MR BALFOUR'S GIFFORD LECTURES.

Dominion, Volume 7, Issue 2001, 7 March 1914, Page 9

MR BALFOUR'S GIFFORD LECTURES.

WLUTION m M0MI& f BEISTIG SETTING NEGESMRIf. ■ Si*, BftlfoM 1 ford ;pur ethical .idejfe c'a;ti .i'ctain-'iliJei'ri/Value only :jh .p, tbstetife .^tirigii. ']ie.»:bfega;li, by admitting that iiatiujal played .a- large, .part, to :tlfedSv.el6pihf!rst of oivr ideas: of. l'iglit- aiiij \v.rqnE,-.T. i'dr. ethical values, iwl do not hang ary process, but areV.jtp'iiovaJcettam point dfipcudeiitvirjsttif^tiiA .s'tjlib aesthetic c>uptilq:ns>'le : TiVstioii.. 15tlrie> ■with, action, aiiii .if Si* the mod*yn theory »? «vbi(itiiuii,-' : it Wditld. steaiigp indeetl liifltl'i'iGai.ib.e* l.iefs and ■.ctiiotioils weri? ~cii:U.i; c J'y ijilieii 'frdm it.

.At this pajjit Mr.. Balfoiir iiitS'diiced. ■ a distiiictioti similar. 4o Ota:'t».#. 'viifcli ; lio ljrised . Jii'S. argument .regarding ...ii»>silietic yrfucs. tin? wiiible ij his mistming was laid upon ; tlie . higlipr values hi..tho ethical Spale, 'ivi'Kt.-iJX's.iv ■ Metier values he d.o-fiiiett as h.eiiig tiios.e de.peiideiit tipoa ilite giflti.p of altruistiq aiut unselfish .fcteKnfJs'wljjch dpivivate fJO;r the interest df otter . indiyjdsials .or 'fif the State, or -o'f tiiii.nkihd. .-H'6w< fai'v ho- ask?.d, arc our altrwis'tic VaKies tlie- ■ result of the .mimicry of (les.igi.i by ha* .'■ tiUral sflleEtioft? How litr vsia tli'eyr.stajn their value, jf vv.o'i:e.ihso,t^;pji't.tho.in ■ in. a theisfcie setthij*:? ' : began his. answer .to 'tlioSe qaifstidiis-'hy. ■ JJOintiixg «ttt that'W iljitt i 10/-iiltriiisiiv in- thft lower or.gsiijsins;; -Aiiiy icertaiii ■pHfrcrs •of roaiSbiiig. lo e'i).riro.'n:h'ieht.fo,i" tjife heufiit of t'lie ■■individxisl. "Tlio-m is 110 oflart of tlio i.ndiy'icjiia'l to .sort!), the imtJulso «f soleetivo ..'Siicl.i hist'iiictiv* efforts were- tetj tlio limits -tff the power of natui;al:.;ielectidi.W. Ari.hjvals Uighor iij Jih'o, sC.alo __" sli.Qiiv •p.areit.tal.,_ and esjieeiflily ; mate'i'i'ia't, ; ']dy> ami sacrifice, itnd ;givb ijxahiples-.0ff.a.1-triiisiri triiisiri in ..one of its iHVr'e.st ishapcs.; .■ %y>. caiiiidt. of conrsOj -say wl.t'ilt gde.s-. tiiv; ifv : tho consciousness of the -aiyimaf, bvit. w'e ■nnnhot dfiijy it somethiitg o;E .-ftirtp >iWm ■ ism jnarkod •by .tlip higher (fttaiitios. which 'we; adrii.irtt in. flie-. ■dijv'otib'ii a.n'.cT, self-sacriiico of men. tlifej . .JidAv.e.ver-, ■ did hot a.m'dU-nfc to social Bystiiictj.fJtr : it did- liot du'tlast tlio est'ly 4, d'ays,:o.r ■ -months after hirtSv, nfv(J-:ft ;diii towards the social orgiinisatlo.ll. 'which is essoiitial lor hitmau Existence. ..'" ■

Tho fttgfxcr Vjjftiup^, ■ Coming to. tho ' ; ci?ntra"i V pbiiit ;of;,;Ws; arguiiicnt, lit, iisifbur essential point is the ipiswer t-iqta whether,,, .gruiitmij *-lWt "selpfiiiipii has intt'.tpv'cd tifo altruistic, fwfiilgf. li.U •their earlier 'Stages, we. .can. ■attw'Biite ttio growth of .nip.rality ideals to' the c'oAiivitc.d'.jVctjo'i.i gfjiiii:* tiuty.l selection.' 'I ; hq. higJicr ho argued,. Can liav'o. no effect 'tfjipn ijie. struggle far (jsistofce, .jyohotly could maiivtaiji that in that tho virtues. : bt;nrerfty, ■kiiidness' axe .to .tho .ladvairt.ago.-pf. ; .ttt<}" "race, from the point of yievv ■o.f/ii bfol.GKist, *ho studies, what, Jt'-jiv thai en* nbles otic ofga.ttisi)).. to ' : 'For this, y-mt, t'lte.jßiJ.tuiet gtfi'd.j.'•• «hi) [ could Quote high authority;, : Kie.fesfch'e"'' Was perhaps the •best. : lcUpwii>iit .tllis' e.ouptr.v 'by the refer eiices. made by a brfllijivt *' H dramatic".. hat ho had ■ujaii.yVdisciplesui'Vvlws o.W,n eoimf/ry. Nisixsete..'. held; ,■ ,'tlx.ivt . v .tho higher valines ai;<v4vh:ai ~]t£ : V«iled' : <h;r they havo IJo'.plSieft iit tlib natural .clovc'Jop'i.nc'nt' «C nwrals, aiiil that they hasy.& ..oidy. becjv iinad© Jios- . s.i'Jj.lo l)v'Teliliofeholiftfs, ■■ ;iS.r'r.. ilViilfqur : sjiphiuucd; iiihi'ttsVit witinoss i<j ..liis.;im;miSjM, iloit:,..to' .lii-s? ptHielif&ixifiSj'...because. NiefeSehe-.s /tfoiVeliisioji '. was '■■ tSlat "thiv higher virtues 'rtro ■.iibt/inteft'ly express' jjrddupts, liutcren harmfiij prtf.diicts, pi:' tlie .Iji'oiogiaal process, and ougl.i'l :fb;. be stamped dftt.- 'Bis 'divu cpiicjiisiqu xyrip.idiaiUe'tTicaHy •ojjpcsite,. hw.t. lie ...agreed:' :tliiii';';tho iiigliei'.'yMiies 'catthp;f 3f.ia.ln: ■as iii.'te'viifl^irt.o-.

.str'.ugglfs for ox.isfcii.'pe..' ' , ■'' Vlcv;, • As n'nbttef'iwi.tnc.s.s., Balfanr ijinrife. : cd. iluxleJ!.'slio.maiie.s. .;ispiaft, delivered ■in iß?3y." It w'irs,'he said., nii; itnjuiifs:sh*:: iiid' -ji; ■ piStheJjie .■ feSttirei'. ■ ■Ijpea'u.Spj :wMie i; no fPrn-i ■ of :iji|i» ,:gioii ..and Was : .jh''a':gu:ds,tic, and, .indo.od: ■tlje epihe'r. of .t'luvt cioitveii.iiMit iypfc.d,, and ■while lie tpijk a pliisls natuValijtifevie'w pf'titf MrtiVej'se, lib fctt,' ;J3il■foUr hiniself fslt s tWt''.thc hjs;ter Rallies eamlot. be Ijitiihed into' pr6ees:S,■ tb !;i; w-liich iVct'■si^si^iied"veVo'y*- : :thiiig arbund hiiu•aud^bp'Mnd-;wd'iich..lib. saw .nathfjrg 'but bhctgy . ijiidvina'tfeK R'\VaS w4th'tlio iitpioisr<ljffidenqe : ;thiit, ires.ditfercd but he thought : v]luxloys; : when he- ■■said:iha : t ,: ;%lt -'tliat-.'ls : :..etlric'a'l I>l- - is apppsedltb.^ucee.s.s^iii"tl'io:epsn.iic' . fn.:'^piibs|tipiis;:tt:;; ; happjp ; oii(i '-tit '■ the' l)jßlic'st;^hi : i!is?iit' ltfs ctlj.joat:' saais. and; not hihiSplf : i)a^S' : ■.prec:ess:.ltl.m.,sa'tnb;..hbayi' l whfch was piiss'et.bn; ; it;vby;tlialii;giicatj inau, wlio'liad dbub inteilißihlb. to ihb wpr.lu, ■how miyono who-takbs? evSii in a leSs ino ■Shat tlib higlibr Pfl'i'tt'S tb ftfavin its value as : iii;: ; l)yJ:prpV dijet nV/a-daiVgerbus :pfediict' : iß{';oyptu.--tipll. .''■:■. y-'~.'"-v : i-

tit an.linptPSSive'pJiSiSigb Mr..:]s!i]fdni; then veininded Jds heiirbrs pf .Hilte'ippwyf excieised liy "a rbWrft'to ;n^;urfi>- y . '. '}$ ■theO'S;iriiii!(y : tPaeiiiiij; ofiivat((re H virtues' are useless' and' w,b.Spn*:; .■.is>',i.!'nt: tflo teacltiivg of Sicfesilwr m iuivvitahlei fcftdcUj.s.imi?, Men will :orgn ; e'tliajtv;ilkdj\ ; - vcloipiivent anil. ihi:> cpiifs.?'' : of \ProsreSs■■ ftiftst iiiwfljs be i!he yi'sfllt ;bf; cbiistiint. iutftrhopte iVarftirc;, flietji 'iiioir Wxlly oil the flHtiatiunieiied; ; :Jieeiice. bf that- struggle, -sxtidv tlte;-reiili'it? '-tp iiftture w"bu]d''nieaiv 'the- jit. all the higjif'r traidere:v Vi'rtiip;?. Which the 'value of j.ife ,o : atf'ppjip.s Iflr its. ' ■";;.. iV'' v .r

th?. ; RQligwHs' ,: Fi?artcwoirlt.J..r';iA/M In* ddnqlUsi:g'ft 8 Mi:; Balfq'ij'r rofqrtc(3 '-tif tlio effbi'ts-oj; pjiffdsnplici€:iiny,,;pr'caK!i- • ■el's to siibw thai XTipro is ji'o f«ii.;.3.i% . ( eroftancy butivc.en si^fcint^Vtistyandvrt' j-trivisnu. -Swill i>;ot .^oitijiclccl^ ; on past «Sjlc?i'Jeivce 5 tlicy" ifeil oT'a jEij'tirto''r.fertftcil'i.'i.tib.n,' ~)£sncJ£ Mt Weal lifts lto ;Ui'e'auii!'g oil. :a Ai.i-a-I'iVralr istiE- Ixisis, a : ii'tl iVe \vis'l.i til ij!tpro¥e ; ' tUcii* liiglier vjiikes, if Jsvc; fcei tljiiit iji-ogress' i.iv .(Sttes has lieeii i.).s>' : ■groat ns in kuowlsilsis iwifl i» : 't!ii> ; rt-i>ts. ;oi' MEo, Wo cannot j'osi fviitcj'it wSh4(ia;,: belief t'lmt elh'iss has :n;p:'w iio isnrVa,i-al ; valte aril iici root in .so.iiiif -iiinvrll purpose, Hivmli, to iiiij 'jvoi;M goi'S'-'.dfij'' ' wfl't Ovt'T iiiVij -it move ,tnil inoi'e nie;a']fr> ijijj. "'I-f," -sail], the .le<sUj!:er:, I to keep vlio li%irest ■$■ nil \SitUi^jii'.vj]o: : seufe ivlioi* ivliisioui. 'litts. jpllnied '-tljenis'■'; ant} Sphere frtf instinctively Blight- to hi*., \\WGiijniot ■reifcions IraMKrtvorfc aniJ the ideas .mnva.fti." A tli«istip : -EEtlfiij>>., ho aßai.n .in.si.s'te'il,. is J foi!''v (iHiidfe, The jro " : - added,, contrtvaitte, -'.-but.JE ar&iinoui its-lit: :li^ ; :b^iii;j)]!tih^ib:cftii'if: tli.q.hi to,- ,&ud\vto. ; ..ibGj:^H^ptipiiV6f v';a, ppwoTfnli mn\ t "■■}{: 'iiK ■iivgeiliaus ]3e%,/;tlJe:;con'coption?:;blTa'' ! God, 't\'(S. aXftlioi' : :b.e£uiiifiil.:. Affd.tif all'tilai'Js ■"obtU.' ■ "'■'.-/}'■'Jj\ S^; ; ' ; i(f jirtwipusr <tlns ■series; svero «