THE NORTH POLE BEAMED.

Dominion, Volume 2, Issue 603, 3 September 1909, Page 5

THE NORTH POLE BEAMED.

AN AHEKXCASi SURPRISE. STARTLING CLAIM OF DR. F. A. COOK, OF NEW YORK GAINED THE GOAL IN APRIL, 1908. (Received September 2, 10.30 p.m.) London, September 2. Dr. Frederick Albert Cook, 'Arctic explorer, of Brooklyn, New York, has telegraphed to his wife from Lerwick, a seaport in tho Shetland Islands, as follows:— "Successful and well. Address Copenhagen."' ' Dr. Cook began his dash for the North Pole towards the close of 1907. There 1 have been no tidings of him since the cabled advice of October 5,, 1908, which stated: "Dr. Cook traversed Greenland in February last for the purpose of attempting to reach the North Pole. He was expected to return in June, and as no tidings have been heard of the expedition, a disaster is feared." The long silence has been broken "by tho arrival at Lerwick yesterday of the Danish Bteamer Hans Egede (811 tons). She anchored at Lerwick for two hours, and then procebded on to Copenhagen. An absolute secrecy was maintained by Dr. Cook regarding his journey. The Danish Consul at Lerwick was himself bound over to secrecy- by the explorer before any information was given him. ; Secrecy was not maintained, however, by the Inspect.or of Greenland, who was also a passenger by the Hans Egede. The Inspector telegraphed the Administration of the Greenland Colonies (Danish) at Copenhagen: "We have on board Dr. Cook, who reached the North Pole on April 21, 1908. Dr. Cook arrived at Upernavik (a village on an islet off the west coast of Greenland), from Capo York, in May, 1909. Esquimaux at Cape York confirm -' the truth of Dr. Cook's journey." A Dr. Cook's white companion, Randolph Francke, finding, the climate too Severe, returned to Newfoundland in 1908, and Dr. Cook then proceeded with his dash for the Pole, having no companion but two Esquimaux. The explorer took with him eight dog teams laden with supplies. He was then oUO or 600 miles distant from the Pole. According to a Reuter's message from Brussels, M. Le ( Comte', director of the Observatory at Uccle (near Brussels), on Wednesday received a telegram from Dr. Cook, sent from Lerwick, in which the explorer annouueed .that lie had reached the North Pole, and had discovered land in the extreme North. The New York correspondent of "The Times" telegraphs'. ■ " "The news of tho success of the American explorer Dr. Cook in gaining tho North Pole wa» received here with elation. "So little publicity had been given to Dr. Cook's expedi- '• •■ tion, and so much to Commntler Peary's attempt (still in progress) to reach the Pole, that almost everybody was taken completely by surprise. , * ' - "Even the officers of the National Geographical Society of Washington confessed that they knew little about Dr. Cook's ex--1 ~. petition." , '„ ■ n • , ' There is'great .excitement and enthusiasm at Copenhagen.. , Dr, Cook is expected to arrive' there on Saturday.!

.•■■■■'.. .'■',:'; ■.;■'■'?'., -.. ~ \; ..I-..V. ■ j-flbllC'.'ii't..'"'.;,','!' 18 it OMtY TP POLE>

COMMENT BY LIEUTENANT SHACKLETON AND "THE TIMES." ' (Rec. September 2, 11.15 p.m.) Loildoh, September 2. King Edward, who is at ilarienbad, is highly interested in the message sent by the Inspector of Greenland, as is Lieut. Shackleton. leader of the British expedition thai reached within 97 miles of the South Pole. The no'ws has startled everyone. "The Times" remarks: "The evidence is yet very incomplete, but the statement has the appearance of bona-fides, and Dr. Cook's provious record'must be taken'seriously." A later message saya that after -the Hans Egede's departure yesterday it was stated at Lerwick that Dr. Cook had Merely reachedj the 'Magnetic Pole. If this is so, the exploit is not remarkable, as Ross attained the Magnetic Pole in 1831. ■ >i Lieut. Shackloton calculates that if the North Polo itself has been reached, Dr. Cook must have covered 483 miles in 36 days.

POINTS OF DR. COOK'S DASH. Dr. Cook started from Groanlarid towards close of 1907, claims to have reached Pole, April SI, 1908, and returned to Lerwick (Shetland Islands), September 1, 1909. Dr. C6ok went with Esquimaux only, his whito companion Francke having previously returned, The expedition ot Commandor Peary, am other American-whlch is said .to be following tho same or a similar route-Is still out. On his 1908 trip Peary was distant from tho Pole llttlo more than 200 miles—tho Farthest Northing. • ■ Dr. Cook is reported to have found ,land near tho Pole, as anticipated by Peary. "The Times" says that Dr. Cook's claim has tho appearance of bona fides. A subsequent message suggosts that the feat may be confined to tho Magnetic Pole, which was reached by Sir Jas. Ross in 1831. Dr. Cook started almost unheralded, there has been only about ono progress report-which was pessimistic—and the present development has startled the world. x

having secured 102 ; miisk-ox, five'bears/'and ,150 hares.' ,•■•".';■' ;. . .•'■ .■ '■~.-.: ':■ Declared, for A "One' Man Dash," -' "Dra'Cook started' a year ngV last spring on a hunting expedition' in' a ton-ton flshing schooner* Wlien'the time camo to return in August, 1907,' Dr. Cook,' to th 6 surprise of his friend?, .declared he; \rould remain and tonka a .'one-man, dash': for the Pole.:.' "Of this '■ crow, • Rudolph Franke volunteered to stay with Dr. Cook and Watch tho supplies' at ,AnhoHak,-tv»enty miles north of Ftati. A blockhouse 'teas. Constructed : by: tho two.men, with' the assistance of Esquimaux, who pro- ! pared abundance 6f dog'' food.: • . ■■'■ ' o."Thu'C6ld teas intense. Ohe day Dr.. Cook' teas nearly killed by Pola* ! bears...The greuso on his Buns was so hard that they wore/.use. less., : After a.hard struggle■ the- bears were beaten off by means Of knives fixed, oh long sticks. .. , : ., ." •,:• ,;■■ .',, : ■>:■' ;:■:•■'• ■

,«A SECRET START." WHAT A HUNTING TRIP DEVELOPED ./ DID COOK POACH? 'Dr. Frederick Albert Cook is an American, like Commander Peary. Dr.: Cook was born in New 'York State 44 years ago, and he started towards the-'close 0f,1907 On what was termed "an unpremeditated dash on tho North Pole." Commander Peary'startod soinc time afterwards —in July last year. ... ,■•; , ; The Ethics of Exploring. .Subsequently a message was received from Etah, high on ,tba west coast of Greenland, that he had established there his base of supplies for a North Polar expedition. "By tho ethics of exploring," commented a newspaper writer, "this route for a dash to tho Polo : s held to be reserved to Commander Peary till he shall either have succeeded in'his. efforts to roach tho Polo or have abandoned the attempt." If-this dictum is founded on' fact. and; justice, then Dr. ; Cook's lack of "premeditation" seems to have landed him ut the goal in front of his brother American.' This, may.. pMhons, be termed "Yankee hustle," but after all judgment goes by results. Nanscn, Abnizzit Peary, and Cook—these are the modern rungs of the. North Polar ladder. ' ' , "Dr. I'. A. Cook, who served through the Belgian Antarctic expedition in the Bcigica, seorotlv departed for Greenland towards the closo of last year"—thus runs a commentary, published in 1903. After that llttlo attention seems to havo been paid to Cook. As the cablegram points out, all eyes were on Peary. But the following dispatch .was sent out by a New York correspondent in Oetohsr last:— "Dr. Cook is believed by American explorers to bo close to his goal. A letter just received from him is dated March 17, Polar Sea, North of Cape Hubbard.' In it Dr. Cook announces ,thnt he is maklmj a itf&lebt coutM/for the Pole. Ea has, ha adds, olwiv of proviiiow,

' Started With Esquimaux. "On February 26, with a small patty of Esquimaux. Dr. Cook started north and oamped for several days on an ico floo. Ho reached Floglcrday on March 3, hud hcr.o decided to send Franko back to Anhortak, "Franoko has just reached Note York, and tells mo he is confident that Dr, Cook has succeeded in reaching his, goal. Tho Peary Club explorers are discussing reliof measures, which, however, cannot bo takoa' before next spring." , HOW PEARY SIMPLIFIED THE WAY •WHAT ANOTHER EXPEDITION COULD .... DO. ~ ... .. . The, 1905-6 trip of Commander Peary, who .is bow,once mort but after the North "Pole, throws muoh.lighton'tho Way North. ;■ Tho following interesting review of bis book drives henio'sonle points that art of special interest now, particularly his claim to having elenred the way:—: , .'' "A constant dropping wearj attay the- rock, and by hammering away at the problem with a .will and on, tho same line, the North Polo will doubtless be reached-eomb day. (Already the prophet is rowarded.) Commander Peary, if he has not achieved success In bis great enterprise, has certainly deserved it. ; For twenty years he has kept Tinmmering away' it the'task of reaching tho. Furthest North, by way of Smith Sound, which,i mainly,through his efforts, has conic to be known as the 'American route.' Last year (1906)' he returned from u voyage, on which, although unsuccessful in reaching the goal, be beat all .previous records Polewnrds. No sooner baa he got the duty of telling tho story of the 1900 expedition off his hands, thnn ho starts again on tho old emprise, by the old. road of approach, the expenses of this, its 'final expedition' to ,90deg. north—torn* being onro more homo by tho Peary Arctic Club, which, through . its president,, ' Mr> ;Morris Jcssup, expresses unbounded ■ eonfideneo ■■ that this time the American flag wiU be planted at the spot where there is continual day from March 21 to September 23.' 'The grounds for this hope, and also for doubts whether even tho coming year will see the secret of tho Polb laid'bare,'are to be found in Commander Peary's admirably crisp and business like n'nr : tntive of his Inst expedition. Thus ho sums up its results!— • / . Peary's Accomplishments; Summed Up. "First.—The attainment of the 'Highest North' (BBdegi 7min.), leaving, a distance of but 174 nautical tulles yet to be oonqttordd Uila tid* tliQ Pole, amoving th« Baknavn di*.

lance between my'highest and Cagni's, (Italian cxpeditibii) to less than 381 miles, and throw'ing the major remaining unknown Arctic, area into the -region between th* Pole- and tho .BehriDg Strait. Second.—The determination of the existence of n distant new land north-west of the north-western part'of Grant Land, probably an island in the westerly extension of the North American archipelago.. Third.—The distinct widening of our horizon as regards ice 'and'other conditions on-the western half of the central Polar: Sea. Fourth.—The traversing and delineation of the unknown northern coast between Aldricli's Farthest West in 1876 anil 1 Sverdrup's Furthest.-NoVth in 1902.'. Fifth.—The determination of the unique glacial fringe and floeberg nursory of the want .Land coast." Further "tidal and 1 meteorological observafions have been made, soundings talcen on the Smith Sound outlet of the Polar Sea, andalso along the north-coast of Grant Land, and samples of the bottom secured; the existence of considerable numbers of Arctic reindeer in the most northern lands determined; tho range-of the iuusk-ox widened and. denned, and a new comparative census of the /Whale Sound Esquimaux made."

feverish, they roso' from their last camp, and I tottorcd—hvonty "steps l»t-a "time-up the last .: two thousand feet. When, they finally stood •on thb bare -granite if. the summit- thoy scarcely realised their . conquest. This . was '"- what they 'sattr-'- ■' ■ ' '", ' ■ v', ; ; : ' • "It was September 16, tho tcmpcralnre lOdeg.."below-zero; the, aUitadß"Zo.S9Bft, The- . I Arctic •Circle' Wds in ■sight;.:* Svn's the 'Pocifio . Ocean. We were Interested mostly,, ftbt in tho distant scenes, but in the wry strange anomaly ;. ; of our immediate BurrWiiidiiife's.' It Vas teli o'clock in tho morning, tho sky was as black ;, as midnight' At our feet tho snow.'-glittered *: with a ghastly, light, ■'. As the eye ran down .we saw -tho -upper 'clouds' drawn in't-■ it long strides, and still further down the big cumulus forms, and through the gap far -below, seemingly in the interior of'. Cr-.e earth, bits 01. 'rugged ■"landscape."- The ' frightful v'nhcfcn'n?-: : . ' aspect. of the outlook made us dizsy; Fifty; , thousand square Whiles' of -oiir' arctic .wonder-- ; land .were spread out under our enlarged, hoh* t zon, but we-'could *sce it.ohly-in - sections,-' ■-;■ Various trains of moving clouds screened <$>>■: lbw-lands, and entwined tlie" lesser-Iptala;':'W«;!' could see narrow silvery bands marking the,l ■course of•' the Yukon and the Taniina,' wliilo,!.' .to the'south; looking over, pearly clouds,:'. 'wo.j _ ; had an unobstructed view, Mount Su'Sitna., l oh»v hundred miles away, in a,.great;, green expanse,;; ! was but a, step, in the run of„distanco.,, i'he'.j. ; icy cones of the burning volcanoes, Redoubt,i) Illihni.na, apd Cbinhbora;, the last two l»tra-:i- v 1 dred- miles away, 'were clearly S-isiblo Vith"", ; thoir rising vapours. Still' further tho: point ' 1 of Kenai. Peninsula, and beyond, the brood J; ! sweep -of the Pacific: two hundred, aha .fifty ' , mite away!"-' '■ . : "": '■'■' u, 5 Dr.': Cook is stated to have taken up thcSs.'; > m'bu'nt'aihcering expeditions with-,, their daily 11 • risks.'to. life and; limb, and their'• bppbllihßj> V 3 hardships, "to Offset' the home-dcstraying call' ; of the-Arctic." .But the .'Vail" Wild .Hot. bo '"-. drowned.ih tho rbaT of.mountain stream? aha ' " crashing avalanches,. The, following, year, h*;- ': disappeared into the icy regions i.h'oi-th 61 his per.v n sisten'co appcatt to liavoliecn rewarded atlast,}

The Most Practicable Route. . . . ■ In the view of its leader, thb expedition of ISOG has "simplified the attainment of this Polo fifty per "cent,," and has accentuated the fact that roan and the Esquimaux dog are the only two mechanisms 'cafeahlo of meeting all the Various contingencies of 'serious. Arctic work, and that tho American fbnte to the Polb, and the method? and .equipment.Used "fehiain the most practicable for attaining that object." He says that liad the winter, of 1905 to 1006 been ia normal season "in the, Arctic region's, and "not, as. it was, a particularly ' Open ' one, "thero is not a niember of the expedition who doubts that it would,have attained the Pole"; and he believes that had.he knbwri before leaving the land w-hat he now- knows of tho ebhditions to the horthwntd, he could have so modified his route and arrangements that lie "could, have' readied the Pole, .in spite of the open. l season." Another- expedition, following in his 1 steps and profiting by hjs .experience, can not only attain tho Pale,: but "secure. the other/ remaining desiderata of the. central Arctic Sea; —namely, a line of deep 'sea soundings from' ithe horlh'slibre of Grant Land. to the Pole, and' the delineation Of the unknown gap'on thb north-east. coast line' of Greenland from Capo Morris Jessup southward to Capo Bismarck." '. ; ' ■■' ,"' ." , ■■■'' ;;'.■: •'

':■■;■■■ Disappointment but Firm Resolve.' ':' "Some of these' propositions "may be questionbd.but.there,can be no question tiiatConi)nandel- Pca'ry lias brought the problem "'Of' reaching the Pels ii'co'nsidWable stage nearer to solution, Yet he 'confesses that, his feelings when he reached 'the turning point were the reverse of exultant; .he. felt that .'the mere beating of the record .was.but an *inptj A l)aublo compared with the splendid jewel •on which ho had set his heart for years, and for which,, on. this, expedition, he had, almost .literally been straining . his life . but.' ' Disappointment combined with a certain degtee bf. physical cxhaustibn . from : the killing-' pace ever. heavy ice on short rations,, brought on a deep 'Jr.. of 'tho blues.' Twenty years had lib laboured 16 attain the prize,, and' yet he had. missed it again; 'Oh, for, tho 'Untiring cni+gy ahd elh'sticity of twenty years .ago, with thobXpcrience. of to-day.' But" Commander Pcat-y returns to the quest .with energy. Mid 'enthusiasm, appar- [ chtlj- intact, and'with all 1 his experience to help him forward.. Neither his 'companions,, his ship, thb. Rooosvclt, nor bven his Esquimaux helpers, had anything to'do with tho'failute and disappointmenti No company could have worked mots cheerily and harmoniously, together; the Roosevelt, a stbaiher built oh 'thb lines of. a Scottish whaler, did niore than wan expectet of her in sailing' and -'ice-work; andwith the aid of, the native Greenlahders, hi affirms, 'the world shall disebvei- the Vb\t.' f !

■ Peary's Present PlimsMJse of .Esquimaux.' ' 'In,V lecture" after his.' return,' Commander Peary said that he .was'convinced of,-the exist-' eras of land neat the Pole. . About 100 miles north-wst 6f Grant. Land- ho found a';\ open Polar sea, and in it driftwood,, apparently from.: rivers traversing, sonie' unmapped land:' In' announcing the plans of. his present■ expedition, Commander; Peaty'summed theni up as follow:— v '' ■;, ''* ■ '-.

First, the utilisation 'of the Smith Sound or' '"American Routs." ' This, ho savs, must be accepted .to-day as the- best of. all possiblb. routes for a.determined aggressive: attack upon the-Pole; ■ Its advantages ato a land: base' -100 ;tfiilos-nearer Pole than is to bo found at any other point, of the of the-'. 'Arctic Ocean,,b long stretcher coast-Krib upon 'which to return, and a safe and (to him)■wellknown line. Of retreat in the event of any .tais.hhp'.to the-ship,-independently' of assistancbv ; I, : Sebond, tlib'Scle.brion of a ivifltbKbase' which commands h. wider range .of,,the-ttntral Polar sea and its surrounding cbasts than any btlifr possible haso in the./ Arctic .-.regions.; • Cape Shefidanis practically : eqUi-distant from'. Crocker land, ■ from the romaihing unknown • £br-, tibn'bf. the north-east Coast of Greenland, and ifrora his'-. "Nearest the Pole" of 1906. -

..'.< EARILV'xsXPEDItIONS. ■';-,■ • . ROMANTIC STOUT OF- DARING ;.V :■ ;--■' ,"; GATORS. ■ ■'. ,■:, .' v ;■]- i The .early Arctic expeditions (first -l0te)."oT-f"- : -- Stephen Bonnet wero mainly' for. tbo purpose : "at ' moose-bunting;' 'Bflt'-ih' 1607'Hcnry'Hudsbu,: Va»-.«cht,:fe>rUi- ..by tlie,.,.UUscovy; Gom'jitmy-to.-. find his Way, if possible, across the Pole. He-..■ got as far as lat. Sldeg. SOinih. to the<eastibf//y Spjlzbergeh, 'when.he,was stopped; by the ice,: ■aiid put 'back'to 'Novaiit'.'fcemlin."' ThO'.'Mireof.r.. vovages of Jonas Poole. (1610-12) added ( .little to:, existing knowledge; but about, the same, tiiiibv■Thomas Mnrmadtikb penetrated north,of 'SpiU- i'. bergen to lat,ißideg, In 1614, Baffin, passing},; up Davis'Sttait, discovered tho.extension bf,': i.-tfiat channel", to. which he gave the iamb bE;-,, 'Smith' yeaf'-TJothefby' " Bblna of •siH'ndson's.'obsev.varions, tho f ' single, and abortive exception", of. Co plam:Wood, ... in IC7O, the English tahde"ho-eiforti-to'reach.- • the North' Pole for ,'moro than a_ contury and a . ; half. : lii' the:, rerg'n of T3eorgerlll thb.Adniir-. ■;■'. nlty fitted -out two vcswls, fpr,:p«vel,v scientific ;;' discovery,- and. under Captain; Jbhn' Pl«PP a .i. (1773) thcy-''cbasted'.Spltiibetgeni%o';'CloverCliff;" then fov. aVoiitl a .month trac'sd tlio: «dge ; ot tho field W ice,: .'eventually' found .ati-opening, h :Wliicha)loivod-:thcm-to reach 4af,.SOdeg.4Bnim.yi hat Avete trozen in; aiid .buly «XthcM«a after I: •thfe severest ■.'exertions., . This: failure, nhd.thostill heater one.' of Cantaiii' in Jus ,at-• i-.- : tcmpt to "advance, .north;: through-, BcMing.) Strait tln'9)li*d tn'e efiefct bfrsO diseouraging'v explorers,' that' 'tie offer by Parliament of ; .£SOOO to the crew which, should'.-penetrate ..t0.... 'withihldfg. of thi-'Pole met *tu Jib-response.'!-. . In "1806, ■ Seoresby -advanced .;. to ; .lat.-, -.- 61dcg: fUOmin. due nortlrqf SpitzWgen, and in later A vbyages explored .great .-part of Jan Mayens Lirnd and the east cbast'of Gtcehlahdv •.'•',: ,-

. Third; the, uso of sledges and Esquimaux dogs. '.-'Jlanr.nd the Esquimaux dbg," Com-Marnier-'.Peary observes, 1 "at* . the.. only ' two machines .capable of such adjustment as' to' meet thb wide demands and contingbnbibs : Of Arctic travel. Airships,-motor-cars, trained Polar bears, ctci, aro all "premature, except'as a' means of attractine' public' attention/! :-,,'■., 'Fourth, ttib - ttso of hyperborean j*ofi?in> <tho Whalb jßoiind Ksquimhux) for the rank and filo of tho sledge party.. "It seems. \in-: necessary/'-;the explorer -concludes, "to en-. 1 org? upon the fact that the man whoso herU, t Wo is life and work in that .very,region must prcerit the best, obtainablematerial for the personhoVof.a serious Arctic, patty." ■■■;■■<

Valuo of Esquimaux Toiloresses. . ; Speaking 'of - his Bsqultuaux, -.' Commander Peary, said:—"l shall pick them, up ■as tho, Hbospvolt passes on Tier way to Smith Sound and -aiobbsoh 'Chattel, along; tho west, coast! of Greenland,'which has come'to bo known ,'aS' the Atribrican. route. ■ Their wives and children go with' thorny and pass: the dark night winter Months near the musk-ox-grounds in'camps along tho northernmost.shores. The wombh are - indispensable for making clothes from the: furs we get by hunting and for r* fitting the sledges." . .■'.'.'■;'••/-"<■:"■'■

SOMEf HINQ ABOUT THE EXPLORER

•■•'•' •■' Important; Bistnvjjries. ■'; ■TliW'clbEobf th« war irith Ffanw-'in' 18U- .'. was: of the Wtompt; to. : thea and Trent, %hdbr Franklin And BuChlrti,, in .;ah attempt .to, find'.-a from Spiht;.; borgen to the Polo, Tcached ,ht... Sod.bg. 37mrti.; ariiid' ftrba't' perils,''and' 'were; forced"tt ■ "return, : on aocouat'.of the injuries, they rtbbiVbd ftom' ithe- ico;,. while "the Isabella and Alexander, under Ross und Party, penetrated up.'Biffin. Sen ta,the entranch.oi Smith Sound, tad Inadoj : tain i'Atry.-a'nd: Lieutenant •*&&<» Rbg.jconv. missioned' by atttmjit.a fcas- ; i-tapfto .th«..PoW-iilhdfc,on6 of InMUM- 1 sailed in '• the Heck .on ...Match. 55, WwurtM >and -.proceeded .next, day. M xm\ pfW *WM in two special y, constructed; Wat-s edges,; the \ iEuteprisS. ,nndt.Endeavour- ,- s '-Those,< vehicles,. 'whenused Us sledges' wtt-ttsWtr* • ••men."'The labour of .traversing alternately , 'fields 1 of roush-'ice-and' dangerous pools ice , hummocks,, and .deep snow-slnsh, itt. thick, fog ■. or heavy'tain, was tbrribly exhausting. -Find. | ing that they drifted: Wb.th as.tapidly.as they , wero advancing, P<*ry return journby -July ■».■ thb.HWlaVitliotrt ! iiiishap August 21.-.-H..had ;wt asto.» 82dog. 45min.,'thb highest latitude reached till 18(5. ". ' -'-'' '■'-. Sir John" Franklin., ..'■•

.. ■;-.„• KEMARKABLE ACHIEVEMENT. Dr. Frederiftk Albett Cook, "whb'f' ; '6ingle> handed has found his,way across.thejce-wastes to the North -Polo, while .practically the 'whole w.orld has been ignorant of: or forgotten that hoV had set out on his. adventurous 1 journeyV has had a distinguished career as an explorer. This is not his first venture in tho: Arctic regioM. ' Born at Chillicoon Depot, Sullivan CottnlVi Now York, on Juno .10,. 18G5, he .was educated at 'Brooklyn and. New,.,York",',,.arid took his degtee iu luediciiior: Ho 'was married 'on Juno 10,1802) at Brooklyn, to Miss Mary Fiddell' HunL His first ■experience of'Arctio 'exploration''appears to' have been With .tko Peary Expedition of • l!) 91-2,-: when he, accompanied tho party as surgeon, In. 1897-9 ho turned his attention from the For North to the Extreme South, and went as surgeon of the Belgium Antarctic Expedition, in .connection with'which ho won distinction; . ;In 1003-0 ho led expeditions to explore and 'climb Mount. M'Kiuley, in Alaska, •tho highest, peak in tho North- American Continent. , The'story of -hi's startling experionces on these mountaineering expeditions fittingly illustrates the' high courage, dogged persistence, ■ and . great -,■ powers of endurance, cf the intrepid explorer. ;.,,. :> . "It wsb a most remarkable achievement,'; wrote tho London "Spectator" in'l'eviow'ihg.liiS': book on the subject, "jpossiblo only to men of splondid phyeiqne and iron • deternimatioh.V | Tho-story of. the initial difficulties met and;i overcome need not bo'rocapilulated..-\\Vtako tip the 6tory from tho.. timo they (Dr. Cook and liis companion, Mr. Edward BarriHe) reached tho mountain foot. With ho heavier equipment that .light silk tentß, warni sleeping robes, and a moderate amount of food—a weight of forty pounds for each climber—they set out to tramp up tho glacier. Pitching camp on tho high glacier, they "saw the stars through tho silk mesh of the- tent »s clearly ns at night in lower'lands."- They climlwd higkor and higher till they found themselves m the firing line of olouds from the Tropic and the Arctic."' They built '■themselves' an Esquimaux hut in the snow, and next morning began J-ic last eight thousand'feet of their olimb. - Tho first part was a very steop .nrot© of snow, broken by great gendarmes of cliff which bad to be turned:— , . ■'.„'_'■>, , "Wo continued our sharp ascent, Dr. Cook writes, .. . "of the knife edge of.the north, arete, around a great Spur, from cornicei to cornice, cresting sheer cliffs: over wlnclr there was a sickening drop of ten thousand .cet,into the 'mysteries' of tlio lower nt'etib ( world, and (hen began tho awful task .or making-a. ladder for two thousand feet. With eternity but nn easy step below every moment of this climb, wo went from hauging glaciers to. snOw slopes,' from blue grottos to pink pinnacles, from security to insecurity, with tho thundering rush of nvalilnohes on both sides." They camped that- night on : an ico slope of nearly COdcg.t lashing themselves to their aScs. I'd* climbers can ever havo spent a night ol suoh danger and discomfort.- Next day they passed tho steeps Mid camo on: to the cosier slopes abovo sixteen thousand three hundred febt. Tho clouds were now below-thorn, and thov walked in a world of thin'air aiid CsSShV tlaf colours. Tho next night—the fifth of their cliriib—the? built-a■ suott hoti6e, and <tllß,ioli ilowing day managed with Immense effortto. -Ulimb uwcher. tiro, Uurosaad feflU : Weak and

! Wfe ififetihtr* At least refet tt> tlto fatal <Sx. . edition; of Sir John Franklin °>» <f° a ™ ° f its great .on. Mar; »»•,FN* ' IS4B'to. 18?5 ttbW. expeditions'', ivirtit-forth from.England and Am«ica! tub last toe. that of Captain Allan > Younvin,thoPM.te.fiiW*.. . ™?*gt •.H°£ soient fie expedition from America of . the Advance under .Dr.. Kane, whichjeft York Mny.SO, 1853, entered Smith Sound, una * was abandoned /afta passing..tw .*inte« t ;..ro Rensselaer Bay. Rane saw from a- height or , 480, feet supposed to be ftii ?ofenT?olftV!soh., Vt, Hfcws, ■■who had- accompanied Dr.vKane,. agaln.,set out $ fOa>e ' .Alexander, and niter forty-six days of dog"VhW6 lis rotten >»■ ■ hhd cracks? :&. W^w^w W i th» cxistehcs'bf nn-fcpen'sea and the feasibility , •Bf^xl>li)rin«'.the\entirJ;. : 'iewon;;/,,0n5«1y.: 1 3,.':| lb, Captain C; P. Hall started m tho Polaris,, : arid after, a singularly -J irqsporMS-Jtßyattr- % { tered'Kane's "oB"V6«K and atUihM lat.. 81, 1 degrees 18 v minutes,<Tyitho«t ; obstacle, pi -any! wssel.avintercd.ili;nie,liiKhJat-^ oAt desfrws 38 minutes. ..Captaia- Hijll.flied on NoVember. of Imprudent :e« ' nosure.' , Ih;Juno,<;iS72, ,M Vesselr.dfiftetl Mh •:it^^pacltico- : intiv.Baffin'Btty;\wJier«'iuddenlyi •sho tore avrnyjiefora,thb,*ind,, leavintnnvetcen« castaways onHho' flop.) Happily botVpatta .Wererescued froin.,throir; perilous, position;.-, 117 whalers. "■■ ■' ■'.'•.— •.'.■•,-'■'' :i

•'■/■' German Expeditions.; ;_; : ■■'■'-■■ In"1855 Captain Koldcwny, in- thb Gbrmaftia, ~' : a. small vessel'Bttol out by Dr.- Potcrmnun, ,; pushed north albnßfto cast coast of Greonlatid, , . was -stopped ■by pack, ice, and later vcachod the ... ■ hiKhU'atitude;bf.SlVdfegrees 5 minutes to the I north'of Snttabcrjren. .Ho 'then.sailed,, down , v , . Hiulopoh. :Strait. 'and final Is,.', teaeh'ct!l:. -Bbrgcii ,-; safely In'Scbte3nU)f ) ',lS63. l .'Th6'i'SecondGorninn'. \--: Mid HMlsa.is called, look ulacb in ISC9-.0. lhb , ._.-, Hntisa was- wT«kcd'-oH 7 tuO; i ice r -h»d;its ..?»* • niado a marvclk.ultMcape. ,4'lioy drifted south , , Si tho "ict-cVnJlf'of'iloo lo ; lal C degrees J, ~, minutes in ?o»days, and eventually, reached ■ ~.. oft, thb west ,:,;■ coast-' of in.two - ;: spring jbVney'.tho pnrty;reachcd ( their fuVthesH v; i noiltf.77 degKXis wlnUtb;, %napri :,,15.;.,Th« - V.Sania, relumed »ißfifem- .. ber' 1870. -Tho .Austrian. Expedition bf 18r2-74. | , under Wteyprccht nnd> Payor; <,w«s;-ono. of the-t .■•,-. mostWrfalvt of all times.'fllasped in th« wo • ; ,,; Slat. % deg W s i ß2;;«iinutes,- ; tk 7 drifted and- , '(August SO, 1878) sighted land,. in 75 degrees 43 \ '■ Smites. The winter of 1873-74 was>doyoted to; ■ - ... ' tho explnratiatt irf thf nO^'cbiintrlYwhtbh. was. . , named >fan7./Jbse P In sMayj. -~. 1871, tbb crow abftiidbnod the regctthoff, and ; :i 15..,;...,.*• land, then .tilfltiE the pojst of ( Novaia. Zcm m, , -nmVwerc rescuedm an exhausted statb.by ,the,,..,,, Bussiaii steamer Nik01ai.;,.,.. , . . ,'■ : ."'i ; -.'..■;■ - Captain Nam's,. . . 1,..;-' Asionnst tho greater aspodttions was that, of the Alra't »ild Discovery, under Captain Georiia S -Nares, which loft Pcrlsmbuth May 23,, 1875. ; . 'Advancing up Smitli;Sottad;;t.)\o Dirfpvbicy was left in'Lndv.Franklin B,>und, nhub the Alort wasonly'oloscd ,in:(scpbenvber;jO s after - : attaining lat. S2 degrees 27 nimuniS -on tho, shores of the Polar Soa, a point far north of: f : that gttinbd by any ship before, In thb spriUß .•"':■ vatlbtis sledge parties -carried on the work Of ■ exploration, tlio ehiof ono being , v that. under. ~ Markhani and Parr, which advauced to tho high , latitude of 83 degrees 20 iiiihxtteS M seconds, or . .-,■■: to within' 400 miles of thb Polo, ( In 1878 ; tho •••-.' Dutch aiid. tho, Americnlis ,sent., brbbditions., ', northwards, and in 1882-84 Greoly headed an. ■■'.'■. other tint, arid establislieil a Grinnpll Land'in lat, N. 81 degrees 44 minutes.: Only ebVen.of his. batty v Wbre .j^seucld,' l , Lbckwbod.' \ reached lat; N, 83. degress' 21 liiinkcs" ill' ■'N,-"-■'-''"-.Greenland,. SincblUioV.-.Pea'i'yi Jdoksbu/'W011i,.,,-. man, Bjorling, andKollstenius,: Ntnsen, and ! : : Abrnffii have cbmiiaadwl Polar, expeditions. .

.' Nansoh'avFafthß'st Nsnh fed<rfe"i plhfcfc to - tbftt of -Cagnij who led. one of tho parties with the Dniß,oi.-AbJtoH'6"-6ib6dition.: getting within "230 tnitdS of Ih'lW I'etiry established a new tedordi bolflg'difititnt from tlioiPolß Ilttliy more tlmh 200 milos. Nod',- It se'emSi Dr. Cook has carried tho" United St&teifltig totlio tlosivcd, goal. ; -!•-,,■', : -::!"';: ; v :.;■ ;;-;■■ ■;■.V'.,-; .>.-:-.. v ; .