Scientific Notes.

Wairarapa Daily Times, Volume 4, Issue 1026, 18 March 1882, Page 1 (Supplement)

Scientific Notes.

. Ill's m;-.:.'r;, [■, "| :w;."i;-: OP LlGHT.'.'•'"'■' '■ ;"'Piofeisor'G'.':forKeslately 1 explained to th> : Lbndon\ Physical 'Society the '.'fexpmmeht; made li'y him' and Dt 1 Young to determine' th' i '•Velocity, bflighf,,'the method 1 employed was that' of'Fizeau; but instead' of having one dis r ti.net reflector, and'observing the total'eclipse of the reflected fay, by a'tooth' of (he'revolving wheel,'two reflector's, 1 one' a quarter of a'riiili behind the'other,' were'used;, and''two 1 ray's which'were observed wheivof eqiialbrighttiess, This method, was found more accurate,fliar Fizeau's'own plati/'and'gaVe curves of brightI'ness;' 1 ''The'spiled'of the' toothed 1 wheels' Was . adjusted ; unti!the two rays appeared'of 'equal brightness.' The gerieial 'result |is' that <ll Velocity l of'the' light'of 'ari' electric lainp'Ss , iß6,i'flcimiles'p'er"s'eicon'd. ; Coi'hfer found tlie light'of a petroleum lamp to be 186,700 miles ! per second^' and 'Mickelson that oflhe'suii to be ! 186,500 niiles per' second. 1 '■' The' higher number of Professor Forbes is probably due to the bliier light of electricity, for.furtlibr expefiments i'nade : with colored -light's .'a'nd'the spectrum seem to prove that blue light travels -overl percent faster than red'light': ■ ■' ■' :

,;'. : |; ' ; !: PAPER. ; BLANkiTSj : ,|' : ' : ;. v ~; ,By. arecentjinvention. the : dpmain,in which: paper .plays its. paijia the, general economy ofj .thing's has ( ~been, materially, yijjened, iTo a Manchesterifirm .pf the.name.,pf.Henry and.Leigh Slater, says,.the.iJrilJsh, Trade.Journal, ( belongs,!tlie,, creditj of utilising, paper,i in 'this, , .serviceable .diiecti.pn,; At once cheap, cleanly, warrn, : light, and, easily manipulated, ;paper seems;expressly designed for the. purpose, to;which it, is now for the first time successfully ~applied, f, Of,late; years;..various .attempts.haye.been-ina.de to. turn jt to account ,in the manner described,-: butowing. to.tho .crackling pature.of the paper and the impossi■i/h! 1 "':■"■- -i:.i i -!rii'-' i ... .1.,< -ni :!.'

THE INTERCOLONIAL ;'; l j^lN|''Tß()PHY.'; ; (TUB, GIFT.OFMII.iIARK MOSS.) ■ '' fowling lias'now Become'to' 'Middle-aged arid elderly gc'rjtle-' men. what 'eyickot is ' to '•tlic youth 1 iitid' younger portion'of' the manhood of Australia; and it is no wonder that it is so,'as' the .climate is ii)vitinp,a'iid the 1 ' exercise is bracing/: Ili'will 'ho' admitted that Victoria holds' the'priilc of place in 'the game'; and amongst th'o' ,'pla.yers anct admireVa ofbowhng'm Victoria perhaps there is riot a greater Or a 'warmer- one' than' Mr.' Mark, Moss, a ' thirty years'' resident' of Melbourne] now' rd-' tirel? from'activc business. 'Mr, Moss; who is a supporter of all. kindsbf'sbclal's'p'ort, 'and 'is 1- a : great favorite with bowlers, .is. presidci;toi the Yietorianßowl-" ing Association, arid has shown liis 'interest in tins' game 1 by giving for'competition' at varj-'.' ous times'several'silver 'cups; : his last croWnirig' act being the' presentation for competition at' the'late. Intercolonial Bowling'' MatehY'Vidtbrla •>'.' (won 1 by tho for M ;)' a handsome, silver, tropliyi' weighing 1 100, ounces,"an.'engraving' of; which 'we present : to ouV' readers'in'this issue', ,'Tlie : trbpliy st'dhds three feet'high',' tw6 : arid ivlialf feet in length,' and .'one foot broad, and repre-. sents' a howlin'g-g'r'c'en occupied, by a'full rink of players, most Of'.wllb'ih 'arc 'clustered in'a' very natural' manne'i 1 rb'und'th'o ;; Jack, at a most,critical point in "i'lie realW artiste i' iiiahn'ef'in''Ayiiicli Hiirr Gruff' has 'modelled.' 1 these' figures', deserves' gfeiit praise'.'' 1 |Ol;c" caii alinost" tell the: different', sides of tlic contestants by' the,' ~i -,■ ■:! ~..!.:,■:.'. ,i-M>.. <!! : ■::; . -..- ■, ■: !, ■ il el ' -\. ~ . i

; bility of securing free ventilation beneath paper Icovetirigsi'.lhei'idea was abandoned again and I again; 'ln the production of the "Chartallrie" blanket, as the new invention 1 ' is called,- these defects have been overcome in a thosl Sattsfafcloryimahner, > Ventilation : is obtained as full' free/and perfect ; as 'takes place beneatlv-aiv ordinary woollen'blanket, Thc'new btdicov- : eringis ma'de of two sheets', of paper, 'between! ; \vHich.a layer of .wadding',' chemically prepared; is insetted in suoh' a way' tliat.it'canriot gather' together- in lumps."' The' edges are strongly whipped, so that there is'ho 'possibility,of a' of'UHe t\v6 pieces- taking ' place; The/paper is manufactured from' the'strongest fibre, known,';which;'' bein'g ! isbftened;by' ;i ir special.'process,' is free from; the objectionable' crackling andmistling sound that;' aa' a rule/ accompanies thoim'anipul'a'tioh'of'paper,- ! It'is true there .is 1 -a slight crisp if e'elln'g' When,h'elv, : coverldt be-' comes soft and'limp; ■ i At'the same' time' the Strength ofthe"Ghattaline" blanket is much greater than-might : b'e' iniag'med, having' reIgard to the character of'the' material ; from ; jwhich.it is manufactured; As far as looks go-ithe^hewblanket-has all the appearance of a [woollen one, .'while thewarmthit affords exceeds that 1 of its' predecessor when the'size and! weight of the two 'are brought into comparison. ---The trifling cost at which these serviceable articles may be: obtained' coiisti-' tutes,.;liowever,'''when : 'all 'istold, the 'Chiefadvantage of'the'invention,.' '. ,:: '-.• ■!.--= !•■_

••lif..:i'"il i.l! Y'l iulfi .l.i'.fii ir'.|H-l.i/:i:il r\,; I • 1 'RIGHT HON(;.iW, * i FORSTEB;. . t ■!!! Th<? Hon, '.^]' 'E..'Fovsier^vaa' iorn,' .July Jlth,- )l lplß,;his..father.bo'ing' l fo'r ( ';half L, . B #iry,»."niiaister,;[',ambng.the, l '?oeietyof. , Friends,, iiiid,his, inbl]ie!rthe'sister,qf!'tlie-first, , '•Holwas.eda- . .oated ; at,, the, r s,, School,, Tofctorfhaj'n;. . ,euter,e.d .|)usiness ; ajj ,a lnaniifacfjiirer I; , -Mmadqhisifirst official ~ 18|6'to,distribijte!ain!ong jtho 'fymmc'idistricli' ..areliej prgauisedby, the Quaker's.'|"ln ',lm he was^irped. Bradfoficl,. a opna^tuenoy, ;he hjis retained, over since,.'.Ho'enteral .official life iiidS'G^a^.Under.Secretaryfov.'ilie' ironies (l undci;,Loi'd.!Rii6sclij , .iu. lsq^'.bcl-' pmp ||^ice-Prcs!jdcnipf,I the, , ,Ppmmit!tee''of Pmincil, pUji'Educati^ilj. .in. 1 18,70 j s^ab

givenns.sn'cli a tseatiin 'tho Cabinet../ When Mr; Gladstone'.retired from .the • lea'ddrship of :the.party iudßv6,;Miv Forstcr ,doclinedthe; li'officcj.ahd.'oh'thoireturmof tliat'statesman to'poweriin 1880Mr..ForStenaccepted tho! ithanklessoffice of-.Chief Secretary for Ireland j •He showed ;groat: ability, in piloting through! iParlia'ment.the Education; Bill.in 1870,' and! 1 •it: is .geherally .foltinow'that the Koiicon-' ■ iformist hostility.-his twenty-fifth clause drew : upbn liimwas-iundes'erved ■' Ho .also piloted •the Ballotußill through ■ Parliament in 1872,1 iHisrecehtstoi'my. experiences as Irish'Secre-' ; !tary;need ; not be recalled. :iMr..Forsterwas' . -olected P.RiS. in :1875;.iIhcportrait is from 1 ■ a photograplnby ;the Stereoscopic Company., i

' : HOW' fjAPT. 'TREIiAWify, WAS ; ' '.v.-'."...:.;.;',"':5h0t.;.;..;.;;;" : ; ' ,: Odysseus, had tho.cotninancli.of -Eastern Grecco.beforo.the,revolution began,.; Ho had succeeded in subduing 'the brigands, in dlis .district, and had persuaded suoh.of; them as anhnutted,tp.jpiu liisiprces,,.. His.anny was s,u,i,all, r ,but his gcips for command was great) and,'ns,hc,tQ|(l .frelawnyi |]i P!l had for,three years,,by stratagem aud.foreo, and,-without

|aid ; from Ijic Government, .kept thclTurks ;out of.' the, Morea... ; '.When a .National' jAssembly met at ftauplia, .Odysseus, stood .up. and denounced the 'accusing them pf.embe.zzle.mentJahd.'fraud, and saying ■ [that the gopcl English "golcj' had goncinto' {their own pockets .and not 'into 'the channels for which it was intended. 'Hat same night Ins life was.attempted; and though" the delinquents were arrested and hrmded.oyer (to the Government, they were never, punJsWed." . j ',.'.',;. . ( ! . ''' '..''-, .'"■ I : At last affairs bocame so 'bad through .tho disorganisation laud plotting aud 'couuterplotting, and .'embezzlement and ; treachery >■ .that the.brave Kleplite chieftain was forced' to his own.people. 1 ; They dwelt-on pud about Mouut.Parnassus;:'and were las' ab'sol.utely,;loyal,to their chiefi as over' were the members' of-.a.Highlaud• clan totlieirs.InjOne,of,thqsteep, and', all,.but inaccessible crevices, of the, great /mountain, was a, large' cave.. This Odysseus had, with much labour and-skill, rendered perfectly habitable, and, by the help of.a Buccossion,of ladders which, could be used jby/those.in,possession; to ipre-. vent, the'access„of, enemies,' tolerably easy of, teacb, .war,broke out,the thief-, tain had placed,there.his family and .goods, and storedthe cavo,wlth provisions for some years. .It.was such aplace as one reads of in a romance,',,, Most difficult of access,.it was yast in size and absolutely impregnable if a watch were set, over the.ladders., The.entrance to it was thirty foot, high, so ; that: it was perfectly light and airy,; in, front was a wide, and smpoth terrace of solid rock; which without much difficulty lent itself to purposes, .of fortification; many galleries and chambers: opened, out from the main cavern, all of them largo enough for habitation. Prom hidden • springs on the, crown; of Parnassus, filtered through the rock ;a stream of limpid .purity and fell into a large cistern, on the .terrace. The views were, limitless ,and splendid, and .theairypiiinbijlcd wa«: the very (breath of heaven. '■ ~■■ ;•:■ ■„, .....

' The fortunos of war and his own restless spirit called Odysseus back to Athens. There,

J !.•:■• I ,fll" 'Hit i'!':if "r (j| liTfc'il irn'ih'n'.l" 11 some; moutlia afterwards, he was; imprisoned, .; most cruelly .tortured to' make hint tell w bir 3 . :hisitreasure, was hidden, i hamstrung, l 'anbVat '• last fluug.from ,thb. tower, oftbisiconfinemont ;i and;killed,i ,So perished .thißbravo-ohi6ftaiJi ■ !-rtho:ablest'soldier.aniliperhaps.the only 'i .honest, man;;of •all..tho;,Qreeks.;..;Hishowi ability and .his own ihouestyahai bepnnhil ■ ii'uin,; foi\thcsc,ke was! murdered,;! m. i! it, I .• It.is nob'pbsstblb to follow,- in tliia article} ' •Ti'elawhy'sminuto'accotintof tkiiiigbtiatlons and scheming 'of all sorts' tliat 'hoW ; wen t' ! bi i in Groe'co, 1 nor of his'life'in -'tho'cave, 1 !Ai their-last parting, OdysSeUs' had 1 called' 'liii ■ 'lnemtogother and iii ( 'their. 'presence 'givei - 'everything bverto '•'this , Englisllinari:'"lin( 'wellTr'clawny was'nualified for the'ohar'go, Ti'eadhei'y;'howover, ;; fdund its way ! tb' : 'tliii altitude. o '';Mention'has been'made 1 bf :l s ■Sco'tohman 'who joinetl' TrelaWhy'a' corps 'whin'..the:'latter Went'from 1 Mis'soldngi t( 1 >Salonai'by'naihe'Fentbn. i Tliisi'mSn'was'i ■spy, an'informer, 'and a'misc'reaiit' Of' tin worst type. 1 'He had begged 1 hard 1 to b'e"al lowed to join'the'cbl'p's, l and being 1 aiFabh fellow'iand fnll'bf activity arid i ;tjh'e'rgy| / and ' having) 1 moreWerji bfaiti'and 'a gboc ■address, had'by slow'degree's gained the'tidn fidence of hi*commaWer; l, ' ,, ')l scnt-hini"br many < Missions fo'r i: mqhey :i to l 'tlie l^eat';, of Government/to see wlii/t they'We doing, and with lettottitdifr ! iendiy'cblefs!"':' :, ".'' , : i! l supplied him'with'all'hei wantdd^niy''pilfse was his," .' .;• 1 But every' l jpMnoV : that his Hiari ! 'Fentoii made was undtirtakeli'by him with'tli'e'Jebrlti determination to further the canto he had' it heart, and that was-4iot'th'e 'd'oliveriiiico' : 6I Greece from the' haud 'of h(Jr : Tiirklah' 1 bppressprs,' but the- betriy'al : of' Treliiwriy ahd his'cave'andallil; o'nntaih'ed tti'tlio'Se'drotafy of War. For a furious jealousy of OdyiJseiis 'audi'all llis'belongings possessed 'to Government, i"Sympathy of soul ! add feelitig*(ifsuch 'meil'liave boulb lin'd feelings) at once told the 'schemers' that Fonton'had 'his price,'"The 'oave wasßiipposetlltdllpld farrhdr'e'treasifre than poor Odysseus had'ever hoped'for'or dreamed' of, itbbcbno-half bf'ovorything.' [ Tlio.plan ! was to capture'Odysseus'and murder Trelawhy, ■and the firstpii'tt of thisplot had 'been sucessf ully''carried l out'i The r&t; : 'hbwcvciy was ■not : 'So"ea'ay <)f ; accblnplisiiincut,' for I 'tlie ■Englishman' was 1 both wary and brave, Mi ltcept' good -watch against the 1 approach 'of! enemies' from the. outside. Therfe was' hi 'the i cave 'a 'weak-minded, 'bombastic;'irresolute, ■ ■pliable creature named Whitcombe; ■ He liitd \ thrown in his lot with Greece simplyy'Ks lib> Said,' td seok ; ndVentures, ; 'iilid l JMon'had brougbthim to Trelawriy in tile latter part'of L May, 1825; Be had been welcomed cordially, and for three' days had : b'ecri ; 'treated by th' 6 commandofas a'giiest;' 1 " On'the I 'fourth diiy; aftcrdinner, the three coiiipiitiio'tssa't ou't'oil tlie'terracesmoldngijiid'aririkingjeviry'one

.1.- ili-.vw .| ,!!.;< i v.i'TlTi ,'' ! i attifcu"d{js J pf.'each, :',6rie''evi; ', 4ciiUy',wJs]ipy.tho .appro^plnng ;baU to go 'one'py, another '. desiring ltjtb go ( .a,' little '.more pin, another.,c|i rectiph j ri[ ||urd _ hoping ,!t may,liavc ,I'.'more. '. leg's',!"'... . '".stop," in!gestures th'at,,ean- ': not be nn'staken., flic, figures h arc about, three, inches. high, .'.' and,have,beeij ..life.! .' recognised, glance, V'and other. well-kno\ya .players' 'can bo readily, cletoctcd. In,'the is a'faithfuf ropre- , 'scntation qf'.the.PJwilion of ..tlib Pitzroy'Club',,.witl i miniature 'clqcV/aml'thrpiigh an open door a table < can, he seen /.with refreshments!spread, put for thV, hospitable' .enterfcain- . Mont nf the visitors,',' . plants, foliage, : Bents around,', . and:all minutiro.have been-in-. . iroduced.'intp this picture, :in ! silver, wi bh the utmost accuyacy, a|| is!.a,, handsome . fern .tree,,, whicli .supports; a' ..richly eut > 'gl<TS3cli^|i,fo i i' holding \ fruit arid flowers, , The-base is .., of .black, woqd, a'pd, carries, the ; jnsoription; plate, fla'iikcd'i by, ~ the' civio. arms, of 'Melbourne and| Sydney,,; The complete. ~ trophy, has, been •cxeciited ]: at j.tlje, well-knb)y f n.,' s(lvcr§if|itiiaf, i establishment,of ~.wards and Kaul.'ipt 5 Qoliinsi I st, west, Melbourne,, and 'is; jii most handsome.and.predit-; •able production,,, r reflecting' '.grpat cred.it'upon .thft.fj'rni,,!.Asi , the trophy, i .inuchatteutiqn,,aino'|iigßt.,,bpw,.| , lei'B, ;i ,tlje I .mai^ufnetuijora; haye ~ made arrangeinents ,fpr, veprpff . .clucing;tl\c mi'niftture',i ; SO; that.the ; may bo, rc- , du'eed from; i()|l to say, 2()ox<i. The design can.also ,bo obtained ,in electroplate;,;...,'. j.,.,i : , < ; '• ' . H ,:<) r! ■ ;y>'\ ..;'

|else hati; retreated 1 to the inner caves, for it |w*as very hot. 'Fenton'then proposed a shootjirig'match 'with, Whitcbinho ;'a target was prranged| 'and 'several shots were fired, Siidjderiljf- Fehton turned to,Trelawny, and'pro'-, posed, tli'at lie should, match his pistol against' theirmiiskets.' iHe agreed,' and,"takmg the j)istpl. from his belt, fired!' At the samoin'-' stant h'o felt 1 'himself shot in the baoli, 'and heard both men exclaim,"", jVhat a horrid'ap-. cident'j"' He sajd, ,"Fen'toh, this must hayo been' accidental," and Fentoii impressing the, deepest tliat ifc'wa's'sb,' Tile' Scotchman tli'eji ofTered to 8 hoot .Whitcpro-be',' ff^W'/H^ 1 ' inflictecl tire wound,, but •Trelawny 'forbade him';'whereupon 'Fe'htdn hastily left.liihi.followingWhitcombei Who '[ ball gone to the entrance porch to make bis' escape,';;;','',.',' .'/:' ■ ' '; ,; ''' ''\ : l.'But 'there 'was,, anptlier, reckoning to .be made before tlieyigotaway!' One of'tlie,mbst valuable members'of the little community, jvas a j iiob ) le' | -dog,'onp of a breed'that is found' tlka j mountain of'Piridus in ThessaliaT fm ,ft si (s they arc ybtmore remarkable' for' courage 'and'sagacity,, and' the one'in the" cavewasasplendkrspccimph,'. ."■'.' ■',' I "$ would, not ontqr ji room; ho patrolled, the terrace at night, and ,ivaa best pleased in the .winter snowstorms,- when the iciclcS;lmng on ,his long,brindled hair and shaggy mane. It ,was impossible.to elude his vigilance or corrupt, his .fidelity-he could hot be bribed. This; is more than I can. say. of any Greok that, I had dealings with,'during tho three ycars.that I lived ampngstthem." :,,.,,,.. I This'dog saw-'at once that Something was wrong; : aud growling savagely 'barred ! tht escape of tile miscreants. > His warning no'te was heard in the cavern; and one of tliq nien, a Hungarian,-was at his post in an instant! Fcnton called'to himj "A dreadful accident!" The Hungarian answered; '"No accident; but treachery I :lf you 7 don't put your' carbine down Mall shoot yonV' Fehton had already ; raised his carbine; when the Hungarian fired; and killed him. 1 ■''" •■■•'.-, ■ -■■■'■•* v , ■• vi

Whitcombe attempted to escape by the trap-door; the dog threw him on Ins back and

li'Ki':: 'Hill v»i I ': f'-'U 'i'--'l Vl'. .nv.-'j>T lieldduinias:if..hfa hadibeeriarati i Aehmett, a Turk,, seized himj 1 bound hislarmsj> dragged hiin.lto.-a )cran'Bilused"fdriihoisting things fromi.bolow, put ti.'slip-knot in'the'rope, and ;placedit roundhisinrikles to hang him,' 1 His convulsive shrieks >nnditho.frantic struggles ho- made as hisoexdcntioners'Vere hoisting • hum!over the, precipice)', calling' out God to iwituesa thath'e was innocent, thrilled through my shattered nerves." -ni if y, ;,-j :;■■-! -.i. j 1 .Trelawnyvsufferingios .hewas'theaciitest agonyj 'evory fibroin hisbody ivrenehed'witll pain, had:_yet ilio singular nobleness 1 to stay tho execution,' nrid, eventually,, to forgive thO 1 wretched man.- iil What bceanio of him is not irelatedi limlii: .-, ;'.| ; i;.(S; ~.;!:. ..

- iAndthen'bogan'ah exhibition of endurance and will that mustremin'd readers of a'scene i thati has but. lately closed on the other-side ■ofithe-Atlantiol;/From thefirst'dayhewas wourided;. - iTrelawny j deterinined ■ i to "' leave everything to nature. Doctor's were scarce in Greece,' and'nble ones' didnot exist at all) . and-tho ■ maimed • man hadl nibrefaitll' <w \i\\ own constitution and the splendid mounta'id •airthaninfiftli-ratß Surgery] Ho had beeii liifc by two balls betweenthe Bhoiildera",'6h4 ;wound being close; to the'spine," One'of th( 'bullets found its way, i)>y atortubus avenllo intohismouth and, lasllobent 1 his'head.'fel with several teeth to the'ground:;'the sooke 6f .the' teeth was brdken ani the right 'arn :paralysed;n,He neither ilay'd6wn bor 'quiti . sat .'down,l ■ himself' in Vleitoini •posturoi'against 'tlie rockj ; and. there' he 're rnainod fonitwenty days.'i No/portion of hi: dress waalrcmovc'd'; .no extra covering worn. Hbinrefused'.to ibe : "i'ibandagedj: 1 plastered, • pohltided|ii or»even ■ washed j-'nor l 'wottld■' i inovO or allow any one to look at my wottttd. /r.w,as kept, alive by yolks il ;forotwentf daysi;'' it'wasnfortydays' before there was anyisensibkdiminution'orpain'j 1 ithen.vsubmittedlto' have'iny Body sponged .with Bpiritrandiw'atoy.and niy dress'partly ,phanged.'.:.l!i|wa9"feduced i in l weight from thirteen stone-.to ,'less than''ten,'an'diooke'd 'likea' ; galvanisedmummyi" >.i: h v,»\ ,1 .1It is a wonderful record of more' l than .Spartaniendurance.' He : 'next tells 'how he .attemp'tedito. take solid food ahd'of the agony of moving his shattered jaw. He tella/Avith ■grimr'huinor; ihow' hei ".refused ail'wishy'washy or spoon-food'and: stuot to wild boar, iwhioli- lin turn stuck to'md'j it : spliced my bones and healed my flesh,"' Bilt'his' right •arm was still paralysedyi and'after waiting •three months in all, 'and:littlo progress ihade,' iheidetermined'toseo'a surgepnj foruntil ! th'e ; ball was extracted the'arm would'he'vcr're'gainits'inusciilarforco;'''A'Klephtl Burgeon was'ibroiighV aiid waß -IbM that Hiiiless ho cureditho' Englishniiin lie would'bo killed. •Trelawny'bared 'his breast; the ldech niade !an incision with a riizbr arid' began "searching •with'his finger =aiid thumb 'for the liall:' But it was not to be found, and thewouuded Irian ;carried! that' bullet iUis body' till his death, Itmay be-meutibne'd tliat th'e Gre6k''surgeon was not lealled ■ upon : t0 pay 'the peiialt'y""of his failure?''much,-doubtless, to his surprise ■anddelightM<>«//e ßelt', '■> ■ ''' v: •■■•■'; ' 'i '.Ulill'l i'Mi .■> I: ' -Ji:'i .::''■■Ml'.- ■: