THE NEWS BEHIND THE HEADLINE
Man of Iron
THE INSIDE STORY OF WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE WORLD TO-DAY
In are Sissies compared Soviet Secretary
Mr. Noel Guiness Capt. Victor Cazalet Sir Arnold Wilson Mr. H. Cobden Haslam , Wing-Corn. A. 'W. James General Sir Alfred Knox ■'Major Ralph Rayner Sir Alex. Russel Mr. Douglas Jerrold Mr. Stuart Russel Sir Louis Smith- ’ •* Hon. J. J. Stourton Col. Edward Wickham • Admiral Sir Murray Sueter
The following pro-Nazis are members of the House of "Lords :
Lord Aberdare Earl of Airlie Lord Arnold Lord Barnby Lord Bertie Lord Brocket Lord Decies Lord Eltisely Lord Esher Earl of Galloway Earl of Glasgow Earl of liarrowby Earl of Malmesbury * Lord Hollenden Lord Hutchinson LorajLondonderry Lorcf- McGowan Lord Massereene. Lord Mount Temple Lord Redesdale Lord Sanderson Lord Semphill Lord Stamp Duke of Wellington
To those discouraged persons who may think that the above list represents most of the peerage we would include a word of cheer. Out of 650 peers only 26 have actively engaged in proNazi activities. The list of Hitler’s friends could be extended almost indefinitely. Beside being friends of A. Hitler many of the gentlemen named above are also friends of B. Mussolini, and F. Franco. A perusal of Hansard during the preceding year reveals some amusing comments. Captain Cazalet called Hitler “ the leader of our cause to-day.” (We may well ask, “What Cause?”) Lord Redesdale said: “ The Munich Agreement took nothing from Czechoslovakia to which that country could rightly claim, and gave nothing to Germany which could have been rightly withheld.”
Lord Londonderry (referring to Munich) said: “ I can quite honestly say that what has happened has been the fulfilment of my hopes. I have seen what I desired and urged. I spent Thursday and Friday in Munich as a private individual.” Lord Mount Temple: “The Foreign Secretary would do well in his confidential talks with the French Government . . . that nine-tenths of the British people abhorred the Franco-Soviet pact and wished it would end.” Lord Arnold: “If they (Germany) want the Colonies, we should surrender them.” Lord Rothermere: “ Hitler is the most perfect gentleman I have met.” Sir Thomas Moore: “ What is there in a black shirt which gives apparent dignity and intelligence to its wearer.” Sir Arnold Wilson: “Let us not assume that Germany is the enemy against whom we must combine. If war should come it will not be where Mr. Churchill expects it.”
. . . ECONOMIC CAUSE OF WAR Since last September most of us felt in our hearts that war was inevitable. The universal relief when Chamberlain brought back peace from Munich is proof of how deeply we all felt that war was inevitable. For this reason we condoned the betrayal of a noble independent country much more akin to our own democratic ideals than is Poland. Now, however, the war which we all dreaded has enveloped us, too, in the maelstrom of conflict in Europe. What chance have the Allies of victory over the formidable .might of Nazi Germany ? fcT<hat#isisiM %o mmmm : ■ from the: ? CTsßtger,ents tell us nothing. Without : the necessary understanding\y»0 t .one jean foresee what may happen. With the
facts in your hand your guess is as good as Lord Beaverbrook’s. Here then are the most important factors, the chess-men with which the statesmen and generals will play. These are the factors which will decide the issue. The first question everyone asks is: Why are we fighting Germany. Not even the most, blood-thirsty dictator GoyiiDde&d a country war if he did not have: (1) The support of the governing class; (2) ; the army. Hitler has both. Make no mistake about that. This war is not the mad outrage of a neurotic despot, it is the calm deliberation of German financiers, business men, and generals. As early as 1922 it has been an essential pari of German Foreign Policy. From 1922 military strategists were studying the causes of failure in 1918, - and planning how to rectify them for der Tag (The Day). Nazi Germany could no more avoid a war with Britain and France than the .Zambesi River could avoid the Victoria Falls. The same reason made Britain Germany’s inevitable foe. France is brought into the picture because her independent economic existence is threatened if Germany succeeds in dominating Britain, Belgium and Holland. Why must Germany fight Britain? For the same reason that Britain wanted to give Hitler £I,OOO million, as was recently revealed by Mr. Hudson, the Secretary of the Board of Trade. For the same reason the gold reserves of the Bank of Czechoslovakia were handed over to the Reichbank by Britain, where they had been lodged for safety
in the event of Germany capturing (for the time being) the country. Wars, to-day, are only fought for economic reasons. Both Germany and Britain are competing for a rapidly dwindling world market. The traged} r of our present economic system is that every country, to maintain its own solvency, must export more than it imports. If a country fails to do this it suffers the restrictions which we, in New Zealand, are experiencing now—the greater the deficiency. the more acute the suffering. Yet it will be obvious to anyone that every country cannot export more than it imports. For every country that succeeds in maintaining a credit balance, some other country or countries must show a corresponding loss—a debit. No country likes suffering restrictions. We in New Zealand have only tasted the merest skin and bark. How we howl. The Italians, Germans and Spaniards, whose food is rationed, and who have to eat bread made from wood pulp and acorns, have drunk deep of the bitter dregs of poverty. To keep her vast metallurgical industries going Germany must export vast quantities of cars, machinery and steel. But all over the world the more backward countries are developing their own industries. Italy, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Argentina, Japan, and even China are becoming increasingly selfsupporting. The British, French, Dutch, Italian and American empires are closed to Germany by tariffs. Only the Balkan countries and parts of South America remain. Being dependent on sources of raw materials controlled by her rivals Germany is still further handicapped. To compete at all she must undersell her competitors. As everybody knows the greatest part of the cost of any article is made up by wages. The only way the cost of production can be reduced is by reducing wages. The German people do not like having their wages reduced any more than you or I would. There comes a time when they would resist any further attempt to reduce their wages by going on strike, or actual violence. When the workers of a country will not make any further sacrifices the industrialists resort to Fascism, which is-a modified form of slavery. A great army of thugs is recruited and the people are bludgeoned into working for as long and as little as their leaders agree to pay them. Germans work 12 hours a day for wages computed to give them a 10 per cent, margin above subsistence. No slavery of old was any ajiore exactijfigk : J Now, theoretically a Fascist State can undersell all others, as their wages are* far below democratic standards. .But in practice, Fascists find that this advantage is reduced by the . enormous load of unproductive soldiers which their industries must carry. 'Despite their fiercey
subjugation vof their, people, the ■ continual sacrifices, they find their; market? shrinking, so that every year their, position bes6mes worse..: This sad state' makes their leaders cast envious hyes on • neighbouring countries#*;; Where they fail to expand'-by merit or diplomacy, they at’last are forced to thrustspieir exports into foreign countries at the point of the So long as the world adheres to its present economic system war will be as inevitable and regular as the seasons. ... OLDEST ALLY Six hundred years ago, King Ferdinand of .Portugal preferred living with his mistress to wedding the daughter of his envious neighbour, .the King of Spain. To wipe out the insult Henry of Castile sent his armies into Portugal. England’s John of Gaunt went to Ferdinand’s aid with a pact to assist him in his wars. Last week scholarly dictator, Antio Salazar, stated that Portugal was still loyal to her oldest ally. In South Africa, Premier Hertzog got friendly with the Portuguese President, General de Carmona (70). British battleships will protect Portuguese Colonies. In South Africa German colonists have cast eyes on Portuguese possessions, planned a coup to seize troublesome Angola. To proGerman Defence Minister, Oswald Pirow, the general gave a horse. . . . BALKAN GOOSE-FLESH Balkan diplomats had gooseflesh when the new Russian Ambassador to Germany arrived in Berlin. Reason: The ordinary Embassy military attaches were loudly proclaimed by the Nazi press as a “ Military Mission.” . . . ISOLATED Of the 26 countries in Europe, not one has joined Adolf Hitler against the democracies. Stalin is busy smothering the independence of the buffer States that were carved out of pre-war Russia. Although he has helped Hitler by a non-aggression pact, dismembering Poland, and supplying oil, there is as yet no evidence of any intended Soviet military aid. Adolf remains isolated. He has measured himself against Napoleon, believing that he can win where Bonaparte was defeated.
. . . EGYPT Italian gold for years has financed anti-British propaganda in Egypt. The first week of the war was a bitter blow to II Duce, when he saw a new Government in Egypt declare itself 100 per cent. ' pro-British by declaring war on Germany. Thus Premier Ali Maher Pasha fired the first gun to test Mussolini’s loyalty to his Axis partner. Result: Nazi exodus, Italian caution. . . . HITLER’S UNIFORM Hitler’s speech to the Reichstag, when he declared war on Poland, contained 78 “ I’s.” The Fuehrer wore a new uniform that had been made specially for that day. It was a lighter shade than regulation Army Grey, and was adorned with gold buttons, the Nazi insignia and the iron cross, which Hitler claims to have won in the last war. There is no other .like it in Germany. In his speech Hitler said: “ I shall not take off this uniform until we have achieved victory. . . .” SUPREME COUNCIL Hitler, before leaving for the, front, turned the Government of the Reich over to a 6-man trust. The six chosen were: Goering, Lammers, Hess, Frick, Funk, and Keitel. Newcomer to the public was Dr. Hans Lammers, long Hitler’s private personal, secretary. Lammers’ job is a reward for the legal opinion;'; which made Hitler Fuehrer on Hindenburg’s death. ... DELIVERER WANTED Greatest Polish hero is deliverer No. 1, Jan Sobieski (1624-1696), who delivered Poland from the Turks. Second idol is Marshal Pilsuds.ki, who delivered Poland. Trom , Russia. The scattered Poles now look to deliverer 111. ■ . WARRING-SHEEP ' .. A sad man is Pope Piiis XII’., who woultLlhe the m6ral police- - man of Ehtbpe. Like his predecessor he had, spent many
►years in' Poland, where both . acquired their extreme hatred of Communism. To, Communism has been-added : Naziism, the bitslovakia'and6/)d^^^^HPPll^| were now • godly alliance ij_ mi_ in France. 9Kh& ...'• Most popular French •' is 72-year-old Maxine Weygand, veteran trouble-shooter. In 1920, with 600 French officers, he found the Bolsheviks at the gates of Warsaw and left them, four months later, running over the borders for home. In the Ruhr he extracted reparations from Germany. ,In Syria he quelled the Druse and gave Damascus a street-sweeping service. Latest task for “ Maxie ” is to keep the Turks pro-Ally, despite NaziRussian pressure. . . . KLIM No parlour-general is Marshal Kliment Voroshilov. This closeknit, close-mouthed cavalryman.
is. tWM most gegMi sS'i,«:K!im s !s' a ros F
n ing from the moving train. Joe - Stalin could take it. ' . MAN OF I RON ; -He I I’ ’ 1 high, with Ji”a'WPFSJWI his arm. That was made this crude Dghugashaili, into of one-fifth of to contemplate 5 tlie way of fortune. Before the i Revolution Stalin had scarcely a , change of clothes, to-day he f trades in nations. It is difficult ) to say what would have been the position to-day if Lenin were still 1 living. Lenin had a master mind ; and was at heart an idealist... ; Stalin is ,a materialist, a superL realist. He has not the emo- , tional brilliance of Hitler, the ; versatile ability of Kemal Atar turk or Mussolini. He is not : subject to delusions of grandeur l as is Hitler, and has less to fear : from internal opposition than any - other dictator. He has no liking : for Hitler, personally, nor for t Chamberlain, but admires Roose- : velt. It will, no doubt, give him . great personal satisfaction to ■ take any opportunity that offers i to re-possess all the land which Russia lost in 1917.
we have refused such outrageous methods.”—Adolf Hitler. ... I TOLD YOU SO The Russo-German Alliance was a bombshell to all the world. It is easy to say, “ I told ycsi so ” after the event, but there were not lacking people who predicted such an alliance, or pointers to indicate that the wind was blowing in that direction. The natural | alarm. of the man-in-the-street ' giy]e^i. t way to many wild stories -q.ar'egarding this pact. ;>r Knfd“ irresponsible papers manner of imcontradictory statements regarding what took place. . . . ORIGINS As far as can be seen the Pact may have had its origins as far back as January 12th of this year, when at a party in his palatial new Chancellery in Berlin, Hitler surprised diplomats by having a long, amiable talk with the Soviet Ambassador, Alexei Merekalov. After this Goebbels was told to play down the gutterword attacks on Stalin. In February, rumours were rampant that one-eyed Czech General Sirovy was endeavouring to bring about an understanding betweeh Hitler and Stalin. Hitler at this time made a statement that he had no designs on the Ukraine, and that Stalin should consider a confidential exchange of views. Litvin- | off, who was opposed to any I such association with the Nazis, I was dismissed from office. In March, Stalin made a speech I criticising the democracies. I There were numerous meetings I between high Soviet and Nazi I officials in other countries. GoeI ring spent a holiday with Boris I Stein in Italy. Von Papen visited f Moscow three times. Russian I trade delegations visited GerI many. These were the moves L before the final act. ...RESULTS If Hitler and Stalin concluded the pact for long range results it *Leyokes_almost illimitable visions. revolutions merg||jngrtd]i?idjvide the world. . . .If it to scare the demofailed. The worst the shock it Hitler’s ex-friends, and Hirohito. --Franco saw in it a way out of being drawn into the war to repay Hitler’s aid in Spain. He got busy demobilising his armies. Italy went into her old-time wobbling act, and , the Japanese started * pulling down German trousers in Tiensin. ...BENEFICIARY The principal and/or only outside country to benefit was China, ..which received ■ a £35 million ■ ■dredit from Russia. The . ' Russians were not slow; in delivering the* goods \ forthj|, ink on the signatures was nbU yet, dry planes, , complete, with pilots, zoomed over the border to swell Kai-chek’s force ■ -vr.:' '' v . .
. . . WHITE BREAD
The big news in Spain last week was pan bianco, White Bread. The reappearance of white flour was hailed as a milestone on the road to recovery. Franco turned his demobilised troops to help agriculture, and turned a deaf ear to Duce and Fuehrer. Not so his brother-in-law, Senor Suner, who is becoming deeper and deeper involved in Nazi intrigue. Franco could point to White Bread as a triumph, for the Duce’s people still have to be content with gray bread.
... JAPAN Hardest hit of all World War 11. is Japan. The Russo-German pact knocked the bottom out of Japanese foreign policy. Baron Hiranuma, who had been appointed Premier for his Axis leanings, “honourably retired,” and General Nobuyaki Abe, an old middle-of-the-road general, took his place. Down the “ honourable drain ” went world ambitions. Before the Russo-German pact Japan had been a second-rate Power, with first-rate connections; after it she was no great power, with no connections at all. Nobuyulci Abe realised this full well when he said: “We will have a troubled future.”
. . . “ HONOURABLE TROUBLE ” Meanwhile Abe’s little yellow men are having a troubled present. Roosevelt closed the United States to Japanese goods. The British, who had meekly endured a year, of face slapping and detrousering, started to take a firm stand. British troops “ dynamited ” all bridges between Hongkong and Japanese - held territory. . . . SHANGHAI In Shanghai the Japanese landed 6,000 troops to “ clean up” the International Settlement, but the firm attitude of America scared them, and so far no action has been taken. In Shansi Chinese Guerillas have had several important gains, and the dreaded Bth Route Army is harassing the Japanese positions near Hongkong. . . . SIGNIFICANT An important event for Chaing Kai Chek was the visit last month of the Indian politician, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, one time President of Congress to Chungkiang. Nehru received the greatest ovation ever given to a foreigner in China. It will be remembered that Congress leaders Chander Bose and Nehru have urged Britain to assist China, as if China falls to Japanese aggression India will be the next objective of the insatiable little yellow men. ... DEAF EAR Slight, grey-haired, receding chinned General Ismet Inonu, right hand man and successor of the late great Mustafa Kama! Ataturk, is peculiar among statesmen in that he is quite deaf. In his soldiering days fearless Inonu made use of his deafness as Nelson did of his blind eye. Now to the blandishments and threats of Von Papen and Soviet diplomats he has turned a (literally) deaf ear. To Von Papen’s blustering threats he said: “Turkey will stand with the Allies if the Reich were ten times stronger.” . . . PALESTINE Last month a world Zionist Congress met in Geneva to discuss measures to oppose the British plan for establishing an Arab state in Palestine. When Germany invaded Poland the deputations scattered like quail before a hawk. Silenced were their noisy objections to the Arab state by the spectre of the swastika flying over their disputed land. To Britain their discontent paled to insignificance beside the fate of the Suez Canal, for which Palestine is a rampart, and the oil pipe-line from Iraq, which reaches the sea at Haifa. Realising this, Zionist President, Dr. Chaim Weizmann (who discovered a substitute for acetone during the last war), announced that “in spite of the White Paper the Jews support Britain in the present crisis.” Support took the shape of some 60,000 fully trained Jews, which will swell Palestine forces, jat present about 20,000. : The people of Tel-et-Aviv jwere amazed to see the S.S. r Parita,” which had been cruising around without a / captain ■({>ut with 875 Jewish refugees, who had been Jorbidden a permit ■to land), steam straight for the sandy beach, where she ran aground and stuck . Police herded the unfortunate refugees into a concentration camp. They i-. v - : P,V- ■.•••*'•
had been sailing around without a captain for 11 weeks.
. . . HECTIC HOLIDAY
Count Csaky, Plungarian Foreign Minister, announced that he was taking a holiday—to show that Hungary was secure in her neutrality. His holiday was a flying tour of Balkan capitals, with Salsburg and Rome added for recreation. What the Count did on these friendly visits to neighbouring rulers is what Whitehall and the Quai D’Orsay would like to know.
. . . RELEASED Due for release before these :^gypjji§ ii .are printed is U.S. GangAI Capone. Multi-millionaire Capone has been imprisoned on Alcatraz Island since Hoover ordered .his arrest for income-tax evasion ten years ago. Not popular is the ex-idol of cut-throats. In prison six attempts have been made on his life. For “ squealing ” on gangster pals a warm welcome is expected for Capone. To keep his friends away faithful wife Mae and brother Ralph have fortified Capone’s farm at Hobart, "Indiana, with live wire fences and an arsenal, but even so “ Scarface ” would be a poor insurance risk.
. . . WHERE THE WORLD GETS ITS OIL The world’s oil producing countries are listed here in order of output: — 1. U.S.A. 2. U.S.S.R. 3. Venezuela 4. Iran 5. Dutch East Indies 6. Rumania 7. Mexico 8. Iraq 9. Colombia 10. Trinidad 11. Argentina 12. Peru 13. India 14. Bahrein 15. Sarawak 16. Canada 17. Germany 18. Sakhalin (Japanese) 19. Poland 20. Japan 21. Ecuador 22. Egypt 23. France . . . COST OF SPIES In 1918 Germany’s vast spysystem cost her £1,200,000 a month. To-day, Nazi spies are even more active; and the Reich has to pay over £1,700,000 a month. Nazi agents are not all as crude as those revealed in the recent American trial. One of the greatest battles between combatant secret services is still being
fought by Germany and Russia. One woman able to outwit them, however, has been Playboy King Carol of Rumania’s red-haired Jewish mistress, Magda Lupescu, who revealed a Nazi plot to assassinate the King. Hitler’s chagrin at being foiled by a Jewess can be imagined.
. . . BRITISH FASCIST
A disappointed man is wouldbe dictator of England, Sir Oswald Mosely. Membership of the British Fascist Party, sponsored by “ Daily Mail ” proprietor, Lord Rothermere, has dwindled. Anti - Semitism has lost favour, and Hitler, his friend and idol,’ is in disgrace. In disgrace, too, is tub-thumper Mosely, but friends hope to retain his services in Parliament.
. DOG’S LIFE
Troop trains from Germany into what was Czechoslovakia last month halted at a little village for the night. Daylight revealed the legend, “Auf den Hund Gebracht ” (to the level of a dog), painted on the sides of the coaches. These w o r.d s, uttered in the hearing of ap„ informer, are sufficient to bring a midnight visitation from the dreaded Gestapo, and another wretched victim is thrust into a concentration camp, for the words, “Auf den Hund Gebracht,” are verboten.
There are few dogs left in Germany. One by one they have disappeared into the stewpot. Dog is not the meat of a proud and independent people. It has a degenerative psychological effect —it brings one down to the level of a dog. That is why a vast army of exiled Germans and many who are risking the headsman’s axe at home have made “ to the level of a dog ” the slogan of an underground movement that is seeking to overthrow the Nazi regime. Herr Werner, at his butcher’s shop, receives a free sample of Agfa paper in the mail; Instead of Agfa paper, as announced on the envelope, he finds inside a booklet quoting Roosevelt, Daladier, Chamberlain and other peoples’ comments on Hitler. He finds that the civilised world looks with horror on the man the law tells him to worship. Herr Werner, who cannot obtain enough meat to sell, relishes keenly the watchword, “ to the level of a dog.” . . . BAD BARGAIN The cable news continues to confirm the impression that Hitler sacrificed more than he gained by his alliance with Stalin. The Russians are now fortifying their German frontier. The trade agreement is not as satisfactory
to Germany as was. hoped, and will probably deteriorate still further with time. To pay Russia with goods Hitler must take more and more men from his essential armament industries. Ersatz (synthetic) products are not only inferior and more expensive than the natural product, but take more labour to produce, still further reducing Hitler’s effective man-power. At present it takes about 12 men in Germany to keep one soldier at the front supplied with war material, but only 8 men are required to support an allied soldier.
. . . CHINA WAR Chinese aerial activity has greatly increased since the Russo-German pact. The truth is that large numbers of new Russian planes are -reaching Kai Shek every week. From bases far inland they are foraging along the coast destroying Japanese aerodromes and bombing Japanese warships, a number of which are reported to have been sunk. Japan’s production of aircraft has slowed down owing to the difficulty in obtaining materials and equipment overseas. Altogether Japan is following hard upon Italy on the downward course of imperial decline, whereas Britain and France, so often labelled senile, are proving themselves extremely virulent. If the world war continues for another three years Japanese ambitions in China will be doomed. The Chinese slogan that they have sacrificed Space of Time will be justified. A united and industrialised China would doom Japanese ambitions of hegemony in the Pacific. The Mikado, like Mussolini, has been given his honourable hat, and is on his honourable way out.
. SUBMARINE SUPREMACY
The sinking of the 29,000 ton battleship “ Royal Oak,” following so close upon the torpedoing of the aircraft carrier “ Courageous,” has caused naval tacticians all over the world to scratch their heads. Before these two spectacular victories for submarine warfare it was believed that both these classes of ship were beyond the power of the submarine. It has not yet been explained how these ships came to be sunk. Both were provided with escorts of destroyers, equipped with submarine-detecting apparatus and depth - charges. The “ Courageous ” carried a fleet of planes which could spot a submarine under the water. Although Britain’s immense superiority in both these classes will not be effected by their loss, a repetition of such losses would have serious effects on Britain’s naval policy. Capital ships such
as the “Royal Oak” cost from £3,000,000 to £6,000,000, and take years to replace. Submarines, on the other hand, are comparatively inexpensive to build, and can be completed in a short time. The “ Royal Oak ” was destined for the proposed Pacific Fleet, and her loss will be felt in the East.
. DESPERATE CHANCE
The latest reports indicate that Hitler is contemplating the desperate measure of a frontal attack on the Maginot line. There are three natural avenues for a large German offensive on the Western Front, namely, the Belfort Gap on the border of Switzerland, the Lorraine Gap, and the Plains of Flanders. Whichever route the German armies take they will meet with stubborn resistance. The Lorraine and Belfort Gaps are commanded by almost impregnable fortresses, which would cost several divisions each to overcome. The route through the Flanders’ Plain, which the Kaiser’s armies took in 1914, is now barred by the Belgian “ Maginot ” Line, the Albert Canal, and the French continuation of the Maginot Line, which reaches from the Channel to the Mediterranean. The winter rains will turn the Plains of Flanders into a bog, almost impassable for tanks and mechanised artillery. The alternative routes through the Lorraine and Belfort Gaps offer an equally serious difficulty. One of the reasons for Mussolini’s abrupt change of attitude was that his army manoeuvres in the Po Valley at the end of August proved that a mechanised army could not attack France through the alpine forces. The memory of the crushing defeat of Italy’s mechanised division at Guadalajara, in the Spanish War, is still fresh in B. Mussolini’s mind. The battle of Guadalajara was remarkable because the presumably irresistible, juggernaut of tanks was arrested and utterly routed by a poorly equipped civilian army. The leading tanks were disabled in a narrow defile, blocking the advance of those behind. The invincible tank armada was locked in a traffic jam, where the crews were helpless. The same thing may occur in the narrroiv defines of the Jura. German tanks fall out in peace-time reviews. The army invading Austria was held up for hours because broken - down tanks blocked the . way. The odds are against Hitler. most of the Maginot Line ' was well within German territory, and the natural bastion of hills, which are France’s geographical second line, were the Kaiser’s outposts. A putsch at any time
Permanent link to this item
Hononga pūmau ki tēnei tūemi
https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OPNEWS19391020.2.26.4
Bibliographic details
Ngā taipitopito pukapuka
Opotiki News, Volume II, Issue 249, 20 October 1939, Page 1 (Supplement)
Word count
Tapeke kupu
4,575THE NEWS BEHIND THE HEADLINE Man of Iron Opotiki News, Volume II, Issue 249, 20 October 1939, Page 1 (Supplement)
Using this item
Te whakamahi i tēnei tūemi
Opotiki News (1996) Ltd is the copyright owner for the Opotiki News. You can reproduce in-copyright material from this newspaper for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). This newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of Opotiki News (1996) Ltd. For advice on reproduction of out-of-copyright material from this newspaper, please refer to the Copyright guide.