EARTHQUAKES.

Dominion, Volume 2, Issue 406, 15 January 1909, Page 9

EARTHQUAKES.

j I shocks ;|cten!o:;TQ::nor^ern;italy, M : &£s-$ MUCH; IJAIVIACE. %«kl : -:-:: 1 f j; v#%::;i : v : 'J' ; ; /;'(BITELEqEAPH— PRESS ASSOOIATIONr-COrntlOHT.) January 13.'"- , .; '';.-. Shocks of earthquake !haye ; been.felt ,[ at ■ ->: Venice/JFlbrencej : and Padua; :.;Much ,'damage;is;reported:.;;;;;:.'.-: ''';';: ; ;, ; ■ ; A,:panio;occurreoii'at:lmola,' neafrßologna. :V3=: : V. \ -*:AUSTR jAN .;TpW.NS.;SHAKEN.v'V: ) : :[ ;,|^>:A:SIGrAREi OF;CpirNmY: ;./:- li;9.3s:p.ni;)'; ;; ;.-- ' .■y/'.f:,'sJ: : ~iV-'£''&<y:;,: .■■;;,;:t6ndoh r :January 14. \', ': :.:. -'Light :':shocks were'experienced; Nearly, on ' H: iff ednesday y morning lat;,Vienna,;-aild^many. ,: ; " pointsiin-Southern Austria, .oxteifdiug frpm. : to. Trieste | (seaport, in ;-:::.the'Adriatic)..;,.V:>;' :i .' ;, -:'"H ''; /i; -> ; :' : " ">l;. ■;,' :^:Among : .,the:; places .affectbd'.were-Botzen :.:. ahd.'Meran- in the' Austrian Tyrol), and ,;;..; ;:^;Austria-Hunga'ry).;yv; v . -;;'y. : -^v^;;>'^PANlO; : ;atv^Ul!R^ • : ■ :- ; :^ i,: .4 y : -;' #?:'■;^SECpNDS.;:;vg^;-:;:v ; fej ; >^>'■:■''■ ;; vjJ':; ; ;M'.S : :^ , . : f'o:; , ::^;; : .fl^v;'Roweii : 'January: i l4^ : .v ,:*..'.Shocks',:were'felt..at Ravenna',-Pisa,.Lucca,; V; Pistbnia^.: Perugia, Ferraraj ;VerohaV ;Reggip-' ' iifill, :Emiliay'Belluna, and; Rimini; ,;. . . •' ■'■;■;.:■ was: little" dam- -.; -'-i"age,;.thbugh;the:shocks .lasted'.froin'eight to seconds.;/.;- ! ] v ';:V:;':>^;:'■'; ;V -Vv'-v-'v ' ■'/■; ■;■' 1: Florentines .abandoned: ;> theirrhbuses,';. and '''■' Venetians, fled, to; the - piazza of, -St. -Mark's.'.. : Mr^ :, 6iv:)Ai; v Tri'ROUQri;:!ATsiEVE^ ; " ; -v. ; ;'v::;;' ';;.:.;;;;•; v. (Reci; January:;l4;'9.3s pim;);:, ■•'■:•>■?':' " %%■ -O:/W;;^-'l-' ; :rv ;; * v: j;;:Rpnio,;;January :', ;;,';.The; ; Duik'ei? of-'Corinaughtj .';High'Cominis-' ;; ; :sioner • 'of;the ;Mediterraneani;.,yisited.'.' .MeV' V siria..;.'.' ( ,He;;3cbris^ !,'.''''su^a'Bße,d.'-;' i ; : :, , as ! , ; if. ; been;passed through/.a , ' ;';Bißve^iike! ground^;wheat^ \^-w■';,■■■. ,S^;:!;:','. ■':i' ; -s|vM^;|R^LlEF;:F.p^S^ '■'~ :,v;The'::^liMv;P.rfepi|erj: 3 igiiior : Giolitti,; has: ■■; - eabledf to.;!"^tain;^CoiMns,;; : : .Agent-in London, ;the.\thanks. of -.the; Italian :; Government yfor tthe: CommpnVealth's v , con-: ::spicuous': > 'eontributioii) iv'". the-; : earthquake :.-" -A.=*;^ttLe:; : _ X-£alx£LK iD.""."-':--i^ii«3ori , - J -; li-as" .;: also ,, expressed- the; gratitude l , of his: Soyer,i^eigSand^the^eopie^^\t;>:^;/;;.?; v;"i;;.' •;■ ;V : :; : iS.::i;^v^EEN;| : F^^THEys^ i : ,:- ;coeEESFbNDIHT.i -, % . ■; S^.\j's ; ';?: li-yf. ?.':'■- The: .yoleanb.';' on l ;:'Savaiiv^. ; in:'i'.the''' : ':' : Bain'oah' ;;3rqup,'•appears , 'tp^haye; , ,. been V' particularly; ■','■- active ;Jately.;-V,Tholpffi6ers;;.'of:>the'. s.s.;;-Lbrd ! ~:.Seftoti,, San,-.' Francisco; ,-]: yesterday;:.ofl^r^^}fl^l^^ttaJ■•m : : ;:isla'nd"Ott^January)t3j : ;;they.v-;got.-a. : ':particU'T: 'larly. fine view -of ..the .wonderful .speotaclo.' .:;Paßsing^the}jslandSirtiihe-night:at ; a; distance ';bf,7O. milfis.'off,; T, they;saw:-ithe .volcano.lending h \m' on,e' cbritinial ■!v.wiioli^Jighl»d/np4i|K?Wfw^mfleß"arfthß^.- ; ..".V.-It was,", said\\bno;pf .them,,'.' a.Biagnificeit ;'sight;; ; _such; .perhaps;■ sees, only-: 6nce;.,in. '■' column:bf.ifiame.-ahdjstcam reached a height ;::pf.!lOpOft;'^;-ift: : V;j.i:;;,;}'',v::iv;:;;;: 'v; : .;« ; -.■;>':;: ;,':>On,arriyirig:-at;Apia,;;the officers were: in.- ': formed'..that; several.Bharp..shocks :;of • earth- , :■:qukke:had:beetexpenehced,several days be- , ; fort;; thought no"; damage;' done.:';: '■:■..■")'< :. ■' 'The- to. ; the' Earth■.quake;Fund'have.been,received by Mr. R.;T.', . Rpbertspri: Agent -fbr- Italy) : ; PeranbV'Pictori,: £22 )V\ O.T.," 55.-;' H. ,Wol"lerman,: £lls;s-Mayor's.'funa,:;£43 : 175.'.2d/ -.'The'lists-willclbseon'Friday: of : next' week.■•: .;.;..The Telegraph. Office forwards .the' following; , rnessages may /..be accepted■fbr;Mes;sinaV-:v-Tele'gra'ms;,fof:prp--vinces of,:Mes'sina';and : :Reßgio:(Calabria),are '■-, accepted ■'■;' at ':• sender's :!::'a;nd:';thbse ■: for: .'. ptKerl localities:. in- > Sicily are, .'accepted '- under .:';. normal •■.conditions.".-,'. , "-:■- ';;;, '■:;.. ;■;.;; -.;. ( y ;; : ? ; : ; ; ; . : THEi'n'UjN ED::COUrJT;RY. .';' y^CHABACTER^F|';TM:^AiAEEaA*ISi'^'';' . •':':'-Professqp'i Blnnno,;.Government • ':'Viticulturist . 'of.-New Sbuth;,'.Wales,'-'gives.the;"Sydneyi-Morn- 1 .' ing sSerald'^>bme:'highly-:iriterestirig:-:informa- ,: tion about'.th'e':land'.whicn has been.desolated.'.'• - >;■ •■'f'The'::: ar^'," ! mounta"ineers,''-'said ■ Professor i;y-Blu'nno, :X : r "They are' -a", race: -.;.of ■;' gentlemen',"'-with'.an''^.exaggerated'.;--'sense-;.of .>'horiour,-, and;.therefore, 'perhaps" more given ; Xtb-'crimes'. of/viokriee': than-most., , : ;They cannbt , . laugh ;away, an. : p|fence, ;and it-,is"necessary: tb :: be ; ;oafeful :hmr you- speak : tb'-'them.VJj'know: ■. what_ I;;speak;,bf, ;for<l haye : : ofte'n"\had ,them' ~ working .under me.: 'They are. strong arid q'niok ; to;.;anger,l hutviJ'splendidltriistworthyyrace , if :.youv-treat;: them/properly..; They-.';are'l a-I , most , whole-heartedly.;: hospitable'; race.'; , ;: :;'. i..' - ; '-..'. .•^,'Th6'Calabrian ; meh dress-in black-corduroy •'•■■ lF <?11 ? e , , an(^ ' : V light .shirt, and ■-fine - built nieri ;.they;.look;":;.The.;womeri wear black'skirts'-and lighter : coloured';blbuses; : . : The , married ; ones i.have a-shawl:over..their heads/ and the'un- .-.. marned', R irls:v'a scarf.<. The men-are, fine'r to '•Iqok'.at:thani'the- ivomeri"..-:- , : ,, : "•■: - .'■- ' ;■,-' V .-' .; Theses people are^the, very heast- able'-: to .bear such.a;,disaster:as:this, because : they are the poorest , of'all Italians 1 except: the-- Sardinians. liTre::a:;wTetohed;system : of "land V teiwre ■.'.there/-',The in - enormous, Estates. .The- great owners '■mL a T l - - - e »iW-themselves -else-,,-wnere,. -and .leave', stewards tb .-/screw- evert ,l ' i v a ?^ ut of " the, :■' People.:- : ~, tenants do..what,thov enn growing-olives,-vines ■fr!^ nS ;i, Ora ?Tt • Ber S amot Essence comes all: ..from tiie x Calabrian./coast; also -a deal of ,;lemon vessence.:; But;because;the': people-W' ; poor,;.and:,bPcau S ejjf;the: ...emigration^from .there is' very■ inrge-laTger ...Jhan;anvwher.e.else. in.ltaly.;Thetideof.it'was : ~3ust,,be? i nnmGr- , to ebb owing;' to: .the .- monetary -crisis in/America. The fmires show, that more ■;^.VaJß^^k, to;: Italy, this,yei r ; tha£ ~-left ,it-abont-twice, as-many. vMbsf- of thb«e ..;,_would r^.coming ;haek: to-Calabria" A n d fj'it . ~:is.; the/disaster rthiit.'has-s met .them on 'their ' return, v-,"^'; I '^:/;/: , "'-/-' /■;■':/ ■:: ■:-.-:' - ;: .--v: ,' ; : .;?.tt. 'V-extraordinnry ,tn -pio tliroiifih one of their villages,.■■and r ,s.ee- , side by side the poorer .folk *rhq : ;haye:never:loft the'ebuntry;' and the , richer ones who bnve'-beeii ..to America; Eavpd , .a;.little ,smh,; ami come baclc'.to ' live 6n it ',-.Great numbers' of thorn do that.-and you s#e' ~ them jiving wmf irtp.W v.-' Nor tb at tlio poorest there aw.destitute:-; Though'-they 'are the coor- ' ~ " . Ita 'y> ;there ; are ho; destitute -people in Ualanria. ,:;/■; /. ~;:,/,■ '/.'.'v.---.'..;-:-.:.- '■'-■ :".T ne Galabrese havn 'a mvi] ofanpallingfear I- '-fu c - ; >'"-."'The,vrlive in it from , their ■ -.Dm.n.,.lhe.v have.corhe to consider-it a. sort of,Beir.g. _/And;:.they;.have -promoted it;- to "the Tank nf, ssmctHy.; As you'"sHv.'- ''-Bv/ inve,' they :SSY,'• ? nn t" : .Tfrroninln.!'...'-' Saint Enrrhfniake!' .; one'who protects tnem:-ngairist;earthquakes in those parts." -/.::- '■•:. /V-:/;,TO ID} IN; STAT ISTI tSi : ; ,-V; , ' ; : ; - : '" "'■'.;. • !'^¥l:y° n: Ileni ' '*a|'- the thrW/Tirovinces :, :of Calabria ;are all in, rniiis," said Professor .;■ Blunno, : : "the nrovirices- referred -.to :are the Hirre of tho, 69 divisions:: into which Italy, . Sicily, and Sardinia aro divided, which happen: to;ho in ' Calabrk.: Calabria has three provinces—the province of -.llegrid-. (which has .'-.Gpnice/niirl Palma-in it):: the: nrovince of . Catnnzaro (which -hap llonteleone, Cotrone, and : .--Niciisrro in it.- and "wlipre..;-t!'e enrtl'tivalrp- ,-.;• oviginntoil), nnrl.Hie province 'nf.Cospiizii (wh'" ,- hns:: Caslrovillari in: it,' nnd. Rossano"-.-■ and /Tnoln). v Tliose three were <all affected. .- ■ ' : : /"Tn'Sipily onlv two nf .-.the. seven lirovinces seem fn liave suffered—Catqiiia and Medina.'.'■'■ . //"'iTon can:gpt ns.gopd.an;;idwi'as;pnßSible of the niiturc of : the country, ruined from the ' following'figures:— . -

Pppuiation 'in 1901. - ' ' v . ■/'Calabria:-1,132,887.' There were about 10'. people a square kilometre—that is, about 170 a square mile. They lived in 409 municipalities,- 926 villages and suburbs,'and 237,321 were .out on tha landi. : : ' : • ■ "Sicily: 3,150,161. Density, 187 a square kilo,metre(Liguria, with the highest density-in Italy, has -20i' a square -kilometre. It is. also 1 the most prosperous.) They lived' in 857 towns, 859 villages, etc.; .and , 379,638 lived, on the land.:; '.'.'':':;■'■■■/''■■■'': '■:■■ ..'■ . ; " . ■' ■■ ' • ' '-.-■ .-' People on: the Land.. - ; ,: / : '"ln■.Calabria, 91 people per lOOOown land 'without buildings, 114 own buildings only, arid 139 own land and house.' That looks not a bad ;average. But it must bo explained that often the land which is owned is not much; more than a few. square.yards. ' : ■:■"■ • . ;': "In Sicily, 94 people per 1000 own land, 119 'own. buildings and 147 own both. :/. ' r .; iweaith;■■,';>■'■ ■.■., •';•;'-••; '■•"' ',:' : ■.',.... -' -~: ; . "In: Calabria the average capital worth per head is £i7l<3a : . Only Sardinia is poorer. In Sicily they> have '£61: 2s. In -Liguria (the stretch from Genoa to San Remo) the richest province, they have £148 ISs. In. Now. South iWales you have, i think, over twice as much. But ifor ; a crowded country only a.-sixthvth'e': size of yours, with a population of 35,000,000, ,4148; is ;,a very high; average'. ,:, '.'. ' ■/ . ; ., jNumbers'Workinfl'Soil.';'. ~■ ' ' - ; ',i"ln?Calabria,; but'oorf r every 1000. males, .139 work their own land, 47 work as tenants. 111 work•;on the helves /system;./The/,system of work generally is wretched to tile worker.. ■ / - "In Sicily 147 work their own land, 38 work as tenants, 83 work on halves..; ..:..■.; [.-. .'ln' Piedmont—for,comparison—ss6,.per : ,.looo own their, land, and work it; 62 are tenants, ;and.66 go on halves. -;-/;:/; ■■'■'■':■ ■■. //^/-v/ Mortality; ■::-' /; ;" ; '- : .'': ; . : .-".; '- ':.'[: r : "tn Calabria: 23 per 1000. :■.■ .'. :,,J-V: : '-'- \fi*;"ln Sicily: 21 per 1000.' . /'■•■■•' /■ ; ' ; "In Xigu.ria (healthiest distriot,'for compari--60n),/19 por .1000.:. ;/'::;,'. ..'■■ ■.■ / /,';/■■."•";; ■■■• Stature of Men at 2pi" ;;; '.;.. •;•..-;• '■ ■•'.•■ ;;,:.;/ ■ "In.Calabria:-sft.;'s ;i-Sin. high, ,31.'.1-3ini '' fin' Sicily: sft. siin. ; high, 34iin. ohest.- : ; .'■■ "In Liguria; (for 'comparison):, sft. 6 Win. high,.-35in. cheat.,,:;. •/ •:-',.- :-.,'•,;.'■ : r ■.'.:. 'Emigration. '■-'-. :."•"'.',.;■-/; . ■■'; .':.!/ '-■:'■)■'■'■ j .'■ "The: emigration' in .Calabria has been .growihg::by. leaps: and -bounds .since.lß76. ; ' From 1903 to 1 1905 3149 per .100,000 people left, the district ./Between 1876' and 1878 only 116 per Loo,ooo--ieft.-----..-=:- ■■;:■'"■-.-■ /'■ :■ - z-' , - o , ;— ■• ■"In Sicily, in,the period 1876 to 1878,.0n1y 37-.per. 100,000: emigrated; in 19,03,t0 1905, 1922 per 100,000 emigrated.. Even in .1905 the erni;ratibri' from Calabria topped the.list. . Since;hen,;;;nntil;'last.;year,;;it increased.' '' :.:;■;;,;. Enormous; Emigration to America. ■;., ,;, ; V whole ;ofvltaly-in 1907 the-emi-; gratibn. fignres ■ were:—, :■■ ■-. ■ ■'. ■■"■ ■', ':'. ,194,000. : - .;■•■'•■' '.■■;> "■ ■ -, : .'"Portiotfgoing to tfiS.A.: 164,000.-.-.',: :■;' -/■:.- //"Portion; going to '■ Argentina:.-25,000. . : .-.■';„ ": "Portion.going t0,8razi1:.5000.'..; -. ■!' '■; /H ; '.■"The total returning in 1907; was 50,000. ~ /;'"Returning:from -U.S.A.:' 20,000. :-,'■ '.'■'•' ..- '-~'; "Prom.: Argentina , !- 21.0C0.. ■ ; ' : ■:,'''•'■:: ' ■■■'■:' H'Trom ;Bra2il: ■'.'■.'.'■.;■- ' .";.-.':; '; ; : Tide -EbbsMnVi9oß/;''7 :,yV ■'■■:■■ -v- ,';.•"';;:.■;";■;/■ . •. "In 1908, '■'. after the' monetary crisis in; A'mer-. ica.V tke';-; figures7-'were ■:•. (for the first : ;-five. months):— - : ■-',■■•>■■■ '■'.:■:'..' ;:'.■ ■' .;■ •■• ' :''■;' . ; ■■ ' "Total:emigrating,from 1ta1y:,54,000.;■.„;. v "Going'to U;S;A/: :30,000.; ■-.- Cv.- ; •-.' ■■■.'.; "■■'-' -i--.' '. "Going'-''to' Argentine: 1 20,000. ■■-;■ ,'." . . , ; - ' "Going :to:Brazil:;4000.;.; : . .-• -;• '■:-. ■'■ .-',• '■ '■ ■■: :""Total returning, to,ltaly:. 116,000. , v. .••:. L^'Trom \ ■', .-; •■" -v ."From 19,000.-,,.,. ~" . ■^~/ , !-..v : '."Pr6m'.Brazil•."•sdOO. ; ; ;•.■■■':■■.•.■..■>-. '' :-\:--:-l-^'^:Y- ■•'. "Altogether about 120,000 more than the average, returned 'during. 1908.;;.:,, : ~-■'.';■ ■■ . /,v. talabrian ;Celebritjesiv <J,c ~<"k,v '.r;"The ;Calabrians 'are. gFeat^awyersi^orators, '. and' patriots, ;Nicotera;; the ■'Garibardfa'n'general,'■^βn3■a^.te^war4s'•\Miii^tβ^.''.fo^■^tSβ;■•Jhte ,^lb^ v '■an'd'■ .Chitnirri,'. the 'treat'; lawyerKiandlfMinister, for Justice,, werfe' Calabrians.. /The, latter 1 'is still alive.' Tomasso Campanella',' the oldphilpsp-- ■;.' : ;ix; { : S'i Kit G n iTiiES;.vv : K;t(;HQW 'MUSSINA; was.Rounded; : :# :.C ;,Cate^ ! the "names;of the great-itfauing .cities. .which,the'.','Greek's planted, alone .the.Shore-'of.- ' Sicily: and ': ltaly when', they.;colonised: it 2500 years ago,' almost .exactly as, the BritieK-'colon-. lsed Fiji-or-;South' Africa in .the last century. -v ',■•■: The iinost delightful - etoryiof--"it all -Hi told' by Marion Crawford.;;- ; ■..,;';,■; ;, :, : .' ... .>.' The;Early7'Greek6'^.t;::- ; '' ; '^- : - '■■ i■" : - : "A ce'rtainV'Theocles, an Athenian, : 'traded with. •'ltaly',in' the eighljh':;'..century, 'before' Christ, , ' he.- says, ; ; "and no: doubt 'had been as far- as, Carnal (near; 'Naples),' 1 .where; the Greeks, had settled.: r But neither,, he nor'/ahy; other Greeks, had..{landed ..in Sicily, foi ithe '.Sicilions' had.a bad:name' jn ; the south,'"and:it .was.said -that, they;devoured' human:flesh.and destroyed 6veryone';who tried to' land .upon their shores'; and, it .is--, most likely that., the ,Phoeniciane who traded witlv them , spread this"tale , through' the East::to;frighten:btt other trading folk; - : ~;"JBut Theocles, ,the ; ;merchant, with hie little .'fleet: of vessels, -was'.sailing. near.-; the \ Straitsone' summer day.; Hen'rarelyiput to Eea in one ship'-.ralono 'for: any distant':-voyage," says llarion Crawford.-,.:"They;sailed -out in-little fleets oftendr; even-twenty; sail, well knowing that 'some:'should' not coma: home,"arid; trusting; in the ; number /of: their vessels, to ; save -some'.of their, companions'from death by drowning.; 1 ."/ ..Men.did.;n6t.:travel''for,-pleasure in those days.. .';..;Theocles was eailing with' hia little .fleet near ■ theV Straits, hugging-' the Italian 'shore,* , when , 'the. north-east- wind ; bame■ upon him, euddenlyiand;violently,'as it does waters,- arid he could, riot beat-up .a'gainst-'-it. to an anchorage under'the .'land,-" but; was, obliged. to , run .-before-,it, towards :Sieily-;;.fop.:-,-it was : .OTeer'..to;take;the'risk of :being -eaten': byrthe Sicilians.than to faceUer- ' tain .drowning in vessels 'that .would not lie : to; lri' a :gale..v; So.-he. wore/his ships', to' the: wind'-under sueh. eajl: as. he dared carry; and ran. for the ..opposite land'with.», heavy sea .following.:; ■^."/■•" ; ;'.;'? :: '- 'V' : :;'■■:',.' ■':•■ V ■- ;: ; i"' "The '-wind was north-east and Sioily a ; lee shore.' He.'knew ; that his chance of safety lay in funning under the .only, little headland that: ]uts:.out from ;that- part' of; the 'coast, arid he'.succeeded :in making, the-shelter in .time before the: wind; shifted; to Lthe eastward. ; " The seabfoke -over'-him ;jus;t;as- he "rounded the : point, but its force, drove him on arid into smooth • water, 'where he : came ■;to" , and -let go'■■ both anchors.'.One-by one his companions followed him; and-anchored alongside,: and -the , first ;Greeks .'proceeded : :to land,; where :they after-, wards built Naxos-and-Tauromenium." : ;vThat is, ! the.story....From-the m ail steamers, ;as.you.eoine from England through'the Straits, ; away to. the right beyond the'low line of yellow and pink houses, the masts of the shipping, and the wrecks- on the, beach; which was Messlnn,:. you, may;' catch: a. bundle ;bf"white Houses on a promontory well thjs side, of-Mount Etna.'; That white cluster was a oity that had only changed:from Tauromenium to.Taormina in.the course of 25 centuries. . . ; ; :,-.: -.. . "The position, of the Greeks was ,like that which was-held, for., a lone time-by-the- East India:. Company: in .Indiai":;Marion Crawford says.;" ;.'..:. Instead of cannibals rushing down from the hills ; .to -kill them ■ for food; the ■■ Greeks; found a/ peaceable farmer folk.i.well satisfied , .with themselves .'and others, who' sanntered ;dowri to ; the;''eliote and; eyed the (weatherbound strarigers'with;:benevolent curi-' osity. .Theynnderstndd.'-af once that. the.ships werft. not ip!- Phoenician build, and they could see .before they: descended to. the shore: thnt the , newcomers' were neither :pirates .nor'solrjiers, but peaceable merchants, driven in'from tho.sea for "heltor. .'lf'is easy to.'.fancy tlm' nf .TheoclPß and his companions,' and the simple plori they, followed;, how they allured the Sicilians by holding up ''specimens, of merchandise, coloured stuffs, glass beads, and nits: of tinsel, ware'that'canstht'the'-'e.re, just as Bnaflish.siiiinrs made friends of the 'South Sea Islandrrs 200H years later." -Indeed, , the story reads like nothing so much as the early ventures.of white men into the Pacific.: / . ; ; More Hellenic Colonists. J ■ ■Tt.' , was.;jhe.- Greeks who were bein? pressed out, of. Asia Utinor by Hie Asiatics that cnnVe across the seas when thev:heard of the rich ww,;«ountrr that T]j hod . found . friendly.. They hnilt -trartin*, nit.V;,. ~sO m e Messpnian? : from Grceo« itself built a fown llp ri r i t)! , ™' o, " , on A l, " Ittll ' ! " 1 -sid*. , which thov called Itlwmni. Over. onnp<;il-« thero was 'a low spit oflapd unrler the hills, running out' >nHie forni.nf.n. sickle, anH.makjnir the bi>st harbour of those part". ;\ The Sicilians—fie nntied.it Znpcl.e. the."Sickle, , . , at,first. , Utcr, prill hundreds'-nf.'-T'irs :i\.r... some nf •wni'ers fr«Ti filicginr" crosswl f-lic strnits Fettled..lw'iind Hie sickle, and called.it Messnne. ' Ot'ier Greeks founded towns,: which they cnlled Catane. Syrocufii. Tarenfum, Crotnnn. Noapolis. and manv.others: The nnmes of th». towns in those parts are Messina; Catania, Syracuse, Tarento.Cotrone, Naples.to-day.

: These old cities have. always • been prosperous, because they were founded for trading I cities in trading places.- . But the height of . .their prosperity was probably hundreds of , years, before .Christ. The people that lived in them,then were:far better educated than the , people living there now—possibly more civilised,than the people of any modern city. \ i One .quotation from Marion Crawford gires sbn\o Jdca of it. Crotona and Sybaris were .two , cities founded by the Achaeans '■ Grotoria still 'exists. Sybaris does not, because Crotpna 2148 years ago wiped it from the map. .The place where Sybaris stood," says Marion t.rawford, among gardens of roses arid groves of fruit trees, is a desolate plain, where not one hewn stone is to be seen above the stormploujhed soil. There the soft Sybarites made it unlawful to rear a crowing. cock. in the city, or.for braziers, smiths, .and carpenters to .work at their trades, lest any harsh sound should grate upon their delicate hearing; there the .idle reared witty dwarfs to jest for. them, : and, bred little Maltese.dogs with silky hair, , and the people lived in luxuries beyond imagination,'till Milo and the stern men of Crotona came and turned the waters of the river upon their city, and swept it utterly away...The' winter.floods roar down the river-bed where Sybarjs was .■;-.■ ." : ■ ■ .:■ ■ , ■ . ' •Municipal regulations against crowing cocks and noisy trades were not bad for 2400 years ago.. And yet, all that is left of that partioularcivilisation is the '