PRISONS (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1922-23.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1923 Session I-II, H-20

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Session 11. 1923. NEW ZEALAND.

PRISONS (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1922-23.

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

The Hon. the Minister in Charge of the Prisons Department to His Excellency the GovernorGeneral. My Lord,— Wellington, 31st July, 1923. I have the honour to submit to Your Excellency the report of the Prisons Department for *he year 1922-23. I have, &c, C. J. Parr, Minister in Charge of Prisons Department. The Controller-General op Prisons to the Hon. the Minister in Charge op Prisons Department. Sir, — v Prisons Department, Wellington, 28th July, 1923. I have the honour to present the forty-second annual report of the Prisons Department, covering the financial year 1922-23, together with the report of the Inspector of Prisons, an epitome of the reports of the controlling officers of the different prisons and prisons institutions, and the criminal statistics for the calendar year ended 31st December, 1922. Prison Population : Comparative Figures. The criminal statistics for the past calendar year (1922) show that a total of 4,569 distinct persons were received into the various prisons and prison institutions, as compared with 4,995 during the previous year —a decrease of 8-5 per cent. ; but the daily average number in custody increased from 1,065-60 in 1921 to 1,113-45 in 1922—an increase of 4-4 per cent. The decrease in receptions and the increase in the daily average would appear to be anomalous, but this is accounted for by the fact that during the past year the number of long-sentenced prisoners received shows a pronounced increase, whilst there, is a corresponding decrease in the, number of persons received for short terms. In comparing the sentences imposed in 1922 with those of the previous year it is found that there is an increase of fully 100 per cent, in the number of persons declared habitual criminals. The number sentenced to reformative detention increased by 44-2 per cent., but hard-labour sentences show a slight decrease. Youthful offenders continue to increase. A total of 340 New-Zealand-born prisoners between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five were received during 1922 —an increase of 126, or 58 per cent., on the figures for 1921. Crime among youthful Maoris appears to be on the increase. Twenty-nine Maoris under the age of twenty years were received during the past year, as against ten during 1921. The general increase in the prison population is, no doubt, symptomatic of the times, but when it is realized that the bulk of that increase during the past two years has been in the more juvenile class of offenders only, the position that has arisen is regrettable to the last degree. It is time indeed that this phase of criminality received some definite study on the part of some person, or set of persons, specially suited and specially employed for this important class of research work. It is a question of cause, and effect. Until the origin of a disease is discovered it is impossible to apply an effective remedy. In some of the, States of America there are Social-welfare Departments with properly qualified staffs to deal with every phase, of social-reform work. While New Zealand is not yet sufficiently populous to warrant heavy expenditure in this direction, there

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is ample room for a co-ordination of effort. A properly organized Social-welfare Department, combining the activities of some half-dozen Departments and private organizations that are now dealing with various phases of the, subject, would not necessarily lead to much additional expenditure, but if such a Department were established under efficient leadership there would be little difficulty in providing a special research branch to investigate the root causes of crime, and poverty, and to provide formulas at least for amelioration. At present there is no authority to whom members of the public may appeal when matters affecting the social welfare of the community come under their notice. It is " nobody's business," least of all the, business of the Prisons Department ; but with such, evidence before us of the result of the general neglect of the primary principles of social reform we feel that it is at least our " business "to draw public attention to the matter. In this connection I fee] impelled to repeat the concluding paragraph of my last year's remarks regarding the criminal statistics :" In crime, as in disease, ' prevention is better than cure.' Preventive measures must naturally be applied before the disease has developed. In crime, as in disease, the, application of a cure is a doubtful, difficult, and lengthy process. The percentage of complete recoveries in the case of confirmed criminals is probably as small as in the case of sufferers from malignant disease who have received no medical attention until the disease has become well established." The fluctuations in the prison population of the Dominion from 1881 to 1922 (inclusive) are show in the table below :—

Daily Average, 1881 to 1922.

Expenditure and Receipts. The gross expenditure of the Department under all heads for the past financial year was £123,360, compared with £129,411 for the previous year. The cash receipts and cash credits amounted to £46,060, and if to this is added the, sum of £901 obtained from rents of buildings and sale of motor-cars— which is credited by Treasury to " miscellaneous revenue "■—the, gross revenue amounted to £46,961. The net expenditure for the financial year amounted to £77,300, which is £2,245 less than that of the previous year. The, reduction in annual expenditure would have been greater but for the, increase in the prison population. The higher daily average number in custody proportionately increased the expenditure on clothing, rations, industry, earnings, and ether items to the, extent of approximately £3,300. It will accordingly be seen by comparing the actual net expenditure per prisoner with that of the previous financial year that if the, prison population had remained stationary there, would have been a total reduction of £5,545.

Average Cost per Head of Prisoners' Rations from 1909 to the 31st March, 1923.

Receipts. Early in the financial year it was decided to discontinue making any claim upon the Public, Works Fund, in respect of prison labour (skilled and unskilled) employed in constructing departmental buildings. This change in policy- -although causing a considerable loss in revenue- helped to make available more funds for the continuation of our building programme. It is satisfactory to note that if the value of prison labour on buildings had been collected as in former years the, gross departmental revenue would bo considerably in excess of last year's figures. There has been a further substantial increase

Daily Average of Prisoners in Dominion Prisons. Year. Daily Average of Prisoi Dominion Prisons. tiers in Year. I _ Males. Females. Totals. Males. Females. Totals. 1881 1891 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 631-66 459-22 799-08 855-28 826-69 916-09 93133 I t I I I I I J_ 94-37 58-39 64-18 64-07 66-55 63-72 76-79 726-03 517-61 863-26 919-35 893-24 979-81 1,008-12 I If. U If u IS 1{ 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 1, 859-99 817-27 896-98 936-28 872-59 992-04 1,052-54 859-99 82-78 817-27 96-99 896-98 84-97 936-28 68-06 872-59 67-10 992-04 73-56 ,052-54 60-91 942-77 914-26 981-95 1,004-34 939-69 1,065-60 1,113-45 I

Year. Total Expenditure on Rations. Number of Prisoners. 809-84 90173 863-20 919-35 893-24 979-81 1,00812 Cost per Head. £ 10-55 10-33 9-83 10-23 10-91 11 -79 14-97 Year. Total Expenditure on Rations. Number of Prisoners. Cost per Head. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 £ 8,544 9,322 8,494 9,405 9,754 11,555 15,099 1916-17 .. 1917-18 .. 1918-19 .. 1919-20 .. 1920-21 .. 1921-22 .. 1922-23 .. £ 15,092 15,522 16,473 17,294 18,766 17.962 16,803 920-15 941-11 1,003-43 965-07 965-03 1,075-34 1,103-95 £ 16-41 16-64 16-41 17-93 19-44 16-70 15-22

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in the revenue derived from quarrying operations at the Auckland prison. The receipts from the principal farming properties also continue to show a sjteady improvement. The following table illustrates clearly the growth of the Department's revenue since the policy of agricultural and industrial development was first initiated :—

Cash Receipts and Credits. £ £ 1912 .. .. .. 5,451 1918-19 .. .. 21,654 1913 .. .. .. 7,382 1919-20 .. .. 31,177 1914 .. .. .. 9,162 1920-21 ..' .. 39,136 1915 .. .. .. 11,982 1921-22 .. .. 49,866 1916-17 .. .. 9,867 1922-23 .. .. 46,060 1917-18 .. .. 15.083

Table 1.—Cash received and Amounts credited to the Prisons Vote for the Year ended 31st March, 1923.

Table 2.—Total Value of Prison Labour employed on Roads, Buildings, Reclamation, Wall-building, and other Public Works, for which no Financial Credit has been received, for the Year ended 31st March, 1923.

Table 3.—Value of Prison Labour employed on Prison Works and Industries for which Cash Credits are not obtained, for the Year ended 31st March, 1923.

Prison or Institution. »,.,.., FarmGravol and F,lrm A H "?™' Dairy- Stock. -g " produce. E Concrete Blocks and Tiles. Timber and Firewood. Boots. Prison Labour on Public Buildings. ltoadworks. Prison Officers employed on Public Buildings. i H 5 Sundries. . Totals. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 2 181 398 21 7 26 15 125 30 1,029 297 27 230 412 £ 9 17,089 398 7,349 247 1,113 424 6,190 3,278 6,711 1,039 1,571 230 412 Addington . . Auckland Hautu Invercargill .. Napier Now Plymouth Point Halswell Paparua Waikune Waikeria Wellington .. W T i Tako Minor giols .. Miscellaneous 7 14,615 151 3.568 1,675 240 963, 124 245 164 849 2,094 3,503 339 18 24 .. 60 62 6- 661 184 1J763 173 ±33 40 81. 175 700 1,052 2 892 1,624 1,409 821 1, S40 028 267 1,624 h 548 Totals .. 15,851 8,382 4,278 721 1,157 1,636 1,763 4,492 2,384i 2,554 42 2,800 40,060

Prison. ,, j. ., , Excavation- ** m W work and and J™,*™", Preparation Walls. 'T'h of Necessary Roads. Grounds. g p a ■ sill g^SrO a Sis Mi I ilrainageworks. Totals. Auckland Invercargill Paparua Wi Tako Other prisons and institutions £ £ £ 883 170 320 2,621 1,954 1,490 2,916 431 150 I,972 362 524 2,171 793 756 £ £ £ £ 1,373 7,736 4,309 4,207 4,343 340 812 878 421 910 471 623 Totals .. 10,563 3,710 3,240 2,004 21,968 3,240 2,030 421

Prison. Bootmiiklng Tailoring (infor Officers I eluding repairs and Prisoners. to Clothing, &e. Hardening and Farming. Domestic Employment (including Laundry Work.) Totals. Addington Auckland llautu Invercargill Napier New Plymouth .. Paparua Point Halswell .. Waikeria VVaikuno Wellington Wi Tako Minor gaols £ 562 313 19 89 214 £ 283 569 22 142 11 166 91 424 44 51 252 46 24 £ 277 296 513 2,324 94 445 1,821 376 1,882 161 551 1,321 62 £ 292 2,363 258 1,884 361 453 1,421 364 1,379 478 1,342 520 191 £ 852 3,790 793 4,663 485 1,153 3,547 1,164 3,391 739 2,610 1,938 287 86 49 465 51 10 Totals .. 1,858 2,125 10,123 11,306 25,412 I

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Summary. £ Cash and financial credits for the year 1922-23 .. .. .. 46,060 Estimated value, of prison labour employed on public works for which neither cash nor financial credit was received .. .. .. 21,968 Estimated value of prison labour employed on farms, industries, domestic work, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25,412 Total value, of prison labour, 1922-23 .. .. ..£93,440 The above figures show that, while the gross expenditure for the past financial year was £123,360, the total value of prison labour during the same period was £93,440. Value of Agricultural and Works Policy to the Stale. In view of the fact that it was in my annual report of July, 1913, that the Department's agricultural and works policy was first declared, it will not be out of plaee to state briefly the results achieved during the ten years that have since passed. It must first of all be remarked that our agricultural policy was really the outcome of the earlier tree-planting policy of the previous administration. The use of prison labour for afforestation purposes clearly demonstrated the possibilities connected with the employment of prisoners on semi-free outdoor occupations and rendered the transition to the breaking-in and cultivation of land a fairly easy matter. Once this class of work was placed on a permanent footing and our farms were in actual operation it became apparent that in the interest of the prisoners themselves it was advisable to train them as agriculturists rather than to employ them on the simple and entirely unskilled work of clearing, burning, digging holes, and planting trees, year in and year out. Tree-planting has certainly created a State asset of considerable value, but as an occupation it was of little use to the State's prisoners. Our records show that between the years 1901 and 1920, the first and last years of tree-planting by prison labour, 15,932 acres of waste land, chiefly pumice country, were planted with 40,719,310 trees, and that the total labour value of the work, as estimated by the Forestry Department, was £65,435. It was not until the winter of 1912 that we were able to commence the development of our first property at Waikeria. Prior to the financial year 1912-13 the Department had practically no revenue —in fact, what might be termed the business side of the Department had received little or no attention. At the end of that year we were able to publish our first revenue return, the amount earned being £5,451. As each year has passed our cash receipts have grown, until on the 31st March last the Treasury returned our cash receipts and credits for the year at nearly £47,000. This sum added to the receipts for each year since and including 1.912 gives the handsome total of £207,500 actually earned and paid to the credit of the Prisons vote during the past twelve years. This sum by no means represents, however, the total value of prison labour to the State during the period under review. The Prisons Department has carried out many largo public works during that time for which they have received no financial credit whatever, but in recent years we have obtained estimates from the Public Works Engineers of the value of this work if it had been carried out by contract or by men employed on wages. Our return? in this direction only carry us back to the year ended 31st March, 1917, but the total amount saved to the Sfc.it'3 in those few years by the intelligent employment of prison labour has amountel to £125,337, while a rough estimate of the value of the work of this nature carried out between 1912 ani 1917, the first year we obtained the Public Works Engineers' figures, reveals a further State saving of £87,500. In addition to the value of the work of the prisoners as shown by the figures already quoted, it must not be overlooked that much of the work upon which they have been employed since 1911.-12 has been the breaking-in and development of lands for which no liuuuiil ere lit has been shown. TirJU work has, of course, a direct value to the State owing to the increase in the value of the lands dealt with. Taking into account the original value of those lands, and eliminating as far as possible the natural unearned increment, I can safely say that the work of our prisoners has placed an added value of fully £120,000 on Government and local bodies' (Invercargill) lands during the past twelve years. If the figures I have quoted are added together it will be seen that on a very conservative estimate the Prisons Department has had work to the value of £541,387 carried out by prison labour in that period. There is, of course, still other work, in the way of manufacturing boots and clothing for prison officers and prisoners, growing produce for rations, domestic work, &c, that all has a direct monetary value to the State, but the figures already given sufficiently indicate the success of the Department in inculcating the " gospel, of hard work " as the guiding principle of its administration. Development during the Year. The reports of the Inspector and Supervisor of Works, and those of the controlling officers, indicate clearly the progress that has been made in our different undertakings during the past twelve months. Our latest work, the development of land for settlement on the Hautu Block, near Lake Taupo, has progressed most satisfactorily, the report of the Officer in Charge showing in detail that our operations in that direction have been carried forward vigorously, so far at least as the weather and other adverse conditions would permit. The internal drainage, cultivation, and grassing of the reclamation areas at Invercargill have proceeded apace, while the farm and other work at Paparua (Templeton) and Waikeria have been carried on without intermission, when weather conditions were reasonably favourable. Our roadmaking and sawmilling operations at the Waikune Camp (Waimarino) have been much interrupted by the continuous rainfall, that part of the country well sustaining its reputation for excelling any other district in New Zealand for the amount of water

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that falls to each square inch. Wherever possible we have continued to improve our system of interclassification, and have made a marked advance in this branch of our work at Invercargill, where, as each year passes, we intensify the curriculum of mental, moral, and physical training of the youths and young men who are drafted there from the larger centres. As stated in my remarks on the criminal statistics for the year, the number of youthful offenders committed by the Courts continues to increase. Some years ago our scheme of primary classification provided for all offenders of twenty-five years of age and under being sent to Invercargill, but the influx of young men and boys has recently become so marked that the accommodation at the Borstal Institution proved totally inadequate, and as a consequence I found it necessary to reduce the age-limit to twenty-three. From present indications it is apparent that unless the wave of juvenile crime diminishes, the maximum age for Invercargill will require to be reduced to twenty-one, which is the general maximum age for committals to the English Borstal Institution. Young offenders between twenty-one and twenty-five are now sent to the Waikeria Reformatory, near Te Awamutu, where we have established educational classes under a full-time Board school-teacher, and where also we are carrying on farming, dairying, &c, and are thus training youthful offenders of this class to become useful members of the community. Payment of Wages to Prisoners for Support of Dependants. The payment of wages to prisoners with wives and families dependent upon them has been continued, and, so far as can be judged, the system is working satisfactorily. This somewhat novel departure from the ordinary methods of prison administration was inaugurated in 1920. In the Budget of that year it was announced that, owing to the economic advance that had been made in the management of the prisons, the production of a substantial revenue where formerly there was no revenue at all—the healthy growth, in fact, of our agricultural and works policy, and the demonstration of the earning-power of the prisoners of the State—the Government had decided to pay a small wage to all prisoners who, prior to their committal, had wives, families, or others dependent upon them. The amount to be paid was at the rate of 3s. per day, or 16s. 6d. per week, to the dependants of such prisoners, rising in the third month to £1 2s. 6d. per week. The regulations providing for this payment and the rules governing the payment became effective as from the Ist January, 1921. The amount per head may seem small, but care had to be taken at the inception of the scheme that the burden on the taxpayers was not unduly heavy or the scheme might readily have broken down ot its own weight. Even at the rates fixed, the cost to the Prisons Department now averages about £5,000 per annum, the total amount actually paid out to prisoners' dependants between the Ist January, 1921, and the 31st March, 1923, being £10,459. The Department's reason for bringing the proposal before the Government was that in so many cases that came under the notice of the administration it was painfully apparent that the worst sufferers from a man's misdeeds were the man's dependants, usually his wife and family. While the man himself went to prison, whore he was comfortably housed and fed, had no responsibilities, and suffered no reproach among the other offenders he found there, the wives and families were often left in a destitute condition, and had to suffer in other ways that are known to us all. In addition to this it was considered that, as the individual prisoner under present-day management had become to some extent self-supporting, it was only common justice that his dependants should benefit from the result of his labour. While the new system is by no means as liberal nor as complete as we would wish it to be, yet it has been the means of giving a measure of relief in numbers of necessitous cases where formerly wc had no means of giving any relief at all. Health of Prisoners. From returns of sickness given in Table, A of statistics it will bo seen that the daily average number on the sick-list in all the prisons and prison institutions of the Dominion in 1922 was 20-68, an increase of 4-63 over 1921. Although the average on the sick-list shows an increase, the general health of prisoners has been exceptionally good. As in former years, a large number of old vagrants suffering from various infirmities were received into the prisons. Some of them served the greater portion of their sentences in prison infirmaries, whilst others with more serious complaints had to be temporarily transferred to public hospitals for treatment. This is the class of prisoner who is responsible for the greater portion of the sick-list average. Prisoners Detention Act, 1915. There were four prisoners, all males, dealt with under the provisions of the Prisoners Detention Act during the past year. The total number who have been detained under the provisions of the Act since it was first passed is now thirty. Departmental and Staff Matters, It is with great regret that I have to record the loss by death of two valued officers since my last report was written. Mr. P. McMillan, Gaoler at Lyttelton, died in February last after a severe illness. He had served the Department well and faithfully for a number of years, was always active in the dis.-harge of his duties, and was of that vanishing class that puts the interests of his employer before his own. Mr. H. J. Bathgate, Deputy Superintendent of the Invercargill Borstal Institution, died very suddenly early in the present year. It may be said of him that he lived for his work. He was originally in the service of the Education Department as second in command of the Burnham Industrial School, but was transferred to the Prisons service at Invercargill in March, 1.920. His influence over the inmates under his charge at Invercargill was beneficial in the highest degree, and his loss as a high-principled and experienced instructor of youth has been much felt. The only retirement on

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superannuation has been that of Chief Warder Foreman, of the Wellington Prison, who is now enjoying a well-earned rest after long years of useful and honourable service. As in previous years, I have to express my appreciation of the work of the different controlling officers and their staffs. The activities of the Department are now so many and so varied that it would be quite impossible for us to carry on as successfully as we have done were it not for the energy, resourcefulness, and self-sacrifice of the men who are operating our backblock camps, our farms, and our other undestakings. C. E. Matthews, Controller-General of Prisons.

Inspector of Prisons and Works Sopervisor to the Controller-General of Prisons. Sir, — Prisons Department, Wellington, 23rd July, 1923. I have the honour to submit my report for the year 1922-23, dealing with the work of inspection, of the prisons and prison institutions. A further report is also supplied dealing with the various works and industries carried on during the year by pirison labour. Throughout the year my time has been fully occupied in visiting the institutions, and also in supervising the many and varied works which the Department is now carrying on. Owing to the fact that the Prisons Department has of late years extended its operations in a manner formerly unthought of, the work of inspection has considerably increased. At one time the whole of the prisons of the Dominion were located in the cities and towns, and were therefore easily accessible. Under the present policy, which requires that every prisoner who can be trusted shall be sent out into the country and there engaged on farming, roadmaking, or other undertakings, the work of inspection has become more difficult, involving a considerable amount of travelling in out-of-the-way places. I have, however, been able during the past year to visit the larger institutions at intervals of not more than three months. The farm and roadmaking camps I have visited oftener. On the whole the work of inspection has been kept up to a satisfactory standard. It has become more noticeable of late years that prisoners as a class are less given to complaining, and the Inspector's work is therefore rendered more easy in consequence. I am of the opinion that this is largely duo to the more intelligent and humane methods now in force, and also to the fact that the work upon which the men are employed is of a more useful and interesting character. Another contributing factor is the altered relations existing between officers and prisoners. Formerly the prisoner looked upon his officer as being his enemy, always looking out for an opportunity to entrap him and have him punished should he infringe the slightest rule. The officer on his side considered that failure on his part in the matter of reports would be regarded as indicating that he was not enforcing proper discipline. This naturally created mutual antagonism, and did not tend towards creating mutual regard between officers and prisoners. This atmosphere has almost entirely disappeared, hence we rarely indeed hear of prisoners assaulting their officers. I myself can well remember when such was of almost daily occurrence. Referring to officers as in former years, I again have to report a great difficulty in securing men of the proper type. The prison system has immensely improved. The conduct of prisoners as a whole has undergone a change for the better, hence the improvement already referred to. The work of classification, which after all is at the root of all efforts of reform, still progresses. I am still of opinion however, that the best means of classifying prisoners is the one which you have already adopted —that of setting apart certain prisons for the treatment of particular classes. The results so far obtained fully demonstrate this. Invercargill and Waikeria in the case of tho larger institutions, and Waikune and Hautu in the case of the smaller, have fully proved the value of such methods, as opposed to the old system of endeavouring to house all classes in one large building and to then divide them into different sections. lam convinced that the system now in force in the four prisons already mentioned is far and away the best. From time to time we hear a great deal about the " honour " system said to be in operation in some of the American prisons. In this connection lam afraid that the general public of this Dominion have no idea as to what is being done in this direction at their very doors. As a matter of fact the " honour " system, not in a limited but in a most advanced form, is in full operation in many of the prisons of this Dominion, and, what is more, is being carried on most successfully. Personally I must admit that the results as a whole have far exceeded expectations, and fully justify your having departed from the old-established custom of never trusting a prisoner. The " honour " system has proved a success, and has come not only to stay but, I hope, to be still further extended. For almost forty years I have been engaged in and have had experience of the conditions existing in practically every prison in the Dominion. My opinion should therefore be of some value. I am again pleased to report that the standard of industry amongst the prisoners as a whole still continues to improve. It is really surprising to find the amount of interest taken in their work by men employed on our farms and roadmaking camps, and to such extent that when an accident occurs to machinery, &c, many of them ask to be permitted to work on necessary repairs up to as late as 10 p.m., and if not completed then to resume at as early as 4 a.m., just in order that the output shall be kept up. The work at present being carried out in our prisons is helping to fit the men themselves for taking up work in outside life when they are released, and is giving those who desire to do so a reasonable prospect of " making good." Some of them, of course, have no such

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desire. Others are anxious to reform, promise to do so, and from their point of view are really in earnest; but as a result of the influence of heredity, or perhaps environment, or perchance a combination of both, they again offend and are returned to prison. Such offenders are, to bo pitied rather than blamed. It is questionable whether in the interests of society men or women of both of the classes referred to should not be permanently segregated in special institutions. Works and Industries : Progress during the Year. As Inspector and Works Supervisor I have, frequently visited the whole of the institutions under the control of the Prisons Department where works arc being carried out. I am pleased to report that the advance in efficiency referred to in last year's report still continues. Auckland. —At Auckland, where, a few years ago £2,000 was considered a fair amount by way of payment for road-metal supplied to local bodies, 1921-22 produced a revenue of £1.2,000, while for the past year £15,000 has been the amount received. In addition to turning out metal to the above value, a larger and more up-to-date crushing plant, with elevators and bins capable of holding 300 tons of metal products, has been installed. There are now two large jaw crushers available, and in addition a chip-crushing machine for turning out chips for concrete-making purposes. The air-compressor plant is also being duplicated, which will permit of six pneumatic drills being operated at one and the same time if necessary, and an addition to the railway-siding has been made. The whole of this plant will soon be completed and in full working-order. Next year should therefore be a record year in metal-production. It is to be regretted that lack of funds has prevented the completion of the two partially built officers' residences, especially in view of the fact that the completion of the cottages referred to would always assist in the solution of the housing question. Waikeria. —The main work carried out during the year has consisted in the breaking-in, cultivating, and laying down in grass of 400 acres of land for the Mental Hospital Department. In addition the farming of the Prisons Department's own areas of 1,800 acres has been continued, and the property is now one of the best in the district. Waikune (Waimarino). —Roadmaking and bridge-building have been continued. Seven miles of road lying between Raurimu and Erua has been formed, and the work of metalling is being pushed on. Two stone-crushers have been established. One large bridge over the Makeretu Stream has been built, and several others are in course of construction ; many concrete culverts have been put in. The sawmill recently established continues to turn out timber for use, on bridge-building works and for governmental purposes. A party of prisoners is also being constantly employed on the work of keeping open the Waimarino-Tokaanu Road. Taken altogether, the employment of prisoners on work of this class has proved a great success. Wi Tako (Trentham). —Brickmaking and the clearing and draining of the swamp lying at the back of Trentham Camp have been the chief industries. The new Sercombe continuous kiln has been completed and is in use. In view of future requirements for governmental buildings, &c, it was deemed advisable to install a more modern plant than the wire-cut type of machine originally supplied. A new Bradley and Craven brickmaking-machine of the stiff-plastie-brick-making type, and capable of turning out 12,000 bricks daily, has been installed. This plant is one of the best of its kind, and is capable of turning out bricks that will be equal to any produced in the Dominion. The two additional cottages referred to in last year's report have been completed and are now occupied by Prison officers. The work of clearing and draining the swamp portion of this property is being proceeded with. A large new stable has been built, fences erected, and a tree-planting scheme with the object of assisting in a reafforestation programme is now well advanced. Wellington. —The work of levelling the Mount Cook site for the Technical School authorities has been continued, while two cottages were pulled down in sections and removed elsewhere. At the Terrace gardening has been the chief industry, and preparations are in progress to permit of further excavation work being put in hand, once the site for a new trial, remand, and short-sentenced prison for Wellington has been decided upon. The working of the shingle deposits at Fort Dorset upon a royalty basis has been undertaken by arrangement between the Defence and Prisons Departments, and in accordance with plans and specifications prepared by the Public Works Department, which provide for the working of the deposits in such a manner as will result in the area being considerably improved, and when completed left in a condition fit for use for recreation purposes. Point Halswell Reformatory for Women. —A considerable amount of valuable work has been carried out by male prisoners whereby the surroundings have been considerably improved. A drainage-system has been put in and a much-needed septic tank built. A drying-room has been erected and a heating plant installed. Additional buildings are now in course of erection for the purpose of providing separate accommodation for young womon ordered to be detained for- reformative purposes. Paparua (near Christchurch). — The second, cell-range has been nearly completed, and work commenced on the exercise-yards subdivision. An early start is to be made in connection with the putting-in of foundations for the administration block, which is much needed. An additional cottage for one of the farm officers is now in course of erection. A septic tank has also been built. In addition, farming operations have been considerably advanced, also roadmaking, fencing, &c, A large kitchen-garden has also been brought under cultivation. Taken altogether this property has been considerably improved, and is now a most valuable asset. Lyttelton. —The work of demolishing the old prison has been put in hand. As you are aware, when put, up to auction this portion of the property failed to find a buyer, it being considered that the cost'of pulling down the old buildings, containing six to seven thousand yards of solid concrete, would be prohibitive. This work is now, however, proving a source of profit and not of loss to the Department. An agreement has been- made with the Lyttelton Harbour Board by which the whole

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of the concrete walls, &c, when reduced to blocks suitable for protective works, or converted into metal by being put through a crusher, will be taken by them at sale rates. The whole of the walls are to be taken down by the Prisons Department, and the large blocks and the crushed material to be delivered, where required by the Board. The arrangement entered into is a good one for the Prisons Department, while the Harbour Board receives full value for their expenditure. The work has been in progress since November last, and is being carried out quite satisfactorily. Hautu Camp (near Tokaanu). —Work is being continued in connection with the land-settlement scheme referred to in last year's report. Work on the first section, consisting of 650 acres of light pumice land, is now well advanced. Buildings for the use of the men employed have been erected. A cottage for the use of the officer in charge is in course of construction. Stables, implement-sheds, and the usual buildings required on a farm have been built. A considerable area has been ploughed drained, and fenced, and both grain and root crops have been raised during the past season. New Plymouth. —The work being carried out consists of quarrying-metal, &c, for the use of the New Plymouth Borough Council. Gardening and pig-raising have also proved a source of profit during the past year. Owing to the location of this prison it is not possible to extend operations. Invercargill Borstal Institution. —During the past year a considerable amount of work of various descriptions has been carried out. Draining and fencing on the farm area have been continued. The new rifle-range area, comprising 240 acres of reclaimed land, has been taken over from the Defence' Department, the Prisons Department having agreed to construct the firing-mounds, pathways, stopbutts, &c, in return for the use of the land for grazing purposes. The eastern embankment of the reclamation area was completed during the year. A firewood-yard was built, and several hundred cords of firewood brought up and sawn into blocks. A small sawmill plant was fitted up for departmental use. The formation and gravelling of Dunn's Block Road was carried out for the Public Works Department. Over 3,000 yards of rubble, shingle, and sand were brought up from the new river by the two lighters. Two new milking-sheds were built and additions made to another. An additional cottage was erected. New stables and barn were built in concrete. A new entrance was provided. The subdivision of the exorcisc-yards was completed. The recreation area, of 2 acres, was enclosed with a concrete-block wall. Roading and draining operations on the institution farm, also fencing-in of additional paddocks, were attended to ; trees to the number of six thousand were planted, principally for shelter purposes. The roading question has received considerable attention during the year. Owing to the whole of the, land, comprising the Borstal farm having been reclaimed from the sea, the making of firm roads has been somewhat of a problem. The only means of making the roads sufficiently firm was to pave the surface with flat stones and then spread a coating of gravel over the whole. This involves a considerable expenditure in labour, Sec., but as the stone and shingle are brought up in our own lighters, the cost is not so great as would otherwise be the case. The fitting-up of a combined suction and bucket dredge has been steadily progressing, and within the next few weeks it is expected that this dredge will be in operation. The whole of this plant has been fitted up by the officers and inmates of the institution, and is capable of moving 60 cubic yards of solid, material per hour. Two shifts per day of eight hours each will be worked, the intention being to pump surplus material from the river and deposit same inside the embankment on low-lying portions of the farm. Once this work has been completed the Department will possess one of the finest farms in the whole of the Southland Province. M. Hawkins, Inspector of Prisons and Supervisor of Works.

Prisons and Prison Institutions : Epitome of Reports of Controlling Officers. Auckland Prison. The prison population further increased during 1922 —the daily average in custody being 343 as against 337 for 1921 and 266 for 1920. The evening educational, classes have been continued with satisfactory results. The pupils generally are responsive, and appreciate the facilities provided for their advancement. The more backward among them receive individual attention, resulting in greater progress. Considerable time is devoted to the teaching of the two principal subjects, arithmetic and English. Towards the end of the year a departure was made from the usual routine by conducting a debate in which a number of the more advanced •pupils participated. Such discussions, held periodically, on suitable subjects, produce beneficial results, particularly in mental discipline and oral expression. Quarrying has been the principal prison industry, and the year's operations have produced increased revenue. The installation of the new plant is being proceeded with as expeditiously as circumstances permit. When the erection of the plant is completed a considerable increase in output may be anticipated, and, as the demand for quarry-products is likely to continue, this industry as'a revenue-producer has a good future. The bootmaking and tailoring factories were busy throughout the year manufacturing for our own institutions and for other Government Departments. Additional plant is required for the tailoring-factory in order to cope with the work offering. Entertainments were provided at intervals for the prisoners by local social workers, and were much appreciated. The organizers of these entertainments have gained the good will of all concerned by their self-sacrificing efforts to relieve the monotony of the prisoners' evening hours. Hautu Prison Camp, Tokaanu. This prison camp was established on the 27th February, 1922—five prisoners being transferred here from the prison at New Plymouth. During the first few months they were employed carting material from Waimarino and erecting the necessary buildings for the accommodation of officers and prisoners. On the 24th May the number of prisoners was increased to twenty-three. A start was then made to form the entrance road, erect the telephone-line to connect up with the main line to Tokaanu, and clear the ground in preparation for ploughing.

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The following is a summary of the work carried out during the year : An area of approximately 276 acres ring-fenced and subdivided into ten convenient-sized paddocks; 150 acres cleared and stumped ready for ploughing; 40 acres ploughed and partly prepared for grassing in the coming autumn ; 45 acres sown in oats ; 2-1- acres planted in potatoes ; 2 acres laid out for a vegetablegarden and planted with vegetables ; 2 acres sown in barley and maize for green feed ; ] acre sown in lucerne ; telephone-line and posts erected from the camp to the main road, a distance of one. mile and a half, and also cup-arms attached to the main line and two wires erected from the turn-off to the Tokaanu Post-office ; approximately five miles of fencing erected, consisting of one and two posts to the chain, with two, four, and eight wires ; a small bridge built over the drain on the road into the camp ; 40 acres of swamp drained, which necessitated digging about one mile and a half of drain ; one mile and a half of road formed from the main Tokaanu-Taupo Road to the camp ; about six miles of dray-track formed from, the camp to the bush ; 1,000 posts and 50 straining-posts cut and carted on to the fence-line ; 5 chains of stop-bank erected along the river boundary ; 6,000 trees, consisting of Pinus insignis and. Oregon pine, were planted along the south and south-west boundaryfence, also 2,000 Oregon pine lined out for planting during the autumn. The buildings erected and in course of erection are stable (nine stalls), loose-box, chaff-house, harness-room, and implement-shed. Incercargill Borstal Institution. The normal health of the majority of the inmates has again been very satisfactory. Of the thirteen youths treated in the hospital during the year no less than ten were cases which should have had surgical treatment prior to their conviction and admission to the institution. Three were operated upon for hernia. Others had surgical treatment for deformed toes, enlarged groin-glands, varicose veins, &c. The general conduct of the inmates has distinctly improved. Breaches of the regulations show a decrease of 45 per cent, in comparison with the previous year. There were no escapes, although a few attempts to get away were made by inmates who had been recently admitted. The evening educational classes progressed in a highly satisfactory manner. The senior schoolmaster reports : " The classes have maintained an average of 114, and the attendance has been very good. The work has been well attended to by the inmates, and. promotions were made as they were deserved. Towards the end of the year the Senior Inspector of Schools made a surprise examination of Standards V and VI, several promotions being made in consequence. There are seventeen scholars in Standard VI, and they are being prepared for certificates. The local Education Board issued, certificates of promotion to the scholars concerned, and. positions can now be obtained by lads who would not otherwise have been eligible.'" The association class, consisting of those who have earned promotion by good conduct and industry, continues to justify its existence, and is an undoubted and valuable incentive to those inmates who desire to avail themselves of the various methods by which they are encouraged and helped to make their stay in the institution of permanent value. The opportunities given to those inmates who wish to pursue such subjects as accountancy, telegraphy (ordinary and. wireless), music, languages, &c, are eagerly taken by quite a large number. They study in their own rooms, or in groups in the library. Instruction in carpentering, building, concrete-block making, tinsmithing, plumbing, blacksmithing, tailoring, bootmaking, &c, is given both practically and theoretically by competent members of the staff. As in former years, the inmates were provided with entertainments at intervals by local musical societies. The concerts were greatly enjoyed by the inmates. Lectures were given from time to time by Dr. Barclay on the functions and management of the human body. In view of the interest taken by the inmates, a prize was offered for the best synopsis of these lectures, and it was gratifying to find in some of the essays such remarkable evidence of ability. The development of the, Borstal farm lands progressed fairly satisfactorily in spite of the abnormally wet season experienced —the rainfall for the year being 52-84 in. The property looked at its best in summer when plenty of feed was available for the 620 head of cattle carried. The dampness in the, land in winter makes it necessary to obtain some higher and more sheltered area where the cows can be grazed in wet and stormy weather. The stud Friesian cattle show an improvement in milk-yield. " Woodcrest Ida's " record for the year to sth January was 621 -87 lb. butterfat and 15,736 751b. milk. The greater portion of the cows milked last season were heifers, and the butterfat returns were consequently less than what would be expected from matured cows. Next season will no doubt show increased, returns. The formation of the farm roads was pushed forward with the help of the Department's lighter, which brought large quantities of gravel. A new stable and barn built of concrete blocks was completed during the year and supplies a much-felt want. A third m likingshed was recently built and is now in use. The three dairies enable the cows to be more evenly distributed over the property, saves delay, and lessens the traffic on the roads. Napier Prison. Further alterations to the prison buildings, including the fitting-up of a new kitchen, were completed during the year. The old division for female prisoners was-removed, and the former south wing converted into more suitable accommodation for the few women prisoners received at this prison. The alterations permit of more supervision of prisoners whilst in the yards, and also tend to greater security. The whole work was carried out by prison labour under the supervision of the Officer in Charge. The few male prisoners available were employed principally in the prison quarry, where metal was produced and disposed of to the local Borough Council.

2—H. 20.

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New Plymouth Prison. As in former years, the chief industry has been quarrying, whilst vegetable-growing has been carried on to a considerable extent by the older and more feeble prisoners, a number of whom are located at this prison. A few dairy cows were kept with satisfactory results —milk and butter to the value of £36 being sold. The rearing of pigs shows a profit, and this branch will be further extended during the coming year. Entertainments at intervals were given for the prisoners as in the past. A moving picture provided by the local picture company w r as much appreciated by the prisoners. The general health of the prisoners throughout the year was satisfactory. Paparua Prison. The health of the prisoners generally has been good, very few cases necessitating hospital treatment. The majority of the able-bodied prisoners were employed throughout the year on general, farming-work. The erection of the, west cell-range and. a new cottage at the southern end of the farm provided employment for a number of tradesmen prisoners, and a few skilled men were employed at concrete-block making, and the manufacture of concrete tiles and flagstones. In order that dairying might be properly established, the sheep stock was reduced \ry one-half. Good prices were realized for both ewes and lambs, the total revenue from the pastoral branch being £1,820. The dairy herd now comprises ninety-one cattle —principally heifers —and it is anticipated that next season the number being milked will be considerably increased. The cereal crops were again satisfactory, and produced considerable revenue. Wheat, oats, peas, and tares were sold at satisfactory prices. Entertainments by way of concerts were provided once every two weeks by one or two social workers from Christchurch. These entertainments are greatly appreciated by the prisoners, and credit is due to the promoters for the kind efforts to relieve the dullness of prison life. Moving pictures have also been shown at intervals, and are eagerly looked forward to by the men. The evening educational classes are now being continued under a qualified schoolmaster, who reports as follows : " The school consists of classes from Standard II to Standard VI, and the curriculum is made up of English grammar and composition, arithmetic, and geography, and, in addition, reading and writing for Standard 11. The order and discipline of the classes has been excellent, the attention to the lessons good, and. the progress highly satisfactory." Waikeria, Reformatory for Men. The evening educational classes have been carried on with satisfactory results. The facilities provided by the Department in this direction are appreciated by the inmates, and much valuable work has been accomplished. In addition to carrying on the usual dairying, market-gardening, and general farm-work on the Waikeria property, a number of inmates have been employed on mental-hospital property clearing and bringing into cultivation a large tract of land. During the season an area of approximately 400 acres was cleared from, its virgin state, ploughed, worked, and grassed by the Waikeria inmates. A considerable amount of other developmental work in the way of draining, fencing, and planting was also carried out. The co-operation between the two adjacent institutions (reformatory and mental hospital) has amply justified the hope of its making for increased efficiency and adding to the mutual advantage of both departments in many ways. ' A further year's trial of the " honour " system of employment has more than ever demonstrated the success of the policy as applied to inmates of the class which are at this institution. When the somewhat scattered activities on this and the mental-hospital properties are considered, it will be realized that the " honour " system is carried out to a very wide limit. The facts that (1) there has been, only one attempt at escape during the year, and that by an irresponsible youth newly admitted ; (2) that the- offences, beyond minor breaches of discipline, have been few ; and (3). that, with one exception, men placed in employment on. discharge have done well, stand as incontrovertible evidence of the success of the Department's policy. Satisfactory work has again been carried out in the garden. The tomato crop, the principal output, was a bountiful one, and produced considerable revenue. The formation of a nursery for the growth, of deciduous trees, flowering shrubs, &c, will demonstrate its usefulness in a year or two, when a regular annual supply will be available. Waikune (Erua) Roadmaking and Sawmilling Camp. The sawmill plant was considerably improved by additions and alterations during the early part of the year, resulting in the output being materially increased. Over 163,000 superficial feet of building-timber were sawn during the year, in addition to the cutting of 5,000 fencing-posts, 256 strainers, and large quantities of firewood for other institutions. The success of the milling operations carried out entirely by prison labour demonstrates the suitability of this industry for the employment of prisoners. A considerable amount of road-formation was carried out by the special gang employed at this work. One bridge and several culverts were satisfactorily completed. The stone-crusher was kept steadily at work, and some 40 chains of road were metalled during the summer months. The conduct and industry of the prisoners, with one or two exceptions, have been very satisfactory.

11

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Wellington Prisons. Terrace Prison. —A considerable number of those located at this institution arc prisoners who are waiting trial and on remand. As a consequence there are not so many available for employment on outside works. For a part of the year a number were employed widening the road leading to the roar of the prison buildings and fencing off the road leading to the new school. Sufficient vegetables to supply the institution's requirements were grown in the prison-garden. A. party of prisoners was employed throughout the year at Point Halswell, where a considerable amount of roadmaking, fencing, and. building-work was carried out. Mount Cook Prison. —The levelling of the Technical School site was completed towards the end of the year, and the only work which remains to be carried out by prison labour is the forming of entrances to the new school from Hankey and Tasman Streets. This work is now being proceeded with. Wi Tako Prison, Trentham. The work of bringing into cultivation the low-lying swamp area of the prison property was continued, and satisfactory progress was made. Most of the swamp lands arc covered in blackberry, and clearing is accordingly more difficult to accomplish. The crops grown recently clearly indicate that the land is capable of producing first-class root crops. In addition to supplying the Point Halswell dairy farm with winter feed, it was found possible to sell large quantities of mangolds and swedes at the Wellington markets. The new brick-kiln, has been thoroughly tried and is giving entire satisfaction. In common with other brickmakers in the district, it was found advisable to close down during the winter months. A new stiff-plastic brickmaking-machine is now being installed, and will be brought into use at an early date. The construction of a tram-line to connect the kiln with the railway service has been commenced. The Y.M.C.A. officials provided several cinema entertainments and concerts during the year. The entertainments were of a particularly fine order, and much praise is due to the gentlemen who organized them and spared no efforts to make them the success which they have been. Prisoners look forward with, pleasure to these entertainments, and the opinion is expressed that they have an influence for good on the men as a whole. Prison Institutions for Women. Addington Reformatory for Women. —The general health, of the inmates —the majority of whom, are old offenders—has been very good. As in former years, the principal employments have been gardening, laundry-work, repairing clothing, and attending to poultry. The extension of the poultry industry is desirable, as it is evident this class of work appeals to a number of inmates. The lady Official Visitors and other social workers visit the institution very frequently, and it is found that their free and informal talks with inmates result in the latter's improvement in appearance, habits, and conversation. All inmates released, on probation during the past year were placed in suitable situations, and it is satisfactory to record that a good, percentage of them are doing well. Point, Halswell Reformatory. —The younger inmates have been employed mainly at dairying and sewing, whilst the few older women are, kept fully employed, in the vegetable-garden. A considerable amount of laundry-work and repairs to clothing for the male prisoners at the Terrace Prison have also been carried out by the women. The inmates take, a keen interest in the dairy-work and look after the cows, poultry, and pigs in a highly satisfactory manner. Lady Official Visitors pay weekly visits to the institution and interest themselves in the general welfare of the inmate?. Situations are found, for deserving inmates on their release, and assistance and advice are given with a view to their rehabilitation. Entertainments and games were provided, on several occasions during the year by social workers, and the inmates displayed much interest and enjoyment.

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Table A. PRISON ACCOMMODATION AND PRISONERS. Table showing Accommodation, Number of Prisoners, etc., at the several Prisons of the Dominion during the Year 1922.

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13

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Table A1. Table showing Particulars, for each Prison, of Prisoners at Beginning and End of Year, and received and discharged during Year 1922.

•a rt Cl rt CD rt o cc r, a cd S d 5 a to ft a a o a CD CO o r. a o tc ■c: Hj a" o Cl rt r. a. o rH r* a a o PM to O a 9 "S Ph o o a (a.) In prison at beginning of year — Undergoing — Simple imprisonment Under three months' hard labour Three months' hard labour and under one year One jear's hard labour and upwards Detention as habitual criminals Eeformati ve detention Detention under Prisoners Detention Act, 1915 Sentenced to death. .31. 1 , ss 132 46 41 F. 1 5 11 M. 4 59 p. I st 1 F. M. F. M. F. 3 .. .. 19 .. 1 .. .. 11 .. M. 8 F. I '• M. 20 28 F. It 2 15 26 36 F. "' M. f. at 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. 16 .. F. 3 7 M. 7 F. M. F. .... .. :: | - 2 :: ..17 .. ! I I M. i F. .- 1 10 .. 4 .. i m. f. at .. .. 10 .. .. 69 .. .. 158 .. .. 372 .. .. 51 .. .. 321 1 11 1 70 11 169 20 392 1 52 25 346 24 I - 46 53 4 37 4 59 5 •• I 8 11 5 . '. 148 .. 1 .'. •■ •■ - ...... .... .. 59 1,040 1 5o 1 60 1,096 o Total criminals in prison For trial or on remand In transitu 304 14 21 12i I 30 3 .. 34 .. — 13 — 56 90 10 • 22 22 15 i 17 11 ...... I .. 167 .. 3 .. .. I 18 1 13 1 1 | .. 32 ! 2 1 i .. .. .. 981 .. .. 54 .... 1 .. .. 1,036 .... 3 •• •• ■• I •• " ...... ...... Total in prison for criminal offences .. 318 2 122 | 33 "TH I , 1 1 — .. 170 .. 21 — 34 .. 13 56 100 22 22 .. 15 158 Debtors Lunatics .. 34 . . - •• ...... • - •• - •• ■ ■• ! ■• ! ...... Total persons in prison 320 21 122 33 •• 13 M 56 100 — 22 22 15 158 .. 170 .. 33 2 .. Il,039 60 1,099 •■ 1 1 — (b.) Received during the year — Sentenced to— Simple imprisonment Under three months' hard labour Three months' hard labour and under one year One jear's hard labour and upwards Hard labour and reformative detention Simple imprisonment and sent to an industrial school Hard labour and sent to an industrial school.. Hard labour and declared habitual criminal .. Habitual criminal without further sentence shown Death Under conviction for sentence Criminals for reformative detention onjy Hard labour, also flogged 17 642 15S 60 17 52 20 2 i 2 16 9 5 3 1 1 1 43 25 5 1 2 1 15 328 152 39 8 15 9 3 14 4 4 4 5 107 37 17 10 I 5 .. 15 5 1 2 I 14 .. 337 1 81 3 24 .. 6 .. I ■ ■ 1 I 55 45 I .. , 113 2 1,533 .. 468 .. j 151 ..I 47 ... ! .. r i 4 87 37 6 117 1,620 505 158 53 ' 1 2 9 io 1 •• •■ •; .... 4 4 .. .. .. .. 1 6 .. 1 .. '.'. 29 3 i 30 3 I ha. 57 j 5 .... 1 .. 2 5 •• •• •■ '• •• 9 i •• •• 13 65 •■ I •• •• 4 .. 2 3 4 27 ...... .. 12 .. .. .. i3 '.'. 41 6 56 218 2 20 IS 238 ■■ ! ■• Total new prisoners received.. On remand or for trial Total ; —: 982 222 1 1,204 43 1 — 79 14 93 .... 2 .." — 46 25 71 12 — 3 5 i - r i •• i •• ! — 85 50 — 135 20 i— 3 — 7 -- •• j | 630 170 31 1! — 45 .. 35 210 .. 11 67 .. j 46 279 .... 6 I .. 40 ..19 2 ..59 2 1 .. ..60 2 .. 113 2 .. 173 4 523 10 253 11 776 21 88 I .. 100 ■■ 2 J2.618 .. 806 164 57 2,782 S63 - 800 11 100 I 3,424 181 4 221 3.645 181 4 Debtors Lunatics .... 2 : .. 93 ! .. 95 ! .. - - •■ I •■ I ■• I - ...... - • - •■ ! •■ I ■• ...... Total new persons receive d .. On transfer or in transitu .. 1,248 78 93 3 83 29 5 32 57 155 I 7 ! 7 104 811 63 — 45 24 1 1 .. | 46 283 .. 23 99 867 21 12 .. — 100 2 2 3,609 687 221 3,830 52 739 • • i ■- .. Grand totals 1,326 96 I 112 '5 32 ■• — I 57 I I— i .. I ! 62 7 104 •■ 874 •• 69 .. | 69 382 879 ; 21 100 4,296 ! 273 4,569 I I I I I 1 I I * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917.

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14

Table A1— continued. Table showing Particulars, for each Prison, of Prisoners at Beginning and End of Year, and received and discharged during Year 1922— continued.

CO a cCJ CD < "fH CD is ! O 5 IS CD a o H CD SI a "a CD CD a o 1-0 "ca K a o a o a <l a o CD O.EH ca — 'So rl CD a CC o Ch C B * ri CO Cm to o Eh O a r» (e.) Discharged during the year — On expiration of sentence — Hard labour Reformative detention Simple imprisonment On bail or probation Died .. Executed Absconded and not retaken Committed suicide Released on recommendation of Prisons Board — Hard labour Reformative detention Habitual criminals M. F. 812 68 12 2 16 .. 3 .. M. 13 11 1 P. M. 23 F. 1 M. 2 _ „ F. M. .. 10 F. M. 63 13 F. 1 M. 72 1 2 F. M. 417 F. M. F. 27 3 1 M. F. 25 L. M. 169 4 15 5 F. M. 19 12 5 2 1 F. M. 348 10 43 F. 5 M. 43 F. 2 51. 1,991 54 116 167 6 F. 129 5 3 13 2,121 5! 11! I8( 3 7 i — — 9 37 1 2 11 55 .. .... •• •- .... 8 i •• i :: i:: • • •- .. .. - i •• " i I I •• I o "l 2 1 •• 11 .. 28 4 33 .. 4 21 33 •■ 5 2 •■ I 2 .. I 8 8 1 •• •• 14 7 •• 10 3 •■ 12 1 •• 3 1 30 39 4 8 73 •• •• 107 195 38 3 17 i ; IK 21! 3! •• I I •• • • •• Total criminals discharged to freedom Acquitted and after remand Debtors Lunatics transferred to mental hospitals —" — M I I _. I I M — 1 44 13 1 — 980 79 21 4 74 5 79 •• I 41 20 10 1 2 4 .. 29 j 84 j 39 19 2 3 96 478 137 10 42 12 266 68 5 120 17 1 402 59 114 3 6 3 98 2,677 419 179 11 171 39 2,848 458 179 12 ■ I I"- •• •- I - -■ I •• I 1 1 I " •• ■• -. I •• i - I ■• • I " •• , I — !— 339 54 137 17 1 3 578 303 I Total persons discharged from prison . . Transferred to other prisons or to the police 1,084 I 243 j 79 I 22 79 26 71 | 24 3 2 I 4 I 7 .. 29 .. 15 I | 1142 j 20 5 2 96 13 629 268 I i 57 ! 14 55 10 9 14 98 ! 2 3,286 990 211 67 3,497 1,057 •• I •- I •- I I 1 I 1 ] | i i | I ! ! \— I i 1154 j ! 4 I I 881 I I [ 23 —; ;— i I— Grand totals 1,327 101 105 I 95 I 5 11 .. 44 | J162 j V ! 109 j 897 71 | 65 393 I •• I 98 2 4,276 278 4,554 I •■ -• •• — 1 i 1 — (d.) In prison at end ol year — Undergoing — Simple imprisonment Under three months' hard labour Three months' hard labour and under one year One year's hard labour and upwards Detention as habitual criminals Reformative detention Detention tinder Prisoners Detention Act, 191.5 Sentenced to death 2 28 56 132 37 49 7 I 4 : 1 •• 42 ■■ ■i :: :: 3 .. 1 33 .. 15 3 .. .. 8 ,. 5 •■ 1 15 .... 2 '.'. j 25 2 5 .. .. ..20 .. 27 4 3 15 20 13 •• •• •• 2 1 .. 10 1 6 11 21 52 54 2 .. •• 3 ! .. 11 .. 3 .. 169 j . . 2 10 4 2 o 9 69 139 352 44 386 8 6 11 27 9 77 145 363 45 413 " — — 3 66 •■ 5 :: » •• I 11 I 18 - ! Total criminals in prison For trial or on remand In transitu - 304 14 15 — I •• ...... . i : 48 | .. 21 1 .. .. i I •■ !— -•!••' .. j 47 I 7 5 •■ — .. .. .. 51 ! I j_ I 20 .. 18 1 ! ■• — 2 .. ! .. 999 54 1 •- 1,052 56 1 112 | 21 62 62 15 139 I 8 188 .. 1 | .. I 18 10 1 53 2 I ■• -■ •• .. .. i ■• .. .. -• •- 15 •■ •■ 16 112 ...... 49 .. 21 1 .. .. -• .. .. L_J ■• I — — .. 51 '' — r " — I" •- I 20 .... 29 2 2 .. " i i 1 I Total in prison for criminal offences . . 318 1 .. 47 12 1 77 77 ..19 .. : 19 147 189 I .. I 1,054 5 55 ! 1,109 5 ■• Debtors Lunatics ••- •■ I ■• •- i •• i -• ...... ■■ •■ " -• ■ .. .. -. .- " •• .. .. 2 I .. .. I Total persons in prison I 319 I 16 i — il!2 •• 50 .. j 21 .. 47 1 13 ..51 •• 77 I 77 - I 2C 147 • ■ 189 j .. 31 1,059 55 I 1.114 •• I I 1 * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment Aot, 1917.

15

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Table B. Table showing Details of Expenditure of each Prison for the Financial Year ended 31st March, 1923.

' Auckland. ! Hautu. Invercargill. New Point Plymouth. Halswell. Paparua. Waikeria. ] Waikune. Wellington. "»** GaX j General i T t , Charges. , 10 ' al - Addington. Napier. I I f Males .. •• 323-25 -r, -i . , . i Females.. 22-18 16-5 Daily average number of ouiaico 323-25 16-5 21-10 180-60 12-17 0-11 47 69 0-07 23-34 136-85 108-44 40-08 86-29 57-46 I 27-62 0-20 1041-5! 62-41 [Both sexes 22-18 339-75 22-18 339-75 21-10 180-60 12-28 | 47-76 23-34 | 136-85 108-44 4008 86-29 57-46 27-82 1103-9J Daily average number of able-bodied male .. 271-91 prisoners (working) 1— 95-8 36-00 ! 124-91 101-43 ! 39-01 63-00 56-33 j 13-81 904-21 271-91 20-33 168-00 £ £ Salaries and allowances (including uniforms) .. 790 13,267 Clothing, bedding, &e. .. .. .. 25 1,230 Fuel, light, and vrater .. .. .. 194 1,144 Medicines, medical comforts, and hospital 21 187 charges Eations .. .. .. ,. .. 133 3,722 Tobacco.. .. .. .. .. 3 219 Tools and materials for prison labour and 27 2,552 expenses, prison works Materials for and expenses of brickraaking Expenses connected with prison farms .. 2 Expenses connected with camps Gratuities to prisoners on discharge.. .. 1 52 Administration of First Offenders and Crimes Amendment Acts Prisoners' industry earnings .. .. 46 593 Prisoners' dependants Travelling-expenses .. .. .. 71 77" Printing, stationery, postage, and telephone 41 282 charges Miscellaneous expenditure .. .. .. 6 552 Totals .. .. .. 1,360 24,577 Less credits (including transfers 9 17,089 from other Departments) Net total expenditure .. 1,351 7.488 i £ 851 39 35 5 £ 9,474 554 727 261 £ 792 2 80 2 £ 2,251 32 146 31 £ 1,092 55 116 14 £ 6.446 104 517 63 £ 6,732 106 632 45 £ 1,428 23 4 19 £ 5,854 96 369 52 £ 2,860 5 156 32 £ 1,816 6 480 94 £ 4,635 5,031 £ 58,28! 7,301 4,601 821 719 78 94 2,673 172 393 192 14 9 603 33 110 338 2 98 2,323 157 114 1,545 153 71 926 103 641 1.320 52 61 1.104 76 291 1,869 19 169 59 17,46' 1,08: 4,68! 510 1,973 5 122 •■ 1,679 1,615 9 726 1,047 131 •• 1,04' 5,531 1,261 8! 1,111 2 3 3 - I 6 10 3 8 1,110 2 410 8 43 35 123 195 63 109 62 25 3,887 5,103 510 994 5,60: 5,io: 4,17i 2,50! 160 36 916 237 31 19 140 61 67 62 214 146 389 317 166 48 ' 304 121 184 56 245 88 34 365 9 21 62 172 160 101 815 181 61 129 2,66! i 2,593 398 18,157 7,349 1.161 247 3,479 1,113 2,063 424 12,064 6,190 11,960 6,711 4.257 3,278 9,163 1,039 6,188 1,571 4,880 230 21,458 412 123,361 46,061 7.488 2,195 10,808 914 2,366 1,639 5,874 5,249 979 8,124 4,617 4,650 21.046 77,30<

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Table C. Table showing the Offences and Degree of Education of Distinct Convicted Prisoners (excluding Maoris) received during the Year 1922.

Table D. Table showing the Actual Number of Distinct Convicted Prisoners (exclusive of Maoris) received into Gaol during the Year 1922, classified according to Principal Offence, Birthplace, and Age.

16

Offences. Supi Bduoi irior ition. Able to ri wrii iad and >e. Able t< on' > read iy. Ouabi re a le to 4. Toti ,1b. Offences against the person— Convicted on indictment Convicted summarily M. If. M. 93 69 F. 2 5 M. F. M. 1 F. M. 94 69 F. 2 5 Offences against property — Theft and deceit Mischief 3 685 30 33 1 1 1 690 30 33 1 Miscellaneous offences — Vagrancy* Drunkenness Others 196 346 550 39 17 21 3 1 3 7 1 1 200 349 558 40 18 21 i Totals 3 1,909 118 5 13 1,990 120 * Indue ling inr lortui ling, conso: ■ting wit] rogues i, &o.

Offences against the Offences against Person. Property. Convicted „ .. ,,,. .. , on Summarily i heft and Mischief , Indictment. convicted. Deceit. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Vagrancy.* Drunkenness.! Miscellaneous. Other Offences. Totals. M. F, M. F. M. F. 1 M. F. Birthplaces— England and Wales . . Scotland Ireland New Zealand Australia Other British possessions China Other countries At sea . . ... Not. stated 27 4 1 45 9 3 27 . . 16 . . 132 3 IO 4 . . 2 . . 28 I 2 . . I . . 81 26 . . 2 . . 45 2 30 3 410 27 13 . . 9 . . 21 56 2 2 3 •• 1 • • 13 • • 1 1 I 3 1 3 I 27 2 1 5° 11 2 3 84 13 5 4 2 2 24 5 109 45 54 i°5 19 1 1 3 2 11 1 104 37 37 280 55 4 4 1 13 3 448 129 151 973 156 28 12 7 5 80 12 1 2 3 2 • T 3 •• 3 ■• 18 7 33 10 80 12 2 11 2 7 1 5 1 15 1 Totals 94 349 18 558 69 5 690 33 3° 200 40 21 1,990 120 Ages— Under 10 years 10 and under 12 years 12 and under 15 years 15 and under 20 years 20 and under 25 years 25 and under 30 years 30 and under 40 years 40 and under 50 years 50 and under 60 years 60 and over Not stated ' *8 15 9 28 1 1 4 18 18 1 '84 150 no 177 107 39 16 I 4 11 5 7 5 1 6 3 9 7 5 7 22 16 36 45 34 40 4 13 20 93 107 82 34 '18 75 64 176 128 72 24 1 5 121 3£>5 240 538 418 244 122 2 10 n 6 32 39 10 6 2 6 6 1 19 9 6 19 5 3 2 2 I 13 16 4 3 3 3 4 9 2 Totals, 1922 . . 94 2 69 5 690 33 30 200 40 349 18 558 21 1,990 120 Totals, 1921 . . 49 90 1 546 20 18 1 184 48 420 24 603 16 1,910 no * Including importuni by fine than by imprisonm that offence. ;ng, co: lent, si isorti: that ig with the fi rogi ;ures ies, &c. in the tit tables must be rei do not repr nembi sent ■ :red th; :he full it drur nuinbi ikennes er of pc is is j punished s punisln more ed for gaol ersoni

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Table E. PRISONS.—NEW-ZEALAND-BORN PRISONERS RECEIVED, 1922. Table showing the Number of Distinct New-Zealand-born Convicted Prisoners of each Sex (excluding Maoris) received during the Year 1922, classified according to Ages and Offences.

Table E1. PRISONS.—MAORI PRISONERS RECEIVED, 1922. Table showing the Number, Ages, and Offences of Distinct Convicted Maoris (Male and Female) received into the various Gaols during the Year 1922.

3—H. 20.

17

Under 10. 10 and 12 and 15 under 12. under 15. undi and 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 and Not m .. '.i 20. under 25. under 30. under 40. upwards. stated. F. M. I F. M. 1<\ M. F. M. I<\ M. F. M. I , LlS. Offences. M. F. F. M. M. j P. F. F. M. Offences against the person— Convicted on indictment Convicted summarily Offences against property — Theft and deceit Mischief Vagranoy* Drunkenness Other offences 8 3 77 4 1 12 13 108 4 16 5 48 1 1 11 5 10 64 4 5 6 102 5 16 35 89 i 5 15 5 58 4 34 57 93 i 3 45 37 409 13 84 105 280 2 3 27 7 4 11 8 37 9 5 3 11 6 5 24 11 13 i3 4 i Totals, 1922 108 9 2(16 17 135 5 258 23 266 26 973 80 Totals, 192! 74 6 129 5 116 4 237 28 260 27 2 818 71 Totals, 1920 1 65 9 145 6 125 5 211 28 249 25 796 73 Totals, 1919 1 67 11 89 6 89 6 251 30 196 30 693 83 Totals, 1918 57 5 93 7 111 11 234 31 165 27 600 SI Totals, 1917 3 62 8 125 123 12 280 58 247 46 840 135 II Totals, 1916 59 10 91 124 16 274 59 245 41 793 133 Totals, 1915 57 6 128 175 .31 390 65 271 39 l',021 150 9 Totals, 1914 2 I 75 4 157 6 216 31 416 58 268 47 1,134 146 Totals, 1913 1 1 81 7 .172 10 183 20 391 58 200 30 1,028 126 Totals, 1912 1 1 92 4 197 7 197 25 354 48 176 32 1,017 117 Totals, 1911 4 59 3 158 13 189 17 333 44 173 30 916 107 Totals, 1910 2 75 3 199 9 249 35 331 51 182 28 1,038 126 Totals, 1909 2 66 4 174 15 236 28 298 53 192 28 968 128 Totals, 1908 1 5 71 4 190 17 203 24 287 43 118 22 875 110 Totals, 1907 2 1 79 5 23 213 33 256 44 113 19 844 125 181 Totals, 1906 2 82 9 189 20 219 26 249 39 120 18 861 112 Totals, 1905 1 76 8 172 25 196 27 195 38 99 17 739 115 Totals, 1904 1 3 83 9 25 219 19 187 34 73 17 740 104 172 Totals, 1903 5 79 9 16 187 21 177 36 60 21 701 103 191 *li mini ling i: iporl )uninj ;, coi isorting wii ;h rogu ies, ;o.

Offences. Under 10 and 12 and 15 and 10. under 12. under 15. under 20. M. F. M. F, M. F. M. F. 20 until and ;r25. 26 and 30 and 40 and T . under 30. under 40. upwads. ;als. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Offences against the person— Convicted on indictment.. Summarily convicted Theft and deceit .. ... Mischief 2 1 21 1 1 1 1 19 1 1 5 .. 4 .. 11 .. 1 3 7 2 2 5 11 11 63 2 1 9 38 1 Vagrancy Drunkenness Other offenoss 2 11 2 '.'. 9 .. 31 .. -4 8 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 Totals .. .. j .. 29 35 1 23 17 3 135 4

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Table F. Table showing Distinct Persons (excluding Maoris) imprisoned after Conviction during each of the last Ten Years.

Table G. Table showing Distinct Convicted Prisoners (excluding Maoris) received during the Year 1922 and sentenced to Reformative Treatment or declared Habitual Criminals, classified according to Sentences.

18

Head Sentence. Sentence 6 Months. 12 Months. 18 Months. 2 Years. Sentenced to Reformative Treatment for a Period not exceeding 1 5 Years. 6 Years. Habitual 7 Years. 8 Years. 9 Years. 10 Years. Crunmal3 - Totals. 3 Years. 4 Years. _ Reformative treatment only .. Declared habitual criminals Under 1 week 1 week and under 1 month 1 month ,, 3 months 3 months „ 6 ,, 6 9 9 „ ,. 12 „ 1 year ,, 2 years 2 years „ 3 „ 3 „ 4 „ 4 „ „ 5 „ 5 „ 7 „ 7 „ , 10 „ 15 ,. „ 20 „ M. 3 P. M. .. 45 F. 6 M. ! P. 6 .. M. 73 F. 9 M. 51 F. M. F. 3 j 13 .. i .. .. M. F. 13 .. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 3 r- .. ' I 2 l .. .... io 7 3 2 1 3 29 1 M. F. 207 18 2 \ ■■ ..... II i 2 1 1 .. 7 2 3 i i 1 10 3 6 1 10 _ 4 . .. •• •■• .... i 3 3 3 1 .. '.'. 1 .. 16 1 11 1 3 .... 1 .. 51 II ...... •• " .. .. ■i :: 2 3 1 272 24 Totals .. I 4 7 .. 88 |5 14 .. 14 1 10 62 " I I

Year. Prisoners. Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population. Year. Prisoners. Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population. I 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 3,229 3,386 2,924 2,404 2,399 3022 31-05 26-60 21-87 21-84 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1,701 1,725 1,871 2,020 2,110 15-42 15-18 15-86 16-50 16-85

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Table H. Return of Prison Offences and Punishments for the Year ended 31st December, 1922.

Table I. Visits of the Visiting Justices to the Larger Prisons during the Year 1922.

Approximate Cost of Paper. —Preparation, not given ; printing (750 copies), £29 10s.

By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.—l923.

Price 9d.]

19

Prison. Against Officers. Offences. Other Ilreaches of Herniations. Total Offences. Number of Prisoners puniBhed. Total Number of Prisoners in Custody during the Year. Disobedience of Orders, and Idleness. Addington Auckland Hautu Invercargill Napier New Plymouth .. Paparua Point Halswell .. Waikeria Waikune Wellington Wi Tako si 2 136 in 2 358 1 284 69 1,422 32 177 169 117 382 69 95 57 874 104 20 1 8 16 9 15 3 18 6 32 1 23 25 122 1 16 100 26 62 9 22 6 174 3 47 141 35 98 17 45 17 110 1 31 99 18 56 8 24 7 21 5 10 5 Totals .. 142 260 535 937 639 3,567

Prisons and Visiting Justices. a cS a 1 ■Q fa S3 09 I rO 4 CZ3 5 u = CD > o CU -- 6 Q 3 H rS, t c3 g i Addington — H. Y. Widdowson, S.M. A uckland — J. W. Poynton, S.M... .J. E. Wilson, S.M. .. W. R. MoKean, S.M. J. H. Bradnoy Invercargill — G. Cruickshank, S.M. W. A. Ott J. C. Smith J. Stead Napier — J. S. Large J. P. Thomson R. W. Dyer, S.M. .. New Plymouth — F. C. J. Bellringer A. M. Mowlom, S.M... 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 i i i l i l 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 ] 1 4 IS 2 2 30 9 3 24 3 1 i 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 3 11 3 Paparua — W. Wilson, S.M. J. A. A. Caesar W. .1. Jenkin Point Halswell — F. K. Hunt, S.M. .. E. Arnold Waikeria — H. A. Young, S.M. .. H. R. Ryder Waikune — J. Cullen Wellington — E. Arnold H. Hume .. F. K. Hunt, S.M. W. G. Riddell, S.M. . . Wi Tako— H. Hume E. Arnold J. Barton 2 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 l i i 2 i i 1 2 *2 2 1 14 4 4 9 1 7 1 3 2 7 2 6 1 1 4 3 3 1 3 4 5 1 5 4 51 12 4 2 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 3 1 1