Funds invested at 31st January — £ £ At 4| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 30,050 29,950 At 5 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 147,960 147,960 At 5f per cent. .. . . . . .. . . 15.800 15,800 At 5J per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 138,510 131,510 At 5| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 400 400 At 6 per cent. .. .. .. •. .. 881,688 867,104 At 6| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 35,704 24,450 Total .. .. .. .. £1,250,112 £1,217,174 Average rate of interest on investments at 31st January .. 5-796 per cent. 5-78 per cent.

* £136,931, less rebate under section 8 (2) of Finance Act, 1931, £20,970.

E.—l.

APPENDIX.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES IN RESPECT OF ALL SERVICES UNDER THE CONTROL OR SUPERVISION OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION DURING THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1932.

6 —E. 1.

General Administration. £ £ £ Salaries of Head Office staff .. .. .. .. 29,175 Part salaries of Inspectors attached to Head Office .. .. 1,329 Overtime and meal allowances .. .. .. .. 17 30,521 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. .. 129 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,503 Telephones .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 333 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 768 Legal expenses.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Education Gazette— Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 270 Printing, postage, &c., office and other requisites .. 1,329 1,599 Printing and stationery .. .. . .... .. 1,094 Printing and stationery—Storage with Government Printer .. 61 1,155 36,058 Less recoveries— Services rendered to Teachers' Superannuation 1,336 Board and to other Departments Education Gazette: Sales and advertising .. 374 Examination fees, part of (see also " Miscel- 885 laneous ") Postage and telegrams .. .. .. 184 Printing and stationery and sale of publications 219 Teachers'certificate, fees for.. .. .. 625 3,623 Primary Education. 32,435 Teachers' salaries and allowances (including junior high schools 1,533,225 attached to primary schools) Teachers' salaries and allowances —Chatham Island schools .. 1,667 House allowances .. .. .. .. .. 3.9,500 Organizing teachers' salaries and expenses .. .. 458 1,574,850 Education Boards—Grants for administration and general .. 34,633 purposes School Committees' allowances —Cleaning, heating, &c. .. 104,959 Less portion chargeable to post-primary .. .. 3,326 101,633 School and class libraries and supply of books in necessitous .. 1,431 cases Removal expenses of teachers .. .. .. .. .. 1,051 School buildings and sites — Maintenance, including alterations to make safe £ against earthquake .. .. ..81,736 Less portion for secondary departments of district high schools chargeable to post-primary .. .. .. 1,662 80,074 Rebuilding or repairing buildings destroyed or damaged 8,747 by fire Rent of buildings and sites for school purposes .. 4,174 Valuation fees and miscellaneous .. .. .. 34 94,691 Conveyance, &c., of children— By rail .. .. .. . . .. .. 1 9,947 By road and water .. .. .. ..I 69,016 Purchase of school buses .. .. . . .. j 1,301 Boarding-allowances . . . . . • .. 7,582 87,846 Conveyance of instructors and teachers .. .. .. .. 6,970 Correspondence School — Salaries of teachers .. .. .. .. 3,987 Other expenses .. .. .. .. .. 1,689 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. 163 5,839 Inspection— Salaries (less part charged Head Office Administration) .. 26,907 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 7,802 Telephones and office expenses .. .. .. 118 Clerical assistance .. .. .. .. .. 348 Office furniture and fittings ........ 35 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. 170 35,380 School Journal— Salaries .. .. .. . • • • • • 584 Printing, postage, office expenses, &c... .. .. 5,772 — 6,356

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

Primary Education—continued. ' £ £ £ Manual Instruction — Salaries .. .. . . ., .. .. 50,324 Capitation . . .. . . .. .. 11,208 Material .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,629 Incidentals .. .. .. .. .. 9,995 73,156 Postages .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 207 Printing (register and other school books and forms) .. .. 732 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 889 2,024,002 Less recoveries— On account of maintenance of buildings .. 2 On account of conveyance of children.. .. 266 Correspondence School . . .. .. 462 School Journal sales .. .. .. 758 Special examination fees .. .. .. 124 On account of education of foreign children .. 136 Postages .. .. .. .. .. 141 Rent of school-sites, &c. .. .. .. 2,053 — 3,942 2,020,060 Post-primary Education. (Including junior high schools attached to secondary and technical schools.) Teachers' salaries and allowances — District high schools .. .. .. .. 68,852 Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. 214,556 Technical schools and classes .. .. .. 171,811 455,219 Grants to Boards for administrative and general purposes— Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. 34,209 Technical schools .. .. .. .. .. 33,060 67,269 School Committee allowances (portion for secondary depart- .. 3,326 menta, district high schools) Manual instruction in secondary schools .. .. .. .. 6,271 Books supplied in necessitous cases . . .. .. .. 674 Conveyance of pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,216 Napier Secondary Education Board —Grant for typewriters to . . 259 replace those lost in earthquake Ashburton High School : Advance for farming operations .. .. 300 Expenses of instructors taking up appointments .. .. .. 175 Inspection— Salaries (less portion charged to Head Office Administration) 3,800 Grant to officer in lieu of leave on retirement .. .. 122 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 1,330 5,252 Subsidies on voluntary contributions . . .. .. . . 1,243 National Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,787 War Bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 532 Maintenance of buildings (including secondary departments of .. 4,513 district high schools) Rates on buildings and legal expenses .. .. .. . . 239 Repairs (damage after fires) .. .. .. .. • ■ 86 Rents of buildings for school purposes .. .. .. .. 1,888 Correspondence School — Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,140 O fcher expenses .. .. .. .. .. 1.547 4,687 Marlborough High School —Grant under Marlborough High .. 360 School Act, 1899 Printing forms, &c., for schools .. .. .. .. .. 274 Secondary education reserves revenue distributed to High .. 8,651 School Boards (Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1914) Less recoveries— On account of maintenance of buildings .. 91 Correspondence School .. .. .. 462 Tuition fees .. .. .. .. 9 Refund on account of War Bursaries .. .. 3 Rent of school-sites, &c. .. .. .. 143 Refund of expenses of instructors taking up 211 appointments, &o. 919 585,302 Higher Education. Statutory grants— New Zealand University — National-endowment reserve .. 3,779 revenue Auckland University College— Auckland University College Act, 1882 .. .. 3,444 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1928 .. 7,318 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1919 (for 430 Workers' Educational Association purposes) National-endowment reserve revenue . . .. 1,890 13,082

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

7—E. 1.

'I £ £ £ Higher Education—continued. I Statutory grants —continued. Victoria University College— Victoria College Act, 1905 .. .. .. 3,470 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1928 .. 5,962 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1919 (for 430 Workers' Educational Association purposes) National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 1,890 11,752 Canterbury College— New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1928 .. 5,400 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1919 (for 430 Workers' Educational Association purposes) National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 1,890 7,720 University of Otago— New Zealand University Amendment-Act, 1928 .. 13,815 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1919 (for 430 Workers' Educational Association purposes) National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 1,890 16,135 Massey Agricultural College : Massey Agricultural College .. 12.625 Act, 1926 School of Forestry— Auckland University College.. .. .. .. 375 Canterbury College .. .. .. .. 900 1,275 Scholarships and bursaries— University National Scholarships .. .. .. 4,094 Agricultural Scholarships .. .. .. .. 72 " Sir George Grey " Scholarships .. .. .. 200 University Bursaries .. .. .. .. 9,357 Agricultural Bursaries .. .. .. .. 360 Architectural Bursaries .. .. .. .. 59 Engineering Bursaries .. .. .. .. 420 Home-science Bursaries .. .. .. •. 1,086 — 15,648 J Sri Special assistance to deserving students .. .. .. .. 151 Workers' Educational Association — Grant for organizing purposes— Auckland University College .. .. .. 203 Victoria University College .. . . .. 218 Canterbury College .. .. .. . ■ 226 University of Otago .. .. ■. .. 214 Workers' Educational Association .. .. 450 — 1,311 Subsidies on voluntary contributions : Canterbury Agricultural .. 14 College Act, 1930 83,492 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges— Salaries of staffs (including staffs of practising schools in .. 32,834 excess of usual staff as public schools) Expenses in connection with appointments .. .. . ■ 71 Allowances to and expenses of students .. .. •. 104,341 Students'University college fees .. .. .. .. 5,676 Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. .. 2,363 Apparatus and material .. . ■ .. • • • • 307 Printing, &c. .. .. .. • • • ■ • • 24 145,616 Less recoveries: Eees from non-Government students .. 132 145,484 Native Schools. Salaries of teachers .. .. .. •. • • • ■ 61,784 Removal expenses of teachers .. .. • • • • • ■ 001 Books, apparatus, and other school requisites .. .. .. 1,704 - Manual instruction .. .. .. .. • • ■ • 377 Conveyance and board of children .. .. .. .. 3,921 Sundries .. .. .. •. • • • • • • 28 Buildings and sites — Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. •• •• 4,070 Rent of buildings and sites .. ■. ■ ■ • • • • 135 Inspection— Salaries of Inspectors .. .. • • ■ • • • 1,493 Travelling-expenses .. ■. ■ • • • • ■ 558. Scholarships and apprenticeships .. .. • ■ • • 5,695 80,366

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

. I Native Schools—continued. I £ £ £ Less recoveries— Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 274 Books, maps, &e. .. .. .. .. 658 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. 57 Conveyance of children .. .. .. 41 Rent of school-sites, &c. .. .. .. 21 1,051 79,315 Physical Instruction. Salaries of instructors .. .. .. .. .. 4,580 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 2,195 Material: Officers' requisites, uniform allowances, &c. .. 72 Printing, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. 13 6,872 Less recoveries.. .. .. .. .. 10 6,862 Education of the Blind. Maintenance fees of Government pupils at Jubilee Institute .. , . 604 Subsidy on voluntary contributions to Jubilee Institute under .. 2,665 Hospital and Charitable Institution Act, 1926 Travelling-expenses of Government pupils .. .. .. 52 3,321 Less recoveries: Maintenance fees, &c. .. .. .. 451 2,870 School for the Deaf. Salaries of staff .. .. .. .. . . .. 5,698 General maintenance of institution .. .. .. .. 1,918 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 238 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Travelling allowances and expenses (including transit of .. 291 children) Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 8,175 Less recoveries— Maintenance fees .. .. .. ■ • 1,882 Sale of produce .. .. .. .. 5 Board of staff .. .. .. .. 405 — 2,292 5,883 Schools for the Mentally Backward. Salaries of staff .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,421 Maintenance of institutions .. .. .. .. .. 5,151 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 132 Travelling allowances and expenses (including transit of .. 261 children) Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 14,075 Less recoveries— Maintenance fees, &c. .. .. .. 1,122 Sale of produce, &c. .. .. .. 549 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. 4 Board of staff .. .. .. .. 1,345 3,020 11,055 Child Welfare. Salaries of staffs, including field officers .. .. .. 31,395 Wages of inmates employed in institutions .. .. 207 Travelling and removal expenses (including transit of children) 6,171 Boarding-out of children .. .. .. .. 87,171 Maintenance of children in Government institutions .. 24,731 Maintenance of children in private institutions .. . . 3,233 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. 1,788 Repairing damage after fire .. .. . . . . 16 Alterations, Wellesley Street Post-office building for offices .. 346 Rent, office requisites, telephones, &c. .. .. .. 2,256 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. 257 Postage and telegrams ... .. .. .. .. 1,136 Payment to Post and Telegraph Department for services .. 784 Payment to Registrar-General's Department for services 20 Refunds of inmates' earnings .. .. .. .. 271 Refund of maintenance payments .. .. . . 232 Legal expenses.. .. .. .. .. .. 63 Sundries .. .. .. . . . . .. 5 160,082

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc.—continued.

Child Welfare —continued. £ £ £ Less recoveries— Maintenance fees, &c. .. .. .. 18,519 Refunds for clothing, &e., supplied .. .. 6,520 Refunds of boarding-out payments .. .. 1,737 Refunds of travelling-expenses .. .. 35 Recoveries on account of office rent, &c. .. 60 Recoveries on account of inmates' earnings .. 217 Recoveries on account of maintenance of buildings 2 Sale of produce .. .. .. .. 1,997 Board of staff and others .. .. .. 2,543 Rent of land and buildings .. .. .. 660 Accumulated earnings of deceased inmates .. 1,919 34,209 125,873 Material and Stores. Salaries .. .. . . .. . . .. 1,097 Stores and material purchased . . . . . .. .. 3,677 Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. .. . . ■ . .. .. 123 "4,897 Less stores issued and charged to other items of vote .. 5,507 Education Or. 610 Less recoveries : Stores sold .. .. .. 91 Cr. 701 Miscellaneous. Examination expenses .. .. .. .. •• .. 3,370 Grading of teachers, costs of appeal, inquiries, &c. .. .. .. 254 Accidents to school children and teachers .. .. . . .. 50 Cash lost at Napier through earthquake .. .. . . I .. 42 Conference of educational authorities .. . . .. . . 12 Exchange on teachers' salaries (outside New Zealand) . . .. 44 Expenses of officers travelling outside New Zealand.. .. .. 19 Salaries of teachers on exchange from overseas (recoverable) | .. 1,284 Superannuation contributions of teachers on active service, .. 24 1914-19 Free kindergartens: Capitation .. .. .. .. .. 5,678 Teachers' Superannuation Eund — Annual contribution under Act .. .. .. 43,000 Additional allowance to widows and children .. .. 3,935 46,935 Sundries .. .. .. ■. .. . • •. 11 Gramophones for schools (recoverable) .. .. .. .. 154 57,877 Less recoveries— Examination fees, part (balance credited to Head 3,370 Office Administration) Salaries of teachers on exchange from abroad .. 1,357 Expense of officers travelling abroad .. .. 22 Cash (damaged) recovered after earthquake .. 3 Refunds on account of cars purchased previous 140 year Gramophones for schools .. .. .. Ill Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. 35 — 5,038 — 52,839 Net total, excluding new buildings, &c. .. .. .. 3,150,769 Sites, buildings, equipment, &c. : Capital expenditure — Public schools .. .. .. .. .. 126,778 Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. 65,030 Technical schools .. .. .. •• •• 44,507 Training colleges .. .. .. .. . • 1,228 Native schools .. .. .. .. ■ ■ 14,433 Schools for mentally deficient .. .. .. 199 Child welfare institutions .. .. .. .. 714 Kindergartens .. .. . ■ . • ■ • 54 Massey Agricultural College .. .. .. .. 9,622 — 262,565 Less recoveries (sale of sites, &c., and recoveries on account of expenditure of past years)— Public schools .. .. . . .. 1,835 Secondary schools .. .. .. •• 1,418 Technical schools .. .. . • ■ • 201 Native schools .. . . • • • • 3 3,457 259,108 Net total, including new buildings, &c. .. .. .. £3,409,877

E.—l.

SUMMAEY. £ Consolidated Fund, vote Education .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,851,922 Auckland University College Act, 1882, section 26 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,444 Canterbury Agricultural College Act, 1930, section 30 (2) (b) .. .. .. .. 14 Education Act, 1914, section 106 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,787 Education Act, 1914, section 159 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. •• 2,132 Hospital and Charitable Institutions Act, 1926, section 43 .. .. .. .. .. 2,665 Marlborough High School Act, 1899, section 17 .. .. . • .. . . .. 360 Massey Agricultural College Act, 1926, section 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. 12,625 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1914, section 16 .. .. . . .. . . 4,094 New Zealand University Amendment Act. 1914, section 28 .. .. .. .. .. 9,357 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 19.19, section 4 .. .. .. .. .. 1,720 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1928, section 7 .. .. .. .. .. 32,495 Public Service Superannuation Act, section 112 .. .. .. .. .. .. 43,000 Public Service Superannuation Act, section 114 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,935 Victoria College Act, 1905, section 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. •• 3,470 Land Act, 1924 (national-endowment reserves revenue) .. . . .. .. .. .. 79,375 Education Reserves Act, 1928, sections 23 and 30 (primary-education reserves revenue) .. .. 79,386 Education Reserves Act, 1928, sections 23 and 30 (secondary-education reserves revenue) .. .. 8,651 Tauranga Educational Endowment Reserves Act, 1896 (reserves revenue) .. .. .. .. 170 Public Revenue Act, 1926, section 133 (Fire Insurance Fund) .. .. .. .. .. 7,768 Public Works Fund, vote Education buildings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 259,148 3,415,518 Less— Consolidated Fund — £ Recoveries on account of expenditure of previous years .. .. .. 176 Territorial revenue .. .. .. .. .. .. . • 323 Miscellaneous revenue .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,102 Public Works Fund : Recoveries on account of expenditure of previous years .. 40 5,641 £3,409,877 Approximate Cost of Paper.—'Preparation, not given; printing (1,040 copies), £65.

By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington. —1932.

Price ls.\

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1931. [In Continuation of E.-1, 1931.], Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1932 Session I-II, E-01

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1931. [In Continuation of E.-1, 1931.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1932 Session I-II, E-01

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1931. [In Continuation of E.-1, 1931.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1932 Session I-II, E-01

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1931. [In Continuation of E.-1, 1931.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1932 Session I-II, E-01

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1931. [In Continuation of E.-1, 1931.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1932 Session I-II, E-01

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