NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.

Press, Volume LXVII, Issue 20180, 7 March 1931, Page 13

NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.

PROBLEMS OP EDUCATION. 1 The Sdneatfatt Of fltatow. M *jr AKr#d • Adlvr. VrnuUMA if Slmwom Md ' ItMrieli . JatMHa. . Allen *n« Utamn. j (12s Sd net.) 1 Science, like religion, has its schis- j matics, Alfred Adler is a dissenter • from the theories of Sigmund Freud, , the* famous (or notorious) founder ol i the Viennese school of psycho-analysis. 1 All observant people know how much ■ the life of an adult is dependent' on the experiences of his childhood, days. But it is only expert students like Adler who "really 'have any adequate idea of the intricacy and subtlety , of the - influences that mould the -.infant. ( and the child. ■ , , Adler finds the fundamental explanair tion of human behaviour in three facts, via., the. unity of personality, the inferiority complex,, and. the resul- . tant striving for superiority. . In an unexpected but convincing ®inner, ■ author shows "how the Behaviour of "problem" children is very often , at bottom to be'understood as an expression of inferiority striving to make iiself •superior. Stutteringj laziness, enuresis, and blushing have their explana* . tion in the far from obvious conditions resulting from the sense, of impotence i so strong in certain types of children. I No parent or teacher should be ignor- - ant of the facts set forth Hn this very •valuable work on pedagogy. „ , There is unusual good sense in the • chapter on- Adolescence -and- S®x Education." "The subject, of., sex education," we read, "has been' frightfully /exaggerated in' recent times. There are many. persons ■,who are, -U we may say so, insane on the, subject of sex education. TMy want education at . any and all ages, and _they play up the dangers of sexual ignorance. But if we look' into our own past and into the past of;others we do l not seesuch great difficulties nor such great dangers as they imagine.'' ' 4 Adler holds that mental life possesses continuity without o§termitiisin; that is to .say, future and past hang together without a weak, . Byen so we jaever know : our full capabilities, for ever new situations* may bring out new character' traits. iOn r tms yiew the characters of. children aw not necessarily fixed by' heredity; but'their development offers many possibilities. Consequently, , the educator should never despair. There .as a key to the,right treatment of every child, coura it but be found. - Next in,importance, to educating .the children is the educating of parept Adler anticipates that good teachers will sometimes come into conflict witn the parents of tbeir pupils v .f° r . -the teacher's correctional. m p sense,< an 1 accusation against the ent. "The' parents," be says,- Should never be reproached even when there are just grounds,'* and then; follows a chapter of excellent advice, by a most telling paesage ffoni Ben-» jamin FranHin. It is impossible to. summarise ,tbia book in. any * adequate way; but « w tTbe hopM that t will te (^ l 7 read, for the author's real cS insight, hi 9i )sood and wijw ontimisni make hjmja fine guide to all who have to do'wrth'tne young.;, UOGEK CASEBtENT. wMi • , ' 'P'ts book is so painlul that no one* should-read it from, a »| r ® n ? .sense of duty. Mr Gwyna 1 vrfites with dignity and restraint, and with a mostapsioßs, derive aj^ tea 1 : ' w : : sr««^wpa« l xnust'rtt and folly » of his ■ his = S t r£ B ?onVe b m l all e ™o? d onl^o e n thl r Irish- prisoners" in thaawy- m«t 3 attempted to subvert bat on the Gern a littie more than half of the book. The is rest is devoted to > the wk-Casewmt r did before he left the v and of that xt is impossible to speak i3r3t%'|pm| . WT IXNIQN- «• on. "", Th!i % is ful. as well. ' Mr ir to of^^'^i^aSp plain men»/ knows "J»i| > miiiiite-bookfl , the first page we wi of'the out-oi * work trampers, systematically mows ■ from toW ,tb town tol|«Iwi» o- jost %n;Anstr#iw d eage 'the 'other day, men out io« .0 ia Austr4liS t So to day. I carried a Uttle book, signed by th( \ t Stewards in M Ij. was dohijs T - # found work or had e&spleted lift eijf or euit. TrM»pingvßa«to? ; of the towns/ r -aistaßces» j.nd* dues. -In eacl town there 1 W.Wpa; r .5 ' rngiatered is tramper eoufd have flo much free beei *' as, well as food* and"bed.. The ®J r 4ui ' t was over ope ' thousand, < ! ti*amper returned to-his starting port it t stUl uneiiiployed ? :; bt oeiver"- and drew 10s a week from" hi Horn, BK to? on the-road to Jkeep Wm, <spt oy^r^oti ie She

wera sent on%to^Cte*«t#,.l& J to hamptoa,' nine drew a-eundsy -rest allowance, one was supported, lame,.;ft>jr three days, and 68 received attendance. Beer cost ss, secretary"* salary the 1 - Mnpf, something was paid oft the Clubhouse debt, and mi a' little money hand; bat the Society mus not aelf> supporting. London contributed "ijlo. A page or two later the Tramping Boute for 2829 is printed. It shows a jOor- 'j ney of 1210* miles, through 44 towMj. < Tor example, the tramp received at London, to. go to Witham 40 miles i away, 4s 4d, lOd for beer, sd" for. bed; i for the Witham-Ipswicb stage, 32 miles, . 8s fid, Is for beer, 6d for bed; And soon, while for the longest stage, Bristol 1 to Exeter, 82 miles, he had 8s 4d, W for beer, and 6d for a bed. The Club Box was kept at the tavern, and bad to be strong and triple-locked, because 1 the law did not protect theproperty against thieves. If funds ran otit, tbo tavern landlords often advanced £lO or £2O, .without interest: •Tha Landlord saw the Account! with Ms own eyes. Th» Out-of-work Monies and Monies paid to Worn-out Men, and Monies. The business wa» real enonpi: M lived in the midst of it aIL The book is full of such lacts and' readers will not think one of them superfluous. Thev raav, 1 sometimes that Mr Kiddier would re* frain from pausing to turn his .eyes to Heaven and wring his hands, or shake his fist, and that his style we« a little less staccato and inconsecutive. - WAR AGAINST WAR-MAKERS. Zhe Price of Kstfonal Security. ' H)rd*> P. ». Ha* «*d Bon. Ltd. <l«s ea.) Mr Hyde believes, as" many do,, that the League of Nations be strengthened by,a guarantee of common aotion against aggressors—-ci-immal war-maker," jn his phrase; and he urges Great Britain to pledge herself with and to the other member#' off the League in "that way. He thinka/ that the fear of war woul&be so minished that the way to heavy redw-1 tion in armaments would be smooth and operi, and would-be rapidly/P«trf' sued. PeAaps unforttfoately," tb® Problem cannot' be resolved by this single stroke. .Zt is not. enough' A» say: " Let , aggressors—criminal, : war' maker#—know, thajfc ©voryMy Ywm against them, j\ot in. moral judgineMonly, but in concerted actum, wid/thßy will know better thah- to attack"; '. tor. the real aggressor need not necessarily be the oil© to fee the first shot. 1 v It J# l ; true that by Article XVI. of the Lengno Covenant the Council _ la b6und v recommend memW nEtionjj- 1 tary forces'. -they eball '-Wo"* 51 ?", °«?r tribute" to -the defence-or; Which befcomes sion, and that 'Articles them to ''preserve temforwHtaj tegrity" of the country nwd.-to' any action that may be deeofed and effectual #j«Wi but it' is .also wiseat, -thinkers amsn# »tfta statesmen .have, diverged of sanctions': and tbefa«t»ti|R{«| war to the more constructive 'flWr defined by, the and oap *e«b 'opj JbjsUe^, the int?n«fcg f terrible^ 10 into MowintMd-ironi MWjMH