NATIONAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE.

Waikato Times, Volume XIX, Issue 1624, 30 November 1882, Page 4

NATIONAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE.

Pnor. ObKo:fjp fcKVk Juts', coHcuteil/ sojne astonishing statistics for the instruction or bewilrtlAiuent of theßrjtish^ssoiMj^wn,,! No miu'l can grasp very clearly the idea of a. nitliioji. Professor Levi is,*, not contented with any figure^ less than hundreds and thousands of millions. Statisticians have invented turhstilofs through which thby pass nWdund and its morals and cxpenditnte. Stationing himself at one of these Pi ofessor Levi has inavshalled the inhabitants of the United Kingdom as they go in and out, in divisions of laboring classes and middle and higher classes, ,He has calculated how many belong to this ordei, and ho\vt, many to that. lie knows -what each section spends, and what it receives foi its outlay. Members of several ranks who are not statisticians feel like patients during a cliiuc.il lectiue, while the master of the art of averages are sifting and probing and analysing their doings and bufferings. Happily, English men may discover fioni yesterday's report of the proceedings of the Economic Science Department at Sou oh ampton that they have emerged from theaiithmetic.il crucible not altogether displaced. Tlie population of the United Kingdom enjoys au income of a thousand millions steiKng. Of this £438,000,000 lepresents the earnings of the twenty-si\ millions of the woiking classes, and £r>04,000,000 the revenue of the remaining eh-vcu millions. The gioss personal e.\pendihue of the working classes in the course of a year is iM'23,000,000, and of the middle and higher classes £434,000, 000. Only a model ate piopoition, howe\er, of t!ie.-<e sums is consumed on luxniies. Eighty percent of the earnings of the -working classes is consumed in nccessaiies, and eighty six percent of those of the middle and higher classes. Professor Le\ i estimates that the outlay on the things he calls luxuries is diminishing in conipaiison -with that on uecess.uies. Biead and meat he leukons as necessaries, and alcohol as a luxuiy. The expenditure on the former he shows isiising, and the expenditure, on the latter falling. Whether for luxuiicsor for necessaries, he solaces this country by arguing that to a certain extent its expenditure is more apparent than leal By the peisonal expenditure of the -various classes he signifies the amounts they disburse man by man. But the nation is not the poorer by all which its citizens spend. Some jiart of the outlay is, for the nation, only appaicnt. While it seems to spend annually £575,000,000, the net expenditure is only £754, 700,000. This is all it makes away witli and which disappears. The other £193,300,000 consists of taxes and profits on distribution, together -with lesults of other arrangements for tran&fening money intact from one pocket to anothei . Luxuries offer an especially favourable field for theexeicise of this legerdemain. Thus, though the public imagines it dissapates m "luxunes and waste" £ 150, 000,000 a year, it does not actually -waste more than half the bum. Neatly half simply changes its quartets. Of the twenty pet cent ot his wages which the workman loudly belie\es he sqiundcis, the State and the publican intercept agood moiety. Although the upper classes do not surrender hO much ot their taucied cxpenditiue on luvuucb to their purveyors and ritleis. they cannot succeed in eating and drinking and wcaiing away the whole of the foiii teen per cent they devote to luxuries. A lespectable ft action of the peiccnt.ige is preseived for use over again l>y others, [t money could be traced, it ■would piobably be found that a very considerable propmtion ot the large sums directly and consciously economised by jndn idiuils out of their yearly income is domed from luxui ions expcndihue ot their neighbois. These savings are computed by I'lotessorLevi, for the laboring classes, »it £10, 000,000 a year, mid foi the lest of the community at £110,000, 000. So much even in hard times like the present is asserted by Piofe&sor Levi to be left at the end of the year to swell capital of the nation and augment its lopi-oduetivi' powers. ICvery one will agiee with him that ,C 123, 000, 000 makes .i ' 'handsome annaal sm plus." — The Tinier, Sept. 1.

A 1.1, \i m (jjj eioss in an English miietci^ btai^ this inscription : In mminn dt l,li/ ibi-ili join -, ului <Ir<l "NLn I! Inil. tm II M ii the* t iitliful si iv mt .tnd fin ml of Alexandra, L'niKtsb <>t W ales, b) whom lliio munuiui lit is cii i ted I ill \ I 1LI 1 \\l II I 1111, Lltl S \,Olk WIU 'lull! , 1 ilu' i i own u.i.11 udii, Noi\ i onus n si 1 Ilsm il iri tin ilc. ul wlio ilil in the Loicl. The bLUcLuy of thu Amalgamated Souotj oi Railu ly Ku v ants states* that I in li\c yeais ending Auth IiSM) no less | tli m -Db lailwrn «-e>\ants weie killed outiightou t!ic iiiil\\iiya oK'iCiit 13titain, and lb'l i othui jlost limbs, weie crushed, oi otherwise mjuied, whilst engaged in coupling or unconplimr tiuck.s and waggons. Fiom IS. OOO to 14,000 mm lLpiesent the tot.il niunhui ot tlio-iu wlioae icgul.u duty it is, to maishal iind distribute trams, and it was amongst lln , iiuinbci that thefoicgoing casualties oooiirred J'],^M\U(Mi, tin*, groat (Jonnan hiirgeon, hiis published a pamphlet lelath t l to the death of I'iesidcnt (Jai field, m "nch ho holds Mab not a necehsaty icsult ot the wound. Tv o thieves m ho entered tliu lioiibu of Cornwall, of Hartfoid, Connecticut, More bei/cd md foioed to suueiuler the coats they coveted by a daughter of the house. iSroM. J'\Mr\ is the only one iiom i einaining in Egypt of the dozen or moie pionnnent American olliceis who, filteen years jil'o, enteied the mihtaiy scivicc of the Xhedise. Anoihi.ii fiinious Kngbsh libi.uy ib .soon to bo 1)1 ought to the liainmer in Lyndon, being the collection at Tow nicy Hall, in Lanriishiie, which wat> made chu-dy in the seventeenth ccutuiy. It (ontaiii^ lnaiiy in inu-ciiptb, and ceitain liant-cnpU, which Cliustopher Townloy nuulc two hundred and nioic ycau. u«o, and as Inch die to have jjioved mints of infoiniation to latoi antujitaiies, and liibtouana. LrchiiM. should be .sown in the opting aseaily as possible, ho as to be started before the diy. hot weather. The ground should bu free iiom weeds or the plants will make a veiy poor giowth. •sow 12 pound-, to the acre alono without any other ciop, as it will not succeed unless thus bcedeil. It is dillicult to start, but when once staited ib a pcimaucnt and productive crop, for green fodder especially. A MiLiihK should learn to milk quickly. Slow milking Mill spoil any cow, and there h little doubt that any cows aie mado mipiohttiblu ljy bad milking. As soon as the ilow of milk begins it fohould be (l i awn as uipidly as possible. Stripping ■nith the fingei and thumb is a bad practice, ami should be unlearned at once, and the whole hand u.sed to milk ■with. By preserving one will soon be, able to milk very short teats if the hand is moderately small. The best milkers lia\e small hands ; strength of wrist will come in time. , .Bloody milk is , one of the conditions of the disease known as garget; the Alderney stock are almost univer&ally subject to this trouble. It is bebt to ad-, Jiere to one medicine judiciously selected., Give lib of salts and then one ounce' of the hyposulphite of soda daily, (| Bathe the udder with cold water, twice a day ' Hot weather or bscT water might cause it. The MassachusBets Agi 'cultural Society, concludes that salt, as. a nVamir'^ lias the , property ,of hastening ' th^ maturing of ail grain r-rops ; that wheaj; on salted land will ripen six to ten days earlier than on unsalted laud,, all pther conditi6iiB beiiig e^ual ;* that it increases Ihe yield from 25 tcj 50 ppf cqnt ; that it btiffens the'straw arid ' prevents rust and must ; that its checks, it does not entirelypTevent; J thert'avsgfta'*'of thre "CffiHcTfj lwg,, The quantity,, iisert may, lie fi;om 150 ijhft