FARM & GARDEN NOTES.

Waikato Argus, Volume IV, Issue 249, 19 February 1898, Page 2 (Supplement)

FARM & GARDEN NOTES.

Thk Weather. —The outlook for winter feed is a very poor one, indeed. The continued dry weather is checking vegetation of every description Dry weather is of course seasonable and to be expected in February, but at the same time the paynicut of arrears of rain owing by the clerk of the weather would be most welcome at Ihc present juncture. Turnips need rain badly, and the baked condition of some paddocks intended for autumn sowing delays their preparation for the seed. + + + Oats. —Oats are firm in all markets, stocks in the South being light. Many buyers aro holding off till the new crop comes on to the market. Local quotations are from 2s 6d to 2s 8d ; Auckland, 2s 5d ; Christchurch, from Is lOd to 2s 4d ; Dunedin, Is lOd to 2s 3d. + + + The Price ov Wheat; The Victorian Farmers Combine.— The harvest over, the point of chief importance to the fanner is what price is he going to get for his crop ? From all appearances, the wheat-grower’s position is a strong one. The complete figures as to the production and requirements of the Australasian colonies show a deficiency of 227,000 bushels, against which, however, the amount of old wheat on hand must be taken into account. Below we give the estimates as to crop and requirements taken from official statistics, from which it will be seen that in but three colonies—New South Wales, South Australia and New Zealand—has sufficient wheat been grown to meet the demand for home consumption : Production. Req’rements. Bushels. Bushels. New South Wales .. 9,750,000 9,449,000 Victoria .. .. 7,053,000 7,573,000 South Australia .. 4,675,000 3,380,000 Queensland., .. 812,000 2,948,000 Western Australia and Tasmania .. 1,400,000 2,278,000 New Zealand .. 6.770,000 6,059,000 30,460,000 30,687,000 Less production .. .. 30,460,000 Deficiency 227,000 < We have heard lately of Leiter’s gigantic speculation in wheat and of his boast that he held the entire surplus of American wheat in his own hands. The price paid by Leiter for two million bushels, we are told, was a dollar (4s2d) a bushel, and that lie has purchased ten million bushels altogether in this big gamble. Until wheat is bringing something like us and more a bushel at this end of the globe, none of the American product is therefore likely to come into competition with Australian-grown as happened last year. In view of this and the colonial deficiency, 4s 3d a bushel should be the lowest figure farmers should thiuk of accepting for their grain, for the tendency of the world’s markets is upwards and will be so until the next harvest of the Old World is ingathered. In Canterbury growers are holding out for 4s a bushel, and, unless forced to se.l, it would, we thiuk, pay them bettor to hold than sell at that price. The millers, as usually happens, are endeavouring to take full advantage of the farmers’ necessities, and will not give more than 3s fid for new grain, at which figure, we regret to learn, several transactions have taken place. In Otago the millers are awaiting s miples of the new crop, and operations are confined to last year’s wheat, tho price ranging from 4s 3d for red sorts to 4s 7d for prime velvet. In Auckland the price has gone down, 4s 3d being the top figure offering last week. This is a price that will pay the grower ; but if the Southern millers are successful in bearing the market and forcing the price down to 3s fid, Waikato farmers can hardly hope for more than 3s 9d from the Auckland millers. Were the fanners combined—in a season of scarcity like tho present one, at all events —they could secure for themselves the maximum local value of their grain, and not be so much at the mercy of the millers as they are when each one is selling independently and making the best bargain lie can on his own account. In Victoria a movement has this year been inaugurated amongst the farmers to hold their wheat until such time as a satisfactory price was forthcoming. Through this combination the price of wheat was forced up to 4s Bd, which was a reserve fixed by many, and as a consequence the large increase in supplies then offered caused caution on buyers’ account. Instead of withdrawing (says the Leader) some growers have followed the course of prices downward, with the result that the benefit derived from their concerted action in the first place is likely to be lost to them unless the storing movement again becomes general. A little more firmness is now being shown, however, and if the movement is general perhaps the millers will not be allowed to rule supreme in the market, the control of which should be held by the fanners themselves. The result of this movement certainly proves the value of combination, and had the Victorian farmers only realised the full strength of their position thei c need have been no fall in prices from their first reserve, 4s Bd. A properly-organised combination should have been in a position to assist financially weak members, on the security of their wheat, so that their necessities would not have forced them to accept a fraction below the price determined upon. In Sydney, wheat is at 4s 2d a bushel, and as there is a surplus in New South Wales this may be taken as the exportable value. There has been a rise of fid a bushel in Mark Lane during the week.

High Peickd Lincoln Rams. "Straggler," in the P(e e s saya " that .Mr Charles Withell, of Brookside, last week sold to a WaDganui client of the Loan and Mercantile Company three stud Lincoln rams at figures which total up to the region of a couple of hundred guineas. The introduction of Mr Withell'a blood to the Wanginui fl.-cks should be diatinctly beneficial." Such price* as these are apt to make Waikato breeders of stud Lin coins somewhat envious.

Get Rid of an Old Cow.—At a Far mers' Institute meeting iu a Wisconsin town a discussion arose as to what was the best means of disposing of old cows that don't pay for their feed and care. The question was finally answered, says Hoard's Dairymen, by a practical man, as follows :—"Sell her now for a canner, or for whatever they want to do with her, for what you can get, if it is no', more than IOJoI. and not waste any food on her trying to fatten her up. You may put a little meat on her, if you feed her long enough, but it will be cheap meat, and yet the same time the dearest meat a man ever made. Every dollar you add to her selling price by feeding will cost you more than 2dol. in feed. Don't worry about baing obliged to sell her so cheap. You have milked her for six years, and made enough clear profit from her to buy two good cows, and more, too. She has been a profitable cow for you, anyway, no matter how little you get for her. But you don't want to fool away any of the money you have made in keeping her by trying to make beef of her, something it is not in her nature to do."

A New Vegetable : Chou de Burohley.—This is it most delicious vegetable, being, apparently, a variety which is a cross between cabbage and broccoli, and is almost as easily grown as either of thero. It is, in fact, an "embryo" cauliflower, the mid-ribs of which are both delicious and wholesome, and sometimes preferred to asparagus. The general culture and treatment is similar to that of broccoli. It is quite hardy, and may bo either sown early in the autumn or lator to stand the winter. There is, however one very serious drawback to it* general cultivation, for being about the best flavoured cabbage grown, it is always readily attacked by all kiuda of vegetable eatiuir

oreatures, so much so as to render it soraowhat difficult to raiso many young plants in the opon without providiuß some protection at an early stngo. Perhaps tho safer plan is to raiso it under glass or in boxes, and "prick "tho seedlings out when large onough to handle. Whoro the soil is light, the soil should nlway3 bo well consolidated for growlnjr fine cabbages, otherwise the plants may tumble over and " heart" badly. A well-known authority in England roccomends that Chou de Burghley and broccoli should be planted without recently digging tho ground, by first making holes with a crow bar, putting tho plants therein up to. tho lower leaves, and filling up with water. The attacks of slugs or snails maybe temporarily warded off by lightly sprinkling the cabbage with soot just before dirk. Another method is to obtain some goodsized fresh cabbage loaves, hold the same before tho fire untill thoy become soft and limp, and then sraoar them over one side only with unsalted fat or dripping. The3o leaves may be placed in the haunts of the snails or "slugs, with the greased side down, and it is said they will attract the pest during the night, and may be thus more easily destroyed than by the usual method of hand picking.

Superiority of New Zealand Beef over Australian.—" The most noticeable thing in the beef trade is the strong line of demarcation existing between Austalian and New Zealand frozen beef. The latter has always been of good quality, and lately it has been markedly superior. 1 have seen some splendid New Zealand beef at Smithfield, equal, I am sure, to American and Home killed. For some time this was dragged down by poor trade iu general, but lately it has bad, as it deserves, a spurt, and now I see that New Zealand hind 3 have been sold at 3Jd per lb, fores 2gd, at which prices this line ought to be one of the cheapest meats offering. Butchers regu larly buy New Zealand beef now and defrost it, selling it in place of Yankee meat. If the colonists can afford to keep sending it here this beef ought to make its way, but I suppose they want at least 3k<\ per lb, fores ami hinds, to make the trade remunerative. This meat ranks with the very best frozen stuff that come from Australasia, and is a credit to the colony and the works which turn it out."—London correspontcnt Fastoralists Review. + + +

The Tamworth Pig,— The Tamworth pig will receive increased attention as progress is made towards placing tho pork and bacon busine-.s upon a permanent exporting basis. The American " Country Gentleman " sets forth the position of the bne 1 in relation to the great swine raising industries of the United States and Canada. " Persons unacquainted," sijs the journal mention -d, " with the actual results obtained from the feeding of Tamworths have looked upon them as slow aud expensive feeders. It has, however, been proved by comparative feeding trials with several breeds of swine, at one of our experiment stations, that Tamworths will grow and fatten as economically as almost any breed, and produce meat of a better quality. Their value for crossing upon the over refiued fat-produciug breeds caunot well be over-estimated, as they impart size, vigour and prolificacy, and their offspring produce more and better bacon. The Canadians have used the Tamworths largely in crossins upon the Btrkshires and the Chester Whites, and the result has been the production of a packer's hog, ideal not only in regard to size and quality of meat, but also in regard to the economy with which this superior meat is produced. Such are the leading characteristics of a breed little known iu the United States, but one which is doing a great work for the Canadian Pork producers, and one that is bound to play an important part in the American market, which is coming to demand less fat and more lean meat in its pork products." The" Tamworth is now being used in Canterbury, and is proving of great value for crossing purposes to produce biconers. Mr C. Day, during his recent trip to the South Island, procured a hoar of this breed, which has now arrived at Tamahere.

The Chicago Wheat “Corner.”— Some time ago we were advised by cable of an attempted corner of the world’s wheat market by Mr L. Z. Leiter, of Chicago. La-t week’s mail brought the following details from the New York correspondent of the Loudon “Standard ” — l There hare been some extraordinary dealings in wheat at Chicago. List Friday Mr Leiter paid over a million dollars for a similar number of bushels, and repeated the operation on Saturday. He is said to have bought altogether from eight to ten million bushels. Previous operations to create a 1 corner’ have collapsed owing to tho difficulties of storing such enormous quantities when delivered or of marketing them. Mr Leiter is quoted as having said that he sold the wheat abroad before ho bought it, and that he had arranged for its export. He appears to be less disturbed than those who sold tho wheat without owning it, and who are now seeking for it in unusual places, and hurrying it into Chicago by abnormal routes Even tho stocks accumulated by tho mills have thus been absorbed. Prices have consequently risen to the highest they have attained since the Russian famine in 1891, and they have only been exceeded during the Hutchinson ‘ corner ’ in 1888, when 2 dol. was reached. Everybody concerned, however, says there is m ‘ corner ’ now. A settl mont of these bargains by tho piyment of the difference in price, instead of by the delivery of tho wheat, his boon refused. Such virtuous professions are viewed rather askance by observer*, win expect a crisis of some sort before the ‘ deal ’is completed.” A more recent cable states that Mr Leiter now asserts that he controls the whole of tho American surplus. TUBERCULOSIS. The followingisa summary oton address delivered by Mr C.J. Reakes, M.R.U.V.S. of the Agricultural Department, at Hawera recently. Mr Reakes said It is difficult at present to form a correct estimate of the proportion of tuberculosis cattle in New Zealand, but my own experience, tho reports of stock inspectors, and the results shown by those herds to which the tubercu’ia test has been applied are sufficient to establish the fact tint the disease has attained a very considerable foothold in the colony. These results vary very considerably in different herds, in some only 1 or 2 per cent, reacting, while in others the percentage is very much higher. But other countries are worse than this. In several of the dairies in London and Edinburgh, whore cows are housed nearly all the year round in close, badly ventilated sheds, as many as fit) or 70 per cent, were found to be affected, and in all countries where reliable statistics are kept, the disease is shown to be on the increase. DIAGNOSIS.

The diagnosis of tubcrculo3 ; s is frequently a matter of extreme difficulty, and in its earlier stages, almost an impossibility, except by mcaim of the tuberculin test. Even in a comparatively advanced stage of the disease, it i 3 at times difficu't to determine its pre sence especially in such case 3 as one accasioually meets with, where the animal presents every external appearanca of health, yet on pose mortem examination proves to be badly disced. One can but wonder how such animals are able to retain their con 'itioo. Wasting without any apparent cause is always very suspicious, though not absolutely diagnostic, since such ailments as chronic indigestion, internal parasites, alncmia; etc., might induce this condition. Yet it is an undoubted fact that a very large proportion of so-called " wasten" are the subjects of tuberculosis, more particularly tuberculosis of the abdominal organs, frequently, however, accoui-

panied by tuberculosis of the lungs, etc., the presence of the latter :orm rendering reeognit on of the ciusc of the trouble far more certain. Those cases, exceptionally common in this co'ony, where the throat glands arc effected, are comparatively easily recognised, for not ouly is there a distinct thickening and enlargement of the region, but the animal frequently when at rest, but invariably when undergoing active exertion, emits a sort of “snoring ” noise, accompanied by a labored breathing, and a frequent cough. Yet, even in these instances the disease has frequently reached an advanced stage before these palpable and unmistakeable symptoms are manifested. It sometimes occurs in such cases as these that the animal appears suddenly to recover, the snoring noise disappears, and the cough and labored b cathing are relieved, but this improvement proves to bo only temporary, and the beast gradually relapses into its former condition. Tbo reason for this apparent recovery is that one or more of the affected glands has broken down entirely, and its semifluid contents have been partly coughed up, in the former case to spread infection, in the latter to set up tuberculosis of the abdominal organs in the same animal. Actinomycosis may affect the throat glands in a similar manner, and it is frequently a matter of extreme diffculty during life to distinguish between tbo two diseases. But ns both are scheduled as contagious diseases this is not a matter of much importance, so far as the administration of the Stock Act is concerned Tuberculosis of the lung frequently occurs in conjunction with that of the throat glands, and liko it represents a particularly .dangerous form of the disease, owing to the frequency with which the softened, broken-down material contained in the tubercular nodules is ejected during fits of coughing. Where it occurs alone it is, in its earliest stages, almost impossible to detect. Occasionally, a dry, harsh cough may bo noticed, but it is not until these organs have become considerably affected that reliable symptoms are noticeable. Later, the general health is more or less affected, the cough becomes more frequent and distressing, the respirations short and laboured, the animal loses ILsS, and commences, to use an every day terra, “ to do badly.” Pressure on spac.'S between the ribs may cause pain, this being especially n tic able when the pleura (the membrane enclosing the lungs) is involed. To the practised observer auscalatiou and percussion arc of great value at this stage. All chase symptoms are greatly aggravated if the animal bo subjected to violent exertion, the prolonged fits of caughin ' and difficult breathing obsirvei during or after such exercise being particularly diagnostic. Tuberculosis of-tho abdominal-or-gans is most difficult of diagnosis. In its later stage*, symptoms of ill-health are noticeable, as irregular rumination, variable action of the bowels, wasting, &c. Tuberculosis of tbo udder is of the vary greatest importance both to the stockowner and tho milk consumer. Fortunately it is comparatively rare, yet seeing the extreme danger to human live involved in the ingestion of tuberculous milk, and the ease with which calves and other animals may contract the disease by consuming it, this phase of the affection demands the most careful consideration. It is now a generally accepted fact that tho milk of tuberculous cows is not virulent, except in tho*e cases where the udder itself is affected. But in its earliest stages, it is extremely difficult, in fact, in many instances quite impossible, to determine tho existence of tho disease in this orgaa, and as the milk, at this period, retains all tho appearances of purity, one can easily realise tie extreme importance of taking every possible step for tho protection of milk corasumers. In all cises whore there is the slightest suspicion of the presence of tuberc’n bacilli in milk, it should be sterilized by boating to a temperature of a least 175 deg. Fahr. before being consumed. To ensure thorough sterilization, the milk should be kept at or about this temperature for 15 minutes. This process has the addiiional alrantage of keeping the milk sweet for a longer period than is the case under ordinary circumstances. In the case of butter and cheese manufactured from infected milk experiments prove that the majority of the bacilli remain in tho separated milk, and though a certain number may be included in these products, they are so few as to represent only the minimum of danger. It must be remembered that small quantities of milk or other fool contaminated by tubercle germs, provided they are only present in numbers, as, fortunately, is usually the case with infected milk, taken into tho system occasionally, are without effect. Yet if this goes oa constantly day after day, it present a very grave danger, and many cuscs of tuber culosis in children calves, and pigs, have been traced to this c iu-e. And one can readily believe that an adult, in a weakened condition of health, may be susceptible to infection by similar means. Tuberculosis of the udder comes on very gradually, and the first symptom noticeable, externally, is a slightly hard diffuse swelling, unaccompanied by beat or tenderness of the organ. Usually only one, sometimes two quarters are affected, the hind ones most frequently. For some time after the commencement of the disease, the milk is not altered in appearance, but after a time it becomes thin and watery, later it becomes curdled, then yellowish, thick pus appears, until finally the quarter (or quarters) becomes “ dried ” altogether. Its appearance then is that of a toughened, hardened masss and the mammary lymphatic glands become considerably enlarged and indurated. Ho r e lot me remind you that there is another disease of tho udder which must not be confused with tuberculosis though it bears a certain resemblance —that of mammitis or “garget,” The difference, however, is that “ garget ” comes on suddenly—in one or two diys tho udder may be considerably inflamed,’’t whilst with tuberculosis it takes months. In those cases where tho disease is allowed to run its full course, in its last stages, it progresses with great rapidity, the victim beco ning feverish, and presenting a most melancholy and dejected appearance. Death the inevitable termination, usually re suits from exhaustion or suffocation due to the accumulation of purulent mucus in the air tubes, the unfortunate animal having become so wsak as to bo unable to expel it by coughing. THE TUBERCULIN TEST. The detection ot tuberculosis in its earlier stages is so difficult that, were it not that wo now posses in the tuberculin test an almost infallible means of diagnosis, it would be quite hopeless to make any attempt to cope effectively with it. Tuberculin is a dear, syrupy fluid, light brown in color, prepared from cultures of the tubercule bacoillus in glycerinised broth. It was introduced in 1890 by Professor Koch as an agent for the cure of tuberculosis, and at tbo time created an immense amount of interest throughout tho civilised world. Unfortunately, however, it was not a success as a curative agent, and after a scries of experiments, all of which gave disappointing result*, it was recognised that, for this purpose, it was a complete failure but it has proved a veritable godsend to veterinarians and stock - owners. Experiments made all over the world have proved beyond doubt, that when inject d under the skin of cattle, it sets up in all tubercular subjects an intense febrile reaction, wl.il s those having no trace of tuberculosis in their syrtem arc entirely unaffected. The reaction usually occurs at from 12 to 15 hours after tho lime of inoculation, occasionally after the ninth hour, and very rarely after tho 18th. I have found that for all practical purposes it is sufficient to t ike the temperature at 12 and 15 hours, taking only doubtful cases at 18 hours. If given by the mouth, tuberlici has no effi cfc whatever. Cows, when in season, or near c living, are liable to sudden variations of temperature without any apparent cause, and when animals show evidence of either of these conditions it is bettor to defer tho application of the test for a time. In tho case of cattle in au advanced stage of tho disease,

frequently occurs that little or no rise of temperature takes place, but this is not a matter of much importance, since, in such subjects, tho existence of tho disease can be easily determined by ordinary means of diagnosis. Tho duration or intensity of tho reaction is guide whatever to the extent to which an animal may bo affected by the disease. It may ba that in a caso where tho lesions are limited to one small gland the temperature may rise as high as when they aro numerous ani extensive I had :.n instance of this a short time since. Of two cows tested one roaebsd 101 deg., and tho other closo on 107. Yet the one that went highost I had to search twonty minutes before I found any trace at all, and then only found one diseased gland. The other was one of tho worst cases I have even seen. If a rise of 2deg. Fahr. or more takes place tho animal may be condemned as tuberculous, if between Ideg. and 2dog. Fall, very suspicious. In the latter caso, the test should be re-applied after an interval of from threo to six months If successive injections be repeated daily or at intervals of af ow d lys, tho reactions gradually decrease in intensity, and there is soon produced a veritable toleration to the action of the tuberculin. Calves if tubei - culous react equally well, the dose being of course reduced In non-tuber-culous milking cows, if in calf, tho inoculation produces no serious effect whatever, and the milk supply remains unaltered. There are not wanting indviduals who dispute the value of the tuberculin test. Tho chief objections raised are : Ist. That it sometimes produces no reaction in animals undoubtedly tuberculous. I am quite prepared to admit the fact, but, these animals are in such an advanced stage of the disease, that it can be easily recognised, and thus the application of the test is unnecessary. A more grave objection is that it sometimes sets up tho specific reaction in animals which, on post mortem examination, show no trace of tuberculosis, This, if correct, would be very serious. So far as my own personal experience goes, I have never yet mot with an instancoof a beast showing a decided reaction, and on post mortem examination proving absolutely free from the diseane. I have sometimes had to search very carefully before discovering any lesion, but 1 have always found it. One cannot help thinking that in many cases where the test is said to have proved misleading a sufficiently careful examination has not boon made. And there is always tho possibility that the tuberculin has not been properly prepared or pro served. In any case, the number of instances where this it sail to have occurred is so small as to detract very slightly, if at all, from the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent.

FACTORY SEPARATED MILK AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE. I have no doubt whatever that in this colony tho practice of rearing calves upon separated mils from dairy factories, without first taking the precaution to sterilize it, is a very important factor in aiding the spread of tubeiculosis. Even if it be not contaminated by tubercle germs, it is far from being an ideal food for calves : and the poor badly nourished little brutes start life under the most favourable conditions for contracting any contagious disease that comes along; but there is no doubt that in niany cases thoy contract the disease directly from tho milk. It must be remembered that two or three cows with tuberculous udders supplying a factory can contaminate the whole of the milk entering that factory, since the whole supply is mixsd together, and any individual supplier, although he may have taken the precaution to eliminate the disease from his own herd, is, unless he takes tho precaution to eteritizo his soperated milk, gradually re-introducing it through thismedium. Tho virulent milk is, of course, very greatly diluted, ani if only fed occasionally to tho calves would probably have no bad effect, but seeing that it forms the sole nourishment for the first few weeks of their lives, one can easily understand how they becomo infected. It may be months, or even years, beforo they show palpable external symtoms, but it is only a question of timo before they becomo its victims. During my present visit to this district, I have had this matter impressed forcibly upon me, though the results of the application of tho tuberoulin tests to two oi threo herds of dairy cows. The first herd consisted of 64 cows ; out of these seven re-acted, aud five of tho seven wer3 two-year-old heifers, which had been fed on factory milk. The owner of this herd supplied milk to tho factory, and gave the skim milk to calves. The second consisted of 2S cows, but the owner did not feed his calves on factory milk. In his herd only one cow (an old onf) re-acted. We had another instance of a loi of pigs recontly sent to Waitara from a dairy factory, where they had been fed on separated milk. Thirteen out of 31 had contracted tho disease, probably through the abdominal organs. 1 condemned them, and Mr Orbell, who acoompauied me, subsequently found a number of cows supplying milk to that factory diseased, and had them destroyed.' Theso facts are so conclusive as to impress upon me tho necessity for all separated milk boing sterilized before leaving the factory. If this was done it would prove of incalculable benefit to all suppliers. Seeing that there is no known cure, it behoves every stock owner to take measures for eliminating this disease from his herd. Undoubtedly tho only effective means of doing this is by tho application of the tuberculin test- By it, all effected cattle cau be recognised and removed from contact with tho healthy. But even this alone is not enough. Every possible care must bo taken to prevent the re-introduc-.tion of disease. All non-sterilized separated milk from factories should be Pasteurised or boiled before being fed to calves, aud all sheds and bails where infected oittla have stood should be thoroughly disinfected. A very important factor in the

PREVENTION OP DISEASE is the keeping of the ittjok in as good condition as possible all tho year round. I am fully aware of the difficulties under which farmors labour in a newly opened up district, and do not expect that they can reach perfection all at onco in their methods of keeping stock, but I am sasified th'it in many instances culpable carelessness is exhibited. The mi erable half-starved brutns that I have met with in winter in this district have thoroughly disgusted me. It skeins to me that as many farmers stock as much as their farms can carry in the summer and carry on tho same number in the winter. I have seen eomo miserable half-staived creatures on this coast that aro a disgrace to civilisition in general and to their owners in particular. In such cases it is no wouder that such diseases as tuberculosis spread rapidly and obtain a firm foothold. Whereever possible a supply of winter feed should be provided for milking cows at all events. The increased yield of milk alono would go a long way toward* repaying the co3t and trouble of making this provision. Another matter worthy of attention is that of securing a supply of pure drinking water for dairy cows. There is another important point—that of cleanliness in the cowsheds an 1 yards. It is perhaps hard to keep perfect cleanliness in winter time, but many could do a lot moro tlian is done in this respect.

Wool is tho farm product that brings the mo*t money iu proportion to what it takes from the farm, with the least labour to the producer.

Carrots are the best of all roots for hoives. If we would use them more we would find the feeding less expensive and the hordes more easily kept in good condition.

A mixed ration is nearly always the most economical. Stock will thrive better if given a change of pasture regularly.