ANOTHER REVOLUTION

Dominion, Volume 6, Issue 1657, 25 January 1913, Page 5

ANOTHER REVOLUTION

UPHEAVAL IN TURKEY.

NAZI! PASHA SHOT DEAD

A SIiDEN MILITARY COUP.

MINISTRY DRIVEN FROM OFFICE

By TeleeraDb-rPrcafi Association— Copyright c • (Hec. January 24, 11,30 p.m.) ' jj Constantinople, January 24. . I The decision.of tho Grand. Council to 1 accept the Powers' terms has been followed, by a sensational upheaval. ' The Cabinet has resigned owing to a ] hostile demonstration.' During the demonstration ono of the | aide-de-camps, of Nazim Pasha, Minister < for War, and Generalissimo of the Army, j fired at Enyer Bey, the leader of the re--v'olt against submission to the Powers. ( Enver Bey returned tlio fire, and shot ■ Nazim Pasha dead. Mahmud Shevket Pasha has been ap- 1 pointed Grand Vizier, Talaat;Hey Minis- ! ter of the Interior, and Izzet Pasha Min- j ister for War. , Talaat Bey, on being interviewed, de- t clared:— ,'. ' "The movement means that/we are . going to save the national honour or . perish. We do not want a continu- . : ance of the war, but are determined i . to keep Adrianople.'.' 1 J Prior to the demonstration, loyal troops ' ■were sent to manoeuvre outside the city, while a detachment of a Uchalf battalion favouring the Committee was sent to the neighbourhood of the Porte. Meanwhila great iroiyds demonstrated in the streets, and Enver- Bey, the wellknown Young Turk leader, on horsebaclc, led an angry. section of the , mob to the Grand Vizierate, vrhere'ho was deputed to inform the Cabinet that it must re. tire. - ■ 1 ' After going inside, Enver Bey Teappeared and addressed the crowds, strongly urging the continuance of the war. He announced that he held in his hand Kiamil Pasha's resignation as Grand Vizier, and on taking it to the palace lie was'given an-.ovation in the/strpetSi Frenzied cheers were renewed when Enver Bey brought from the Sultan an irade ; appointing Shefket Pasha Grand Vizier, and conferring on him the title of Marshal. . ' ' The Young Turk Revolutionary-Commit-teel then occupied the Porte. Tho not belonging to the Young Turks, have been suspended.' The Committee of Union and Progress has issued - a proclamation strenuously denouncing <tli a policy, pfuthe; recent-Cabin- . ets.: Tho' convocation of the Grand Council 19 declared \incbnstitutional, as it violated the sacred rights of the people and aroused national indignation. When-the, country's .existence was in danger-the nation exercised the right' of revolution. Talaat Bey, who was a'telegraph clerk at Salonika in 1908, declared in an interview, that if Adrianople was abandoned there would be outbreaks throughout the Empire. As regarded money, the whole nation - was prepared to make sacrifices. Shefket Pasha was greeted with enthusiasm in (he streets.." His Benghazi exploits during the Tripoli War have greatly increased Enver Bey's reputation and influence. PRINCESS SELLS HER JEWELS. FUNDS FOR WAR. . (Bee. January. 24,10.45 p.m.) -■ Paris, January 24. A Burkish princess residing hero has sold her jewellery by auction to replenish itlio Turkish war chest.,; The jewels included a necklace which realised <248,200.. A MONTENEGRO'S DEMAND. • , MUST HAVE SCUTARI. ' London, January 23. The Montenegrin delegates reiterated that the possession of Scutari is a matter of life and death to their country, which is Teady to fight for it. . AUSTRIA DEMOBILISING. Budapest, January 23. : A portion of the reserves of militia have been ordered to demobilise. NAZIM PASHA. : THE BRAINS OF TURKEY'S ARMY. Hussein Nazim Pasha, War Minister in the Turkish Cabinet, who -in. October last was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the-Turkish forces, was born/in Constantinople 64 years ago, and received .his military training at ,the French Military School at Saint Cyr. During the flussoTurkish War his aptitude attracted the attention of Redjeb Pasha, who appointed tho young officer his chief of HtalT. After the war he joined the Young Turkish organisation and was sentenced to fivo years' imprisonment in a fortress ■ for openly professing its. principles. After a further subsequent period of exile at Brzertim under Abdnl Hamid ho' le- . turned at , tho beginning of tho new regime to be commander of the 2nd Army Corps at Adrianople. A few days before Kiamil Pasha's fall he was appointed War Minister, but when tlio Grand Vizier fell he too had to go. In 1910 he became Governor of Baghdad, and, unon his return; President of the Army Council. Tho remarkable influence of this sturdy soldier over the rank and file was never better manifested than during the perio.d between April 13. and 23, 1900. when his' appeals to the mutinous soldiery saved Constantinople • from plunder, if ' not worse, while the energy shown by. him at Adrianople the year before made him a popular figure with the commissioned ranks. His Liberal principles have from time to timo excited the mistrust of tne Committee of Union and Progress, and this fact has probably contributed in no small degree to secure for him the esteem of'the army and tho confidence of the people. His appointment as War Minister last July was'generally welcomed. As illustrating his views on military matters it may bo noted that lie has long favoured tlie combination of the office of Generalissimo with that of War Minister. -.. A, correspondent of tho London '"Daily Telegraph," .writing on October 16, said of Nazim:—"l myself had a vory interesting talk with Nazim Pasha, in which ho expressed to mo tho utmost confidence in the outcome of tho campaign. He is certainly a man who.inspires the utmost confidence. Near GOyears of age, Nazim is as active and strong a man of 30, and but for his hair, which is Inhiin? grev, one v.-nuld believe him .to be well under 50.,,- He is a stout, thick-set man, built somewhat on the lin<» of Napoleon, only much bigger. Ho lias a massive head, and an air of intense alertness. Those who know him well tell mo he is tho real man for tho portion, and (he best commander-in-chief Turkey possesses at tho present day. He is always optimistic. and never downcast. If his plans f.i.il h" is immediately ready with an alternative scheme, and his great characteristic i 3 his readiness to meet any sud-

en emergency which may arise. The rmy undoubtedly has thq utmost coiifience in Mm, and is well satisfied that e himself will- take,-the supreme Qomland in the field." • ENVER BEY. 3RILLIANT YOUNG TURK LEADER. Enver Bey, who has again sprung into he forefront of affairs in Turkey by his udden coup, is a young man 32 years of ige. He was commander-in-chief of the L'urkish forces in Tripoli, which succeedd in h'arrassing the Italians so sorely, ind he. also played a big part in the iToung Turk revolution of 1908. If Ahmed Siza Bey, with his 18 yeaTS of patriotic ixilo in Paris and London, was the veterin of the Young Turk movement, Major 3nver Bey, the friend of Niazi Bey, may >erhaps bo called as the most brilliant if its younger exponents, Tho rising of ;ho army in July, 1908, was largely the vorlc of Enver and Niazi, and it is noteworthy that at the entry of the Salonika ;roops in to the capital in April, 1909— vhen the Third Army Corps crushed the •eactionary plot, dethroned Abdul Hamid, ind. re-established : tho Constitution—these ;wo officers, with the veteran Ahmed Riza, ■eceived an ovation. ' After the 1908 revolution, in explaining iis own position and the policy of the Committee of Union and Progress, he said :o an interviewer: 'Ton see me at work in a political bureau, but please understand that I am not a revolutionary !eader, but o soldier compelled by circumstances to take my share in politics. I im here more by accident than by design; Though I have been a humble member of tho League of Union and Prosress.for several years, I took no public notion till I was denounced by the Palace spies as a conspirator, and ordered" to report myself at Constantinople. Instead Df obeying this order, I did as my comrade Niazi did, and escaped to the hills. This gave me a prominence which I was far from'seeking. Happily, my brother officers know that my only ambition is to work humbly for my country." • , KIAMIL PASHA. • FOUR TIMES GRAND VIZIER, Kiamil Pasha, who is now eighty years ' of 'age, has been Grand Vizier of Turkey an four occasions, and was tho first Grand Vizier appointed by tho Young Turk party_ after _ the overthrow of Abdul Hamid. Kiamil Pasha is an Albanian by birth. At 17 ho entered the Turkish Government service in a very subordinate position, but by assiduitj' and, perseverance attained the position of Eec<m4 Secretary to the Imperial'Ottomnn'Etnbassy in London. After remaining in England some two Or three'years he returned to rnrkey, and was created a Councillor of State. It is said that during tho Transvaal War Kiamil, accompanied by about twenty ' others, went to tho British Embassy,l in Constantinople,' and made prayers for the success of the British arms— an action which further embroiled him at tho Palace. , THE REVOLUTION OF 1908. ITS SWIFT AND DRAMATIC COUESE. In view of tho present dramatic happenings in Constantinople it fs'interesting 'to recall the course of the revolution, of 1908, lyhich ended in the downfall of Abdul Hamid. While European diplomatists were discussing the impositions of reforms' in Turkey- from without, tho . Committee of Union and Progress, of which the composition and organisation has remained a mystery, was planning, a revolution from within. The actual outbreak was arranged for the autumn, but tho arrest in the early summer of a Bcore of youn» officers and others hastened the downfall of the Harnlidian regime. A couple of young/officers, dreading arrest, took to the 'hills (it Resna, in Macedonia, and wcro speedily joined by .others. Sliomsi Pasha, who'moved against them, was shot'by his own men, and'it soon became evident that tho whole of tho Third Army Corps Was on the side of tho revolution, including ' even the troops, belonging to that corps/who werebrougflt from Asia Minor./ The officers who had been arrested were released, but \ this did not. satisfy the Committee; which insisted on the revival of the Constitution of 1876. Tho veteran ICuchuk Said was appointed Grand with_ Kiamil as adlatus, in the hope that their comparative popularity would appease the agitation until means could_ be found for suppressing it. The Committee was, however, obdurate, and threatened to march on Constantinople with the. forces which had been won over, unless its demands were granted. On the night of July 23 a Council of Ministers, destined to be the last under tho old regime, was held at Yildiz. The question to bo decided was whether the '.Sultan' should yield find grant the Constitution, or run the risk of a civil war. Tho Grand Vizier, supported by Kiamil and the Sheikh-ul-Is-lam, proposed that the Council should Recommend his Majesty to issue forthwith a decree reviving tlio Constitution. This. was done, and the .decree was issued tho next day. The Committee had, however, not waited for the Sultan's but had forced tho _ local officials in Macedonia to proclaim the Constitution the day before. Tho Sultan's surrender was received with enthusiastic rejoicing throughout the Empire, and in Macedonia by an instantaneous pacification of the warring elertients. On April 13, 1909, occurred a. military rising in Constantinople, engineered by the reactionaries. The Ministry, recently formed by Hilmi Pasha, and tho Committee of Union and Progress were overthrown, and, for a time, tho _ mutineers were masters of tho city. - Within ten days of tho outbreak the Third Army Corps, under Shevkct Pasha, was at the gates of the capital. They entered . the city on .April; 24, easily overcoming the slight resistance offered by the garrison; and the Committee were once more masters of tho situation. Although" there was no direct evidenco to implicate the Sultaii in tho outbreak of the 13th, it was felt impossible to leave him on tho Throne. At a meeting of tho National Assembly on the 27th a fctva of tho Sheikh-iil-Islam was read declaring him. to have forfeited his position as Klialif, and his deposition was unanimously voted. His brother, Resliad Effendi, was • proclaimed Sultan under the titlo of Mahomed V., and Abdul Hamid was transported to Salonika. CONSTANTINOPLE'S PERIL. A CAPITAL WITHOUT PATRIOTISM. ■The Turkish capital is ono without any local patriotism or general feeling of responsibility which can be appealed to for the preservation of law and order at such limes as the present, mid tho central authority has to rely on its own resources to maintain peace within its limits. Constantinople is a city not of ono nation, but of many, and hardly more of ono than of another. Writes Mr. Brycc: ■ "Yoii cannot talk of Constnntinopolitans as you talk of Londoners or Parisians, for there are none—that is to say, there are no people who can be described as being par excellejico tho people of the city, with a common character, or habits, or language. Jinny amongst the poorer classes are ecclesiastics of some kind or other, nnd get their lodtrings ami a little food nt tho mosques: plenty are mere beggars. The moat bulk of humblor folk are tenor.

ant and fanatical, dangerous when roused by their priests, though honest enough fellows when lelt alone, and in some ways more likeable than the Christians. Pliese Stambuli Turks havo little, if any, Turkoman blood in them. They are a mixture of all sorts of European and Asiatio peoples, who havo been converted to Islam, and recruited until recent times by the constant kidnapping of Christian children and tho import of slaves from all quarters." Similar stress 19 laid by another writer on tho infinito diversity and latent hostility to each other of the people of the town, a hostility making a tragedy sucn as Europe half dreads to-day an everpresent possibility. Christians, Greeks, Armenians, and Bulgarians, says this observer, "have littlo in common, 'for each cherish their own forms of faith, _and hate one another almost as cordially as they all liato the Turks. Many members of each community within tho city are wealthy, highly educated, and admirable men oil business; but 1 a large proportion, on the other hand, are as poor as"their Moslem neighbours. Besides these; the town contains a motley crowd of strangers from every part of Europe. Eight or nine lanugage3 are constantly spoken in the streets, and five or six appear on the shop-fronts. The best place to realiso this overwhelming mixture of nationalities is on the outer bridge, over which passes an endless crowd of every dress, tongue, and • religion. These races hayo nothing to unite them; no relations, save, those of trade, with one another; everybody lives in a perpetual vague dread of everybody else; there is no common civic feeling and no common patriotism."